This paper investigates the problem of locating a target using multistatic passive radar system with multiple transmitters and multiple receivers. The bistatic range (BR), which corresponds to the sum of transmitter-to-target and target-to-receiver distances is used as the measurement. A constrained total least-squares (CTLS) solution for target position estimation is proposed. Firstly, linearize the BR measurement equations. Considering the errors in the both sides of location equations, the localization problem is established as a CTLS model. Then Newton ’s method is applied to solve the CTLS model. The performance of the proposed solution is verified with Monte-Carlo simulations.
{"title":"Constrained Total Least Squares Localization Algorithm for Multistatic Passive Radar Using Bistatic Range Measurements","authors":"Yongsheng Zhao, Yongjun Zhao, Danhui Sun, Chuang Zhao","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8447925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8447925","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the problem of locating a target using multistatic passive radar system with multiple transmitters and multiple receivers. The bistatic range (BR), which corresponds to the sum of transmitter-to-target and target-to-receiver distances is used as the measurement. A constrained total least-squares (CTLS) solution for target position estimation is proposed. Firstly, linearize the BR measurement equations. Considering the errors in the both sides of location equations, the localization problem is established as a CTLS model. Then Newton ’s method is applied to solve the CTLS model. The performance of the proposed solution is verified with Monte-Carlo simulations.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"245 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123112050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8447981
Lorenz Dirksmeyer, A. Diewald, Simon Müller
In this paper a radar system with data acquisition and a standard processing method for digital beamforming is presented which has been developed for lab courses in RF technology at the university. Students are introduced into the topics radar RF technology, data acquisition and signal processing by monitoring cars in a parking lot. The whole radar system itself is not closed hence all antennas and connections are identifiable. The radar is connected via a National Instruments DAQ System to a PC. By means of the numerical software MATLAB the students develop the control and data processing software by themselves. Final results can be observed in a vivid graphical output. The used radar RF system is a prototype designed and assembled by the university group. The radar operates as a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar in the 24 GHz ISM band.
{"title":"Eight Channel Digital Beamforming Radar for Academic Lab Courses and Research","authors":"Lorenz Dirksmeyer, A. Diewald, Simon Müller","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8447981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8447981","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a radar system with data acquisition and a standard processing method for digital beamforming is presented which has been developed for lab courses in RF technology at the university. Students are introduced into the topics radar RF technology, data acquisition and signal processing by monitoring cars in a parking lot. The whole radar system itself is not closed hence all antennas and connections are identifiable. The radar is connected via a National Instruments DAQ System to a PC. By means of the numerical software MATLAB the students develop the control and data processing software by themselves. Final results can be observed in a vivid graphical output. The used radar RF system is a prototype designed and assembled by the university group. The radar operates as a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar in the 24 GHz ISM band.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124746491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8448183
O. Ouchetto, Said Jai-Andaloussi, A. Sekkaki, S. Zaamoun
This paper presents a new technique for evaluating the effective constitutive parameters of the periodic artificial composite structures or materials. In this method, the elementary cell is decomposed into fictional vertical layers. In each layer, the normal vector to the surface between two different materials is constant. The final expressions of the effective parameters are expressed as function of those of the fictive layers. In order to validate the proposed approach and the analytical expressions, the numerical results are presented and confronted with the results of the multi-scale homogenization method which uses the finite element method.
{"title":"Analytical Effective Parameters of Artificial Structures","authors":"O. Ouchetto, Said Jai-Andaloussi, A. Sekkaki, S. Zaamoun","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8448183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8448183","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new technique for evaluating the effective constitutive parameters of the periodic artificial composite structures or materials. In this method, the elementary cell is decomposed into fictional vertical layers. In each layer, the normal vector to the surface between two different materials is constant. The final expressions of the effective parameters are expressed as function of those of the fictive layers. In order to validate the proposed approach and the analytical expressions, the numerical results are presented and confronted with the results of the multi-scale homogenization method which uses the finite element method.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131724625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8447994
S. Levantino, C. Samori
This paper discusses the most recent advances in the design of fast chirp modulators in modern CMOS processes for FMCW radar applications. Saw-tooth chirps with large amplitude and short repetition period are needed to achieve at the same time tight spatial resolution and large duty cycle, but they require an extremely fast frequency modulator. The direct-FM modulation of a fractional-N phase-locked loop does not allow to reach such values. To solve this issue, digital PLLs have been investigating in these years, combined with two main speed-enhancement techniques, namely the signal preemphasis and the two-point injection. A 65-nm CMOS chirp modulator is fabricated, which adopts an innovative digital PLL topology with two-point injection and automatic predistortion of the modulation signal. The digital circuitry tracks and compensates in the background for process and environmental variations. The modulator is capable to generate a saw-tooth chirp signal with up to 416MHz peak-to-peak amplitude around 22GHz, with repetition period down to $1.2 {mu } mathrm {s}$ and idle time of 140ns. The measured phase noise is -101dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset and the power consumption is about 19.7mW.
