Abstract Complex predication is understood to be a highly productive process in Northwestern Amazonian languages in which complex predicates may be realized as compounds, verb-auxiliary constructions or serial verb constructions depending on language-internal criteria. These constructions play an important role in the organization of discourse and information packaging and can also carry out grammatical functions such as increasing or decreasing valency. In Dâw, a language from the Naduhup family, complex predicates are used to express spatial notions such as directionality and manner in complex motion events or to provide detailed of how complex predicates in Dâw function as semantic and syntactic resources used to express space in discourse in comparison to their expression in simple predicates. I provide a typology of the most frequent patterns and their respective ordering principles found in our corpus in order to understand how fine-grained spatial notions are expressed in Dâw.
{"title":"Complex predicates and space in Dâw (Naduhup language, AM)","authors":"Karolin Obert","doi":"10.1515/stuf-2019-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Complex predication is understood to be a highly productive process in Northwestern Amazonian languages in which complex predicates may be realized as compounds, verb-auxiliary constructions or serial verb constructions depending on language-internal criteria. These constructions play an important role in the organization of discourse and information packaging and can also carry out grammatical functions such as increasing or decreasing valency. In Dâw, a language from the Naduhup family, complex predicates are used to express spatial notions such as directionality and manner in complex motion events or to provide detailed of how complex predicates in Dâw function as semantic and syntactic resources used to express space in discourse in comparison to their expression in simple predicates. I provide a typology of the most frequent patterns and their respective ordering principles found in our corpus in order to understand how fine-grained spatial notions are expressed in Dâw.","PeriodicalId":43533,"journal":{"name":"STUF-Language Typology and Universals","volume":"40 1","pages":"27 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85079157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A morphosyntactic peculiarity that separates proper names from (most) other noun types is their ability to occur in a special type of plural, called associative plural, whose meaning is X and X’s associated person(s). In this paper, we apply a ‘converging evidence’ methodology to the analysis of associative plurals, by providing a diachronic typology of these plurals through the identification of the more frequent sources of associative plural markers that are attested in a sample of 80 languages, and by looking for emerging constructions for the expression of associative plurality in two corpora of English and Italian, two languages that do not have a grammaticalized way to encode this type of plurality. The analysis will show that associative plurals are likely to grammaticalize from a restricted pool of synchronic sources, and that these sources are mostly indexical sources and sources denoting the plural set, in accordance with the special semantics and referential properties of proper names.
{"title":"Nouns & co. Converging evidence in the analysis of associative plurals","authors":"Caterina Mauri, A. Sansó","doi":"10.1515/stuf-2019-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A morphosyntactic peculiarity that separates proper names from (most) other noun types is their ability to occur in a special type of plural, called associative plural, whose meaning is X and X’s associated person(s). In this paper, we apply a ‘converging evidence’ methodology to the analysis of associative plurals, by providing a diachronic typology of these plurals through the identification of the more frequent sources of associative plural markers that are attested in a sample of 80 languages, and by looking for emerging constructions for the expression of associative plurality in two corpora of English and Italian, two languages that do not have a grammaticalized way to encode this type of plurality. The analysis will show that associative plurals are likely to grammaticalize from a restricted pool of synchronic sources, and that these sources are mostly indexical sources and sources denoting the plural set, in accordance with the special semantics and referential properties of proper names.","PeriodicalId":43533,"journal":{"name":"STUF-Language Typology and Universals","volume":"7 1","pages":"603 - 626"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89950068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Personal names can be specified as male or female in almost all languages of the world. Languages differ, however, whether the sex of the referent is lexical knowledge or overtly coded in the form of the name. Symmetrical systems – with overt marking on both male and female names – can be distinguished from asymmetrical ones, of which one subtype, overt coding of female names, is by far the most frequent. In addition, the morpho-syntactic system of encoding the sex of the referent can be either limited to personal names or use morphological material also employed on other types of nominals. This paper investigates the morpho-syntactic means used for the classification of personal names in the languages of the world as well as the integration of personal names into classificatory systems used for common nouns, namely gender and classifiers.
