Abstract Dam incidents and failures mainly occur during extreme floods. In the Czech Republic (CR), large-scale regional floods were recorded in different regions in 1985, 1987, 1997, 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2013, while local floods especially occurred in 1991, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, and 2010. During these events, numerous incidents and total breaches of small dams were recorded, and a few large dams were also critically endangered, although they were not completely breached. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of incidents and failures affecting small dams in the CR since 1985. The most significant incidents concerning large dams are listed as well. The statistics show that 62 small dams were completely breached and that 350 were seriously damaged over 35 years in the period 1985–2020. The annual frequency amounts to 1.85 collapsed and 10 small damaged dams per year. The most common causes of the complete breaching of dams were overtopping (85 %) and internal erosion (15 %).
{"title":"Dam Incidents and Failures – Cases in the Czech Republic","authors":"Stanislav Kotaška, J. Říha","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Dam incidents and failures mainly occur during extreme floods. In the Czech Republic (CR), large-scale regional floods were recorded in different regions in 1985, 1987, 1997, 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2013, while local floods especially occurred in 1991, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, and 2010. During these events, numerous incidents and total breaches of small dams were recorded, and a few large dams were also critically endangered, although they were not completely breached. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of incidents and failures affecting small dams in the CR since 1985. The most significant incidents concerning large dams are listed as well. The statistics show that 62 small dams were completely breached and that 350 were seriously damaged over 35 years in the period 1985–2020. The annual frequency amounts to 1.85 collapsed and 10 small damaged dams per year. The most common causes of the complete breaching of dams were overtopping (85 %) and internal erosion (15 %).","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45425577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The main landscape-forming component has always been the forests in the lowlands. The devastation and disturbance of forest areas by anthropogenic activity change the ecological conditions in their environment. Climate and atmospheric changes affect the balance of the mutual relationships between individual components, as well as the existence of direct and feedback relationships in forest ecosystems. The transformation of bioclimatic and ecological conditions have caused the degradation of the Pannonian floodplain forest communities in Slovakia. Urbanization in Bratislava has caused the fragmentation of the surrounding forests. With changes in sunlight and heat conditions, flood-plain communities are forced to become acclimatized to drier conditions, which lead to morphological and structural changes in their composition. In this study we examined phytocenological records from 1999 to 2020 from various sources. The survey points to the impact of climate change and anthropogenic influences on biodiversity. The absence of floods and the drying of floodplain forest soils could have caused this change in the species' composition.
{"title":"The Impact of Climate Change and Regulation of the Water Regime on the Morphological Structure of the Floodplain Forests in Petržalka, Slovakia","authors":"Viktória Gáspár, A. Škrinár","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main landscape-forming component has always been the forests in the lowlands. The devastation and disturbance of forest areas by anthropogenic activity change the ecological conditions in their environment. Climate and atmospheric changes affect the balance of the mutual relationships between individual components, as well as the existence of direct and feedback relationships in forest ecosystems. The transformation of bioclimatic and ecological conditions have caused the degradation of the Pannonian floodplain forest communities in Slovakia. Urbanization in Bratislava has caused the fragmentation of the surrounding forests. With changes in sunlight and heat conditions, flood-plain communities are forced to become acclimatized to drier conditions, which lead to morphological and structural changes in their composition. In this study we examined phytocenological records from 1999 to 2020 from various sources. The survey points to the impact of climate change and anthropogenic influences on biodiversity. The absence of floods and the drying of floodplain forest soils could have caused this change in the species' composition.","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44308752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study is aimed at evaluating the strength of stabilised soil collected from the Port of Norvik, Stockholm, Sweden, where 350,000 m3 of clay had to be stabilized. The tests were performed in the laboratory of the Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI). The soil was stabilised by binder mixtures using Portland cement clinker (PCC) and lime and lime kiln dust (LKD). Accelerators (X-seed 100 BASF, PCC, LKD and salt) were added to the soil samples for quicker stabilization. The strength of the stabilised soil was assessed using resonance frequency measurements of seismic P-waves by an ICP accelerometer in order to estimate the shear strength of the soil and to evaluate the effects from the accelerators, binder ratios, and the curing temperature on the gains in stabilization and strength. Various proportions of the binders were tested, i.e.: 50/50 cement/lime and 50/50 PCC/lime. The temperature was measured using a calorimeter in double experiments. The results showed that the accelerators improve the strength in the stabilized specimens and enhance the soil performance for engineering construction work.