本文讨论了用于FMCW雷达的现代CMOS工艺中快速调制器设计的最新进展。为了实现紧凑的空间分辨率和大占空比，需要具有大振幅和短重复周期的锯齿状啁啾，但这需要极快的调频器。分数n锁相环的直接调频调制不允许达到这样的值。为了解决这个问题，近年来一直在研究数字锁相环，并结合两种主要的速度增强技术，即信号预强调和两点注入。制作了一种65 nm的CMOS调制器，该调制器采用创新的数字锁相环拓扑结构，具有两点注入和调制信号的自动预失真。数字电路在后台跟踪和补偿过程和环境的变化。该调制器能够在22GHz左右产生峰值幅值高达416MHz的锯齿状啁啾信号，重复周期低至$1.2 {mu}} m {s}$，空闲时间为140ns。测量的相位噪声为-101dBc/Hz，功耗约为19.7mW。
{"title":"Digitally-Assisted Frequency Synthesizers for Fast Chirp Generation in mm-Wave radars","authors":"S. Levantino, C. Samori","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8447994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8447994","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the most recent advances in the design of fast chirp modulators in modern CMOS processes for FMCW radar applications. Saw-tooth chirps with large amplitude and short repetition period are needed to achieve at the same time tight spatial resolution and large duty cycle, but they require an extremely fast frequency modulator. The direct-FM modulation of a fractional-N phase-locked loop does not allow to reach such values. To solve this issue, digital PLLs have been investigating in these years, combined with two main speed-enhancement techniques, namely the signal preemphasis and the two-point injection. A 65-nm CMOS chirp modulator is fabricated, which adopts an innovative digital PLL topology with two-point injection and automatic predistortion of the modulation signal. The digital circuitry tracks and compensates in the background for process and environmental variations. The modulator is capable to generate a saw-tooth chirp signal with up to 416MHz peak-to-peak amplitude around 22GHz, with repetition period down to $1.2 {mu } mathrm {s}$ and idle time of 140ns. The measured phase noise is -101dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset and the power consumption is about 19.7mW.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134432896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8447992
J. Bredemeyer, T. Schrader, Sergei Sandmann
A passive bistatic radar (PBR) constellation of a radar transmitter, wind turbines as targets and an unmanned aerial system (UAS) carrying the receiver is used for scattering measurements and discrimination between single wind turbine (WT) echoes. Since the geometry is fully known, the radar echo gained from the WT is related to its reflectivity across the flight altitude of the UAS. These results are compared against computer simulations of the same scenario.
{"title":"Measurements for Classification of Single Wind Turbine Echoes","authors":"J. Bredemeyer, T. Schrader, Sergei Sandmann","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8447992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8447992","url":null,"abstract":"A passive bistatic radar (PBR) constellation of a radar transmitter, wind turbines as targets and an unmanned aerial system (UAS) carrying the receiver is used for scattering measurements and discrimination between single wind turbine (WT) echoes. Since the geometry is fully known, the radar echo gained from the WT is related to its reflectivity across the flight altitude of the UAS. These results are compared against computer simulations of the same scenario.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133922393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8447927
Michał Knioła, T. Rogala
High range and Doppler resolution is a significant issue in both RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) and SODAR (Sound Detection and Ranging) applications. Despite the many common features of the RADAR and SODAR systems, a very large difference in the frequency of the signal forces a thorough analysis of the emitted probing signals. This article presents the results of research aimed at determining parameters of complex waveforms responsible for obtaining suitable range/Doppler resolution using low frequency signals for SODAR applications.
{"title":"Low frequency signals analysis for range and Doppler high resolution SODAR applications","authors":"Michał Knioła, T. Rogala","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8447927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8447927","url":null,"abstract":"High range and Doppler resolution is a significant issue in both RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) and SODAR (Sound Detection and Ranging) applications. Despite the many common features of the RADAR and SODAR systems, a very large difference in the frequency of the signal forces a thorough analysis of the emitted probing signals. This article presents the results of research aimed at determining parameters of complex waveforms responsible for obtaining suitable range/Doppler resolution using low frequency signals for SODAR applications.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132598788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8448073
J. Rowlatt, S. Hristov, L. Daniel, M. Gashinova, A. Stove, M. Cherniakov
The applicability of Doppler beam sharpening (DBS) is assessed for the use in a passive bistatic system using a spaceborne transmitter in the Inmarsat constellation (Alphasat) as the illuminator of opportunity, for potential application in low cost maritime early warning systems in vessels. The effect of sharpening for both stationary and moving targets is discussed in theory, with models to show the effects for stationary targets that predicted a large improvement in angular resolution through the use of DBS. Experimental results show the effect in action, with three distinguishable targets found within 10 degrees using an antenna with a full beamwidth of 30 degrees, for a receiver moving at a mean of 11.6m/s over a coherent integration time of 1s, a carrier wave wavelength of 0.193m, a target range of 2.5-3km, and target look angle of 20-30 degrees. The results from the experiment are shown to agree with a simulation of a similar system, and a visual demonstration of the results overlaid on a satellite map is also displayed.