{"title":"The classification of names","authors":"Corinna Handschuh","doi":"10.1515/stuf-2019-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Personal names can be specified as male or female in almost all languages of the world. Languages differ, however, whether the sex of the referent is lexical knowledge or overtly coded in the form of the name. Symmetrical systems – with overt marking on both male and female names – can be distinguished from asymmetrical ones, of which one subtype, overt coding of female names, is by far the most frequent. In addition, the morpho-syntactic system of encoding the sex of the referent can be either limited to personal names or use morphological material also employed on other types of nominals. This paper investigates the morpho-syntactic means used for the classification of personal names in the languages of the world as well as the integration of personal names into classificatory systems used for common nouns, namely gender and classifiers.","PeriodicalId":43533,"journal":{"name":"STUF-Language Typology and Universals","volume":"14 1","pages":"539 - 572"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84351749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper examines the gender assignment rules that apply to city names in the history of Spanish, relying for the first time on extensive corpus-based material. The empirical data show that gender assignment changed from a referential principle that consistently assigned city names to the feminine (due to the feminine basic level noun for ‘city’) to a phonologically driven assignment rule, with city names ending in -a generally being assigned to the feminine (e.g. Barcelona) and those ending in -o or -C to the masculine (e.g. Toledo, Madrid). However, the overall picture is much more complicated than previously suggested in the literature since there is still a high degree of gender variation in Modern Spanish. The use of the feminine is still possible in city names ending in -o or -C. Interestingly, the change from referential to phonological gender assignment occurs first within the NP (mainly with quantifiers such as tod- o/-a ‘all-m/-f’). It is in this morphosyntactic context that city names with final -a most commonly shift from the feminine to the masculine gender. This case of “evasive gender” will be discussed from a typological perspective.
{"title":"Diachronic development of gender in city names in Spanish","authors":"Javier Caro Reina, J. Nowak","doi":"10.1515/stuf-2019-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the gender assignment rules that apply to city names in the history of Spanish, relying for the first time on extensive corpus-based material. The empirical data show that gender assignment changed from a referential principle that consistently assigned city names to the feminine (due to the feminine basic level noun for ‘city’) to a phonologically driven assignment rule, with city names ending in -a generally being assigned to the feminine (e.g. Barcelona) and those ending in -o or -C to the masculine (e.g. Toledo, Madrid). However, the overall picture is much more complicated than previously suggested in the literature since there is still a high degree of gender variation in Modern Spanish. The use of the feminine is still possible in city names ending in -o or -C. Interestingly, the change from referential to phonological gender assignment occurs first within the NP (mainly with quantifiers such as tod- o/-a ‘all-m/-f’). It is in this morphosyntactic context that city names with final -a most commonly shift from the feminine to the masculine gender. This case of “evasive gender” will be discussed from a typological perspective.","PeriodicalId":43533,"journal":{"name":"STUF-Language Typology and Universals","volume":"55 1","pages":"505 - 538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72647309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, linguists have become increasingly interested in the grammatical behavior of proper names as compared to common nouns – from a theoretical perspective and in case studies, cross-linguistically and on individual languages (cf. e.g. Anderson 2007, Nübling 2012, Debus et al. 2014, Van Langendonck and Van de Velde 2016, Helmbrecht et al. 2017, Ackermann and Schlücker 2017, Ackermann 2018). Empirical findings from a wide range of languages suggest that distinctive lexical and grammatical structures of proper names may exist on all levels of grammatical analysis (see the comprehensive overview by Schlücker and Ackermann 2017). The special formal behavior of proper names has been grounded in their special functional status: Names are inherently definite, rigid designators used in direct reference, and monoreferent linguistic signs. Being monoreferent leads to an enlarged inventory of onymic items and to an increased load on processing and memorization. This explains tendencies of proper names to favor schema constancy/ gestalt preservation as observed for German (Nübling 2012, 2017; Ackermann 2018). Diachronically, names often develop from common noun material. Here, form may follow function in dissociation tendencies from the common noun source. It has been shown that name specific grammar may evolve diachronically in different ways: Selective deflexion in person names as observed in the diachrony of German is one of them (Nübling 2012, Ackermann 2018), another is the development of name-specific gender assignment and definiteness marking that distinguishes subclasses of proper names from their source and from each other (Nübling 2015). Mauri and Sansò (this volume) show different ways how associative plural constructions arise, which most often have a person name as their focal element. Pomino and Stark (this volume) discuss univerbation as a possible ingredient in the rise of onymic grammar from fossilized morphophonology.