{"title":"Hardening Accelerators (X-Seed 100 BASF, PCC, LKD and SALT) as Strength-Enhancing Admixture Solutions for Soil Stabilization","authors":"P. Lindh, Polina Lemenkova","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study is aimed at evaluating the strength of stabilised soil collected from the Port of Norvik, Stockholm, Sweden, where 350,000 m3 of clay had to be stabilized. The tests were performed in the laboratory of the Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI). The soil was stabilised by binder mixtures using Portland cement clinker (PCC) and lime and lime kiln dust (LKD). Accelerators (X-seed 100 BASF, PCC, LKD and salt) were added to the soil samples for quicker stabilization. The strength of the stabilised soil was assessed using resonance frequency measurements of seismic P-waves by an ICP accelerometer in order to estimate the shear strength of the soil and to evaluate the effects from the accelerators, binder ratios, and the curing temperature on the gains in stabilization and strength. Various proportions of the binders were tested, i.e.: 50/50 cement/lime and 50/50 PCC/lime. The temperature was measured using a calorimeter in double experiments. The results showed that the accelerators improve the strength in the stabilized specimens and enhance the soil performance for engineering construction work.","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48264116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Süleyman Nurullah Adahi Şahin, M. İpek, Mehmet Bariş Gökçek
Abstract This study is related to evaluations of the performance and usability evaluations of existing and also newly produced Warm Mixed Asphalt (WMA) additives. Viscosity, softening point, and penetration tests were performed on bitumen with additives without changing the bitumen rate for the additives. For the asphalt concrete, Marshall Stability tests were performed. WMA additives are used to reduce asphalt production temperatures and, consequently, the temperature of the mixture significantly. According to the Marshall Stability test, it was determined that the WMA samples fulfilled values within the local standards. The Hot Mixed Asphalt (HMA) and Warm Mixed Asphalt (WMA) additives were compared as to additive costs and energy savings considering the reduced production temperatures. Additives have great potential to be used in adverse weather conditions and in many countries.
{"title":"Investigation of the Effects of Additives used in Reducing Asphalt Production Temperatures","authors":"Süleyman Nurullah Adahi Şahin, M. İpek, Mehmet Bariş Gökçek","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study is related to evaluations of the performance and usability evaluations of existing and also newly produced Warm Mixed Asphalt (WMA) additives. Viscosity, softening point, and penetration tests were performed on bitumen with additives without changing the bitumen rate for the additives. For the asphalt concrete, Marshall Stability tests were performed. WMA additives are used to reduce asphalt production temperatures and, consequently, the temperature of the mixture significantly. According to the Marshall Stability test, it was determined that the WMA samples fulfilled values within the local standards. The Hot Mixed Asphalt (HMA) and Warm Mixed Asphalt (WMA) additives were compared as to additive costs and energy savings considering the reduced production temperatures. Additives have great potential to be used in adverse weather conditions and in many countries.","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42239923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article presents the results of a study involving the properties of flax and hemp-based lightweight concretes as well as the initial characteristics of different straw-based materials. A comparison of straw-based lightweight concretes with and without ordinary Portland cement (OPC) showed that hemp concrete has a 5.6 % higher strength at a 10% deformation, and at the same time, has a 13% greater thermal conductivity coefficient than flax concrete. The physical-chemical study based on a thermal analysis in an air environment has shown that the overall picture of thermal degradation for flax and hemp concretes is similar. Nevertheless, additional peaks of mass loss have been defined for flax concrete. The demonstrated exothermal process is a positive aspect, considering the life cycle of the material and the recycling stage. The paper proposes reference points for the development of new building materials based on straw.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Lightweight Concretes Based on Hemp and Flax Straw","authors":"M. Babenko, A. Eštoková, S. Unčík, M. Savytskyi","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2022-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2022-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents the results of a study involving the properties of flax and hemp-based lightweight concretes as well as the initial characteristics of different straw-based materials. A comparison of straw-based lightweight concretes with and without ordinary Portland cement (OPC) showed that hemp concrete has a 5.6 % higher strength at a 10% deformation, and at the same time, has a 13% greater thermal conductivity coefficient than flax concrete. The physical-chemical study based on a thermal analysis in an air environment has shown that the overall picture of thermal degradation for flax and hemp concretes is similar. Nevertheless, additional peaks of mass loss have been defined for flax concrete. The demonstrated exothermal process is a positive aspect, considering the life cycle of the material and the recycling stage. The paper proposes reference points for the development of new building materials based on straw.","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44143075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The subject of the article is a physical-mechanical analysis of waterproofing materials exposed to an external environment. Physical and mechanical properties have a direct impact on the life of waterproofing materials and their later remediation. In the introduction, the factors influencing the properties of waterproofing materials are presented. The main part of the article covers the basic possibilities of testing the materials testing the materials, normative testing conditions, and critical aspects of their implementation. In this article we deal with the laboratory testing of a waterproofing membrane based on PVC-P in terms of its degradation from UV radiation, humidity, and the temperature.