{"title":"Doppler Beam Sharpening in Passive Bistatic Radar with Spaceborne Illuminators of opportunity","authors":"J. Rowlatt, S. Hristov, L. Daniel, M. Gashinova, A. Stove, M. Cherniakov","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8448073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8448073","url":null,"abstract":"The applicability of Doppler beam sharpening (DBS) is assessed for the use in a passive bistatic system using a spaceborne transmitter in the Inmarsat constellation (Alphasat) as the illuminator of opportunity, for potential application in low cost maritime early warning systems in vessels. The effect of sharpening for both stationary and moving targets is discussed in theory, with models to show the effects for stationary targets that predicted a large improvement in angular resolution through the use of DBS. Experimental results show the effect in action, with three distinguishable targets found within 10 degrees using an antenna with a full beamwidth of 30 degrees, for a receiver moving at a mean of 11.6m/s over a coherent integration time of 1s, a carrier wave wavelength of 0.193m, a target range of 2.5-3km, and target look angle of 20-30 degrees. The results from the experiment are shown to agree with a simulation of a similar system, and a visual demonstration of the results overlaid on a satellite map is also displayed.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115260898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8448272
S. Ghio, M. Martorella
The amount of space debris orbiting the Earth has seen a dramatic grow through the recent years. Its rising population increases the potential danger to space missions. At present time, it is urgent to gain as much information as possible in order to characterize this environment. The classification in term of size and angular speed plays an important role in the process of assessing space debris threat and improving the overall knowledge of the objects that occupy the space around the Earth. This paper proposes an innovative technique for Resident Space Objects (RSOs) feature estimation by using multi-bistatic radar.
{"title":"Multi-Bistatic Radar for Resident Space Objects Feature Estimation","authors":"S. Ghio, M. Martorella","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8448272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8448272","url":null,"abstract":"The amount of space debris orbiting the Earth has seen a dramatic grow through the recent years. Its rising population increases the potential danger to space missions. At present time, it is urgent to gain as much information as possible in order to characterize this environment. The classification in term of size and angular speed plays an important role in the process of assessing space debris threat and improving the overall knowledge of the objects that occupy the space around the Earth. This paper proposes an innovative technique for Resident Space Objects (RSOs) feature estimation by using multi-bistatic radar.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116549963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8448247
S. Kueppers, Siying Wang, H. Cetinkaya, R. Herschel, N. Pohl
In this paper the influence of antenna radiation pattern on the imaging performance of a highly integrated Millimeter Wave Radar is presented. For evaluation of the MIMO imaging performance the implemented antenna array topology is shown and using an analytical antenna model the simulated point spread function is given for different antenna half-power beamwidths. Simulated and measured characterization of a circularly polarized cavity backed patch antenna on a Rogers® RT/duroid 5880 substrate implemented in a compact radar system is presented. The experimental evaluation of the imaging performance is carried out by comparing simulation and measurement of a scenario with multiple point-like scatterer using the realized antenna element.
{"title":"Imaging Characteristics of a Highly Integrated MillimeterWave MIMO Radar","authors":"S. Kueppers, Siying Wang, H. Cetinkaya, R. Herschel, N. Pohl","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8448247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8448247","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the influence of antenna radiation pattern on the imaging performance of a highly integrated Millimeter Wave Radar is presented. For evaluation of the MIMO imaging performance the implemented antenna array topology is shown and using an analytical antenna model the simulated point spread function is given for different antenna half-power beamwidths. Simulated and measured characterization of a circularly polarized cavity backed patch antenna on a Rogers® RT/duroid 5880 substrate implemented in a compact radar system is presented. The experimental evaluation of the imaging performance is carried out by comparing simulation and measurement of a scenario with multiple point-like scatterer using the realized antenna element.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115117204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8448192
H. Kabakchiev, V. Behar, I. Garvanov, D. Kabakchieva, A. Kabakchiev, H. Rohling, M. Bentum, J. Fernandes
Two detection algorithms (heuristic and CFAR) for target detection in pulsar FSR are analyzed using the simulation approach. The simulation results are verified by processing of the experimental data obtained by the radio observatory Dwingeloo in the Netherlands. The simulation and experimental results proved that the CFAR detection algorithm is more effective than the heuristic algorithm and can be successfully used in a pulsar FSR system for protection of air space from unwanted air objects.
{"title":"Comparison of Two Algorithms for Signal Detection in Pulsarbased FSR","authors":"H. Kabakchiev, V. Behar, I. Garvanov, D. Kabakchieva, A. Kabakchiev, H. Rohling, M. Bentum, J. Fernandes","doi":"10.23919/IRS.2018.8448192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IRS.2018.8448192","url":null,"abstract":"Two detection algorithms (heuristic and CFAR) for target detection in pulsar FSR are analyzed using the simulation approach. The simulation results are verified by processing of the experimental data obtained by the radio observatory Dwingeloo in the Netherlands. The simulation and experimental results proved that the CFAR detection algorithm is more effective than the heuristic algorithm and can be successfully used in a pulsar FSR system for protection of air space from unwanted air objects.","PeriodicalId":436201,"journal":{"name":"2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121602933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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