{"title":"Introduction: Grammar of names and grammar out of names","authors":"Corinna Handschuh, A. Dammel","doi":"10.1515/stuf-2019-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0018","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, linguists have become increasingly interested in the grammatical behavior of proper names as compared to common nouns – from a theoretical perspective and in case studies, cross-linguistically and on individual languages (cf. e.g. Anderson 2007, Nübling 2012, Debus et al. 2014, Van Langendonck and Van de Velde 2016, Helmbrecht et al. 2017, Ackermann and Schlücker 2017, Ackermann 2018). Empirical findings from a wide range of languages suggest that distinctive lexical and grammatical structures of proper names may exist on all levels of grammatical analysis (see the comprehensive overview by Schlücker and Ackermann 2017). The special formal behavior of proper names has been grounded in their special functional status: Names are inherently definite, rigid designators used in direct reference, and monoreferent linguistic signs. Being monoreferent leads to an enlarged inventory of onymic items and to an increased load on processing and memorization. This explains tendencies of proper names to favor schema constancy/ gestalt preservation as observed for German (Nübling 2012, 2017; Ackermann 2018). Diachronically, names often develop from common noun material. Here, form may follow function in dissociation tendencies from the common noun source. It has been shown that name specific grammar may evolve diachronically in different ways: Selective deflexion in person names as observed in the diachrony of German is one of them (Nübling 2012, Ackermann 2018), another is the development of name-specific gender assignment and definiteness marking that distinguishes subclasses of proper names from their source and from each other (Nübling 2015). Mauri and Sansò (this volume) show different ways how associative plural constructions arise, which most often have a person name as their focal element. Pomino and Stark (this volume) discuss univerbation as a possible ingredient in the rise of onymic grammar from fossilized morphophonology.","PeriodicalId":43533,"journal":{"name":"STUF-Language Typology and Universals","volume":"27 1","pages":"453 - 465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90733255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In Luxembourgish, feminine as well as neuter gender can be assigned to female persons. Here, female first names are morphologically treated as neuter and therefore trigger neuter gender on their targets (e.g. definite article, personal pronoun). Last names referring to women, however, are feminine and take feminine targets respectively. While the use of neuter and feminine in prototypical and invariable reference contexts are well-known, morphological conflicts often arise regarding more complex name types (e.g. female first name + last name) leading to different degrees of variation between both genders. Building especially upon previous findings by Döhmer (2016), the present contribution offers a first extensive empirical analysis on the use of neuter and feminine personal pronouns considering different female referents as well as familiarity, the referent’s and the speaker’s, as decisive (socio-pragmatical) factors for gender assignment. The results are based on elicited data retrieved from an online survey and audio recordings collected by means of the Luxembourgish language app Schnëssen and allow a quantification of the phenomenon going beyond previous contributions and descriptions in reference grammars. The apparent-time analysis, carried out in order to identify potential tendencies in language change, suggests a preference for neuter pronominalization for younger speakers of Luxembourgish in variable reference contexts.
{"title":"Hatt or si? Neuter and feminine gender assignment in reference to female persons in Luxembourgish","authors":"Sara Martín","doi":"10.1515/stuf-2019-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Luxembourgish, feminine as well as neuter gender can be assigned to female persons. Here, female first names are morphologically treated as neuter and therefore trigger neuter gender on their targets (e.g. definite article, personal pronoun). Last names referring to women, however, are feminine and take feminine targets respectively. While the use of neuter and feminine in prototypical and invariable reference contexts are well-known, morphological conflicts often arise regarding more complex name types (e.g. female first name + last name) leading to different degrees of variation between both genders. Building especially upon previous findings by Döhmer (2016), the present contribution offers a first extensive empirical analysis on the use of neuter and feminine personal pronouns considering different female referents as well as familiarity, the referent’s and the speaker’s, as decisive (socio-pragmatical) factors for gender assignment. The results are based on elicited data retrieved from an online survey and audio recordings collected by means of the Luxembourgish language app Schnëssen and allow a quantification of the phenomenon going beyond previous contributions and descriptions in reference grammars. The apparent-time analysis, carried out in order to identify potential tendencies in language change, suggests a preference for neuter pronominalization for younger speakers of Luxembourgish in variable reference contexts.","PeriodicalId":43533,"journal":{"name":"STUF-Language Typology and Universals","volume":"204 1","pages":"573 - 601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86506605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The liaison consonant [z] in French noun phrases has traditionally been assumed to function as a plural marker. The realization of “plural [z]” in N(oun)-A(djective)-combinations is becoming, however, very rare in naturalistic data – except for contexts which allow a proper-name reading. On the one hand, one might think that we are dealing with a recent phenomenon, the beginning of a potential linguistic change in French in the sense of exaptation, reuse of former morphophonological material such as plural markers to signal proper-namehood in the sense of ‘frozen morphology’. If this turns out correct, we expect the productivity of the new synchronic function to increase: New NA-combinations which function as proper names should be realized systematically with liaison, and proper name-marking via liaison should also become possible with other liaison consonants. On the other hand, we may be dealing with a (completed) diachronic process, in that only those NA-combinations which allowed liaison at the relevant point in time may have a liaison consonant in their univerbalized form. That is, new NA-combinations, even though they are used as proper names, do not display a liaison consonant, because liaison is no longer possible. The purpose of this paper was to investigate, based on empirical studies, whether liaison productively marks NA-combinations which function as proper names and distinguishes them from NA-combinations that count as common nouns, or whether we are dealing with a completed diachronic process. In view of the poor productivity observed, we argue that we are dealing with cases of univerbation.