{"title":"Physical-Mechanical Properties of Waterproofing Materials Applied to Roofs in the Context of UV Degradation","authors":"Jozef Kováč, M. Palko, A. Kleinová","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2022-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2022-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The subject of the article is a physical-mechanical analysis of waterproofing materials exposed to an external environment. Physical and mechanical properties have a direct impact on the life of waterproofing materials and their later remediation. In the introduction, the factors influencing the properties of waterproofing materials are presented. The main part of the article covers the basic possibilities of testing the materials testing the materials, normative testing conditions, and critical aspects of their implementation. In this article we deal with the laboratory testing of a waterproofing membrane based on PVC-P in terms of its degradation from UV radiation, humidity, and the temperature.","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Čubanová, P. Dusicka, Martin Orfánus, J. Rumann
Abstract The article describes the process of redesigning the intake structure of the fish pass at the Žilina water structure in Slovakia. The existing intake structure does not meet the passability requirements for the target species of migratory fish. A design utilizing intake windows at various levels that cover fluctuations in the water level in the reservoir, which has been successfully used for other water structures, has been proposed. The new design was subjected to hydraulic calculations and simulations in the HECRAS 2D, 2D numerical model in order to achieve the required parameters such as the discharges, depths, and velocities within the limits for the specified fish zone.
{"title":"Redesign of an Intake Fish Pass Structure","authors":"L. Čubanová, P. Dusicka, Martin Orfánus, J. Rumann","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2022-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2022-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article describes the process of redesigning the intake structure of the fish pass at the Žilina water structure in Slovakia. The existing intake structure does not meet the passability requirements for the target species of migratory fish. A design utilizing intake windows at various levels that cover fluctuations in the water level in the reservoir, which has been successfully used for other water structures, has been proposed. The new design was subjected to hydraulic calculations and simulations in the HECRAS 2D, 2D numerical model in order to achieve the required parameters such as the discharges, depths, and velocities within the limits for the specified fish zone.","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper proposes technical solutions for the use of the reagent method of water preparation at coke plants in order to bring it to a quality suitable for use in the circulating water supply system of the PJSC Kharkiv Coke Plan. It is proposed to dilute phenolic water in a biochemical installation in a mixer before purification and to purify water with a flocculant. The paper recommends dosing the flocculant solution automatically using a preparation station. Additional purification of the clarified water is carried out using a filtration unit with a filter media from a layer of quartz sand. The economic effect from the implementation of the technical measures is achieved not only due to the reduction in fresh water consumption by 60 540 m3/year and the cessation of the discharge of phenolic water into the city sewer network, but also the replacement of the reagent with a more efficient one and a decrease in its consumption. It has been found that the introduction of the technical solutions for the circulating water supply system is economically and environmentally justifiable.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of the Implementation of Research Results in a Technological Scheme of Water Purification","authors":"O. Galkina, Sergiy Kunytskyi, Tamara Shevchenko","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2022-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2022-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper proposes technical solutions for the use of the reagent method of water preparation at coke plants in order to bring it to a quality suitable for use in the circulating water supply system of the PJSC Kharkiv Coke Plan. It is proposed to dilute phenolic water in a biochemical installation in a mixer before purification and to purify water with a flocculant. The paper recommends dosing the flocculant solution automatically using a preparation station. Additional purification of the clarified water is carried out using a filtration unit with a filter media from a layer of quartz sand. The economic effect from the implementation of the technical measures is achieved not only due to the reduction in fresh water consumption by 60 540 m3/year and the cessation of the discharge of phenolic water into the city sewer network, but also the replacement of the reagent with a more efficient one and a decrease in its consumption. It has been found that the introduction of the technical solutions for the circulating water supply system is economically and environmentally justifiable.","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43977134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This case study aims to investigate the effects of compaction methods on the mechanical behavior of roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) mixtures, which consist of the replacement of different cement by 0%, 5%, and 10% limestone by volume fraction and which were compacted by two compaction methods. These methods are commonly discussed in the literature and were developed to simulate the site conditions in the laboratory. A modified Proctor test was adopted in the mix’s proportional process to optimize the aggregate’s percentage content of RCCP. The experimental series consisted of compression and split tensile performance tests to investigate the development of compaction performances at 28 days. The results showed that, where 10% of the cement was substituted by limestone, the RCC gives important flexural strength values compared to the quantity of the cement substitute. Qualitatively, the reduction in the strength of the concrete using the modified Proctor compaction method led to the weakness of the bond between the layers.