摘要法语名词短语中的连读辅音[z]历来被认为是复数标记。然而，在N(own)- a (djective)-组合中实现“复数[z]”在自然主义数据中变得非常罕见——除了允许专有名称读取的上下文。一方面，有人可能会认为我们正在处理一个最近的现象，这是法语中潜在的语言变化的开始，在“定格”的意义上，重新使用以前的词形音素材料，如复数标记，以“冻结形态”的意义来表示专有名称。如果这被证明是正确的，我们预计新的共时功能的生产力将会增加:作为专有名称的新na组合应该通过连音系统地实现，并且通过连音与其他连音辅音进行专有名称标记也应该成为可能。另一方面，我们可能正在处理一个(完成的)历时过程，因为只有那些在相关时间点允许连接的na组合才能以其通用形式具有连接辅音。也就是说，新的na组合，即使它们被用作专有名称，也不会显示连读辅音，因为连读不再可能了。本文的目的是在实证研究的基础上，调查联系是否有效地标记了作为专有名称的na组合，并将它们与作为普通名词的na组合区分开来，或者我们是否正在处理一个完整的历时过程。鉴于观察到的低生产率，我们认为我们正在处理普遍性的情况。
{"title":"Proper name-marking via liaison in French","authors":"Natascha Pomino, E. Stark","doi":"10.1515/stuf-2019-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The liaison consonant [z] in French noun phrases has traditionally been assumed to function as a plural marker. The realization of “plural [z]” in N(oun)-A(djective)-combinations is becoming, however, very rare in naturalistic data – except for contexts which allow a proper-name reading. On the one hand, one might think that we are dealing with a recent phenomenon, the beginning of a potential linguistic change in French in the sense of exaptation, reuse of former morphophonological material such as plural markers to signal proper-namehood in the sense of ‘frozen morphology’. If this turns out correct, we expect the productivity of the new synchronic function to increase: New NA-combinations which function as proper names should be realized systematically with liaison, and proper name-marking via liaison should also become possible with other liaison consonants. On the other hand, we may be dealing with a (completed) diachronic process, in that only those NA-combinations which allowed liaison at the relevant point in time may have a liaison consonant in their univerbalized form. That is, new NA-combinations, even though they are used as proper names, do not display a liaison consonant, because liaison is no longer possible. The purpose of this paper was to investigate, based on empirical studies, whether liaison productively marks NA-combinations which function as proper names and distinguishes them from NA-combinations that count as common nouns, or whether we are dealing with a completed diachronic process. In view of the poor productivity observed, we argue that we are dealing with cases of univerbation.","PeriodicalId":43533,"journal":{"name":"STUF-Language Typology and Universals","volume":"31 9 1","pages":"627 - 652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83342560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sinyar, an alleged Central Sudanic language of Western Darfur, is characterized by two distinct and complementary case marker (sub)systems, the distribution of which provides a morphosyntactic justification of the distinction between common nouns and proper names. The paper considers the two case marking types as well as the semantic content of the category of names. It further presents and tries to explain the behavior of several nouns that may also be marked as names. It finally reviews two types of units that show formal affinities with the marking of names, namely absolute locative nouns on one side, and demonstratives and personal pronouns on the other side.
{"title":"Proper names and case markers in Sinyar (Chad/Sudan)","authors":"Pascal Boyeldieu","doi":"10.1515/stuf-2019-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sinyar, an alleged Central Sudanic language of Western Darfur, is characterized by two distinct and complementary case marker (sub)systems, the distribution of which provides a morphosyntactic justification of the distinction between common nouns and proper names. The paper considers the two case marking types as well as the semantic content of the category of names. It further presents and tries to explain the behavior of several nouns that may also be marked as names. It finally reviews two types of units that show formal affinities with the marking of names, namely absolute locative nouns on one side, and demonstratives and personal pronouns on the other side.","PeriodicalId":43533,"journal":{"name":"STUF-Language Typology and Universals","volume":"29 1","pages":"467 - 503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88136723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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