{"title":"The Compaction of Energy and Properties of Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement with Fillers","authors":"N. Saoudi, H. Cherfa, B. Saoudi, Bodjemaa Zaanoun","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2022-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2022-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This case study aims to investigate the effects of compaction methods on the mechanical behavior of roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) mixtures, which consist of the replacement of different cement by 0%, 5%, and 10% limestone by volume fraction and which were compacted by two compaction methods. These methods are commonly discussed in the literature and were developed to simulate the site conditions in the laboratory. A modified Proctor test was adopted in the mix’s proportional process to optimize the aggregate’s percentage content of RCCP. The experimental series consisted of compression and split tensile performance tests to investigate the development of compaction performances at 28 days. The results showed that, where 10% of the cement was substituted by limestone, the RCC gives important flexural strength values compared to the quantity of the cement substitute. Qualitatively, the reduction in the strength of the concrete using the modified Proctor compaction method led to the weakness of the bond between the layers.","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46106997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract LiDAR-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) have transformed the archaeological study of landscape features, broadened our technical capabilities, and enhanced the accuracy with which terrain relief is described. These models also place demands on how researchers and analysts interpret DEM content in the context of the modern landscape. LiDAR-based DEMs contain modern man-made structures that can significantly influence model properties. Although data are usually filtered and some of these artificial features are removed during bare-earth classification, many terrain interventions remain visible. This large-scale case study applies established methods to a freely available DEM of the Czech Republic in an attempt to evaluate differences between original and filtered DEMs. It applies a fully automated filtering procedure using vector topographic maps to avoid manual corrections that would make the procedure problematic when used on a macro scale. The results of our archaeological GIS analysis demonstrate that this procedure, despite its relative simplicity, can achieve a significantly better representation of a landscape compared to that offered by an unfiltered DEM. Finally, we propose a series of future steps with a view to developing a more comprehensive and accurate model and overcoming its limitations.
{"title":"The Potential and Implications of Automated Pre-Processing of LiDAR-Based Digital Elevation Models for Large-Scale Archaeological Landscape Analysis","authors":"D. Novak, Filip Pruzinec, T. Lieskovský","doi":"10.2478/sjce-2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract LiDAR-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) have transformed the archaeological study of landscape features, broadened our technical capabilities, and enhanced the accuracy with which terrain relief is described. These models also place demands on how researchers and analysts interpret DEM content in the context of the modern landscape. LiDAR-based DEMs contain modern man-made structures that can significantly influence model properties. Although data are usually filtered and some of these artificial features are removed during bare-earth classification, many terrain interventions remain visible. This large-scale case study applies established methods to a freely available DEM of the Czech Republic in an attempt to evaluate differences between original and filtered DEMs. It applies a fully automated filtering procedure using vector topographic maps to avoid manual corrections that would make the procedure problematic when used on a macro scale. The results of our archaeological GIS analysis demonstrate that this procedure, despite its relative simplicity, can achieve a significantly better representation of a landscape compared to that offered by an unfiltered DEM. Finally, we propose a series of future steps with a view to developing a more comprehensive and accurate model and overcoming its limitations.","PeriodicalId":43574,"journal":{"name":"Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45223395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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