Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2022.2078402
Viktor Persarvet, Marja Erikson, M. Morell
ABSTRACT The enclosure movement was a significant element of the agricultural revolution in Sweden. Legislation from 1749 onwards, opened up for Storskifte, which reduced the number of plots per owner, but did not touch the villages’ common field or housing structures. The edicts of Enskifte (1803–1807) and Laga skifte (1827), however, made possible the final dissolution of the open-field system. According to the Laga skifte legislation one single landowner applying for enclosure, could force the entire village to enclose. Nonetheless, the process was not complete even by the 1890s. Previous research has emphasised the importance of the enclosures for economic development and/or as a factor in income redistribution. It has, however, not fully explained why some villages enclosed early and others late. We investigate this question by using a newly constructed database containing all villages in the county of Västmanland. Furthermore, by using a Cox Proportional Hazards model, a random sample of 100 villages is followed over time to estimate which factors accelerated or decelerated the enclosure process. The major conclusions are that concentration of ownership and cost factors decreased the probability for enclosure while complex land-use patterns and real GDP-per capita growth increased the probability of enclosure.
{"title":"Market growth, coordination problems and control – the timing of enclosures in East Central Sweden 1807–1892","authors":"Viktor Persarvet, Marja Erikson, M. Morell","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2022.2078402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2022.2078402","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The enclosure movement was a significant element of the agricultural revolution in Sweden. Legislation from 1749 onwards, opened up for Storskifte, which reduced the number of plots per owner, but did not touch the villages’ common field or housing structures. The edicts of Enskifte (1803–1807) and Laga skifte (1827), however, made possible the final dissolution of the open-field system. According to the Laga skifte legislation one single landowner applying for enclosure, could force the entire village to enclose. Nonetheless, the process was not complete even by the 1890s. Previous research has emphasised the importance of the enclosures for economic development and/or as a factor in income redistribution. It has, however, not fully explained why some villages enclosed early and others late. We investigate this question by using a newly constructed database containing all villages in the county of Västmanland. Furthermore, by using a Cox Proportional Hazards model, a random sample of 100 villages is followed over time to estimate which factors accelerated or decelerated the enclosure process. The major conclusions are that concentration of ownership and cost factors decreased the probability for enclosure while complex land-use patterns and real GDP-per capita growth increased the probability of enclosure.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"71 1","pages":"258 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43316633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2022.2078403
Klara Arnberg, Eirinn Larsen, A. Östman
Gender has long been an important category of historical analysis, nurtured by different and sometimes competing paradigms of research. In the 1970s, the study of gender was closely linked to the expansion of women’s history. Inspired by feminist and Marxist theories, this approach greatly contributed to the development of new insights on economic life, work, and remuneration in relation to women’s own experiences. Post-structural theories became more important after Joan W. Scott’s seminal article ‘Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Research’ (1986). This approach considered gender as the way in which humans create knowledge about the world they inhibit, rather than something they are. The importance of research on economic history from a gender perspective has increased significantly since the late 1980s – and perhaps especially so in the Nordic countries? At least, this is a timely question to ask 30 more years after Scott wrote her article and partly transformed the practices of gender research in history. The inspiration for this special issue came from a seminar held at Stockholm University, Sweden, in the beginning of 2019, when a group of researchers in various stages of their career gathered to discuss the status of gender and intersectionality within economic history. Some of us were critical of how economic history was sometimes defined in a way that excluded the type of gender research we were engaged in. The idea of suggesting a special issue in SEHR was raised to highlight gender as an essential analytical category for economic history (and thus challenge narrower definitions), and to better understand the status of gender in the broader Nordic setting and beyond. Fortunately, the editors-in-chief of the journal were positive about the idea. An open call for a special issue on gender and economic history broadly defined, was announced in the spring of 2020. We received nine papers for peer review, five of them are included in the issue, spanning topics such women and entrepreneurship in Iceland, migrant mothers and workers in Sweden, the decision-making roles of women in Finnish household economy, and Danish public wage hierarchies. What this selection of articles, their topics, and theoretical orientation can tell us about the current status of gender scholarship in general or in Nordic economic history in particular, is however uncertain. Trying to answer this question also extends the scope of the special issue. What is still evident, is the absence of Norwegian author(s). This indicates that the efforts and traditions of including gender as a category of economic historical analysis do vary across the Nordic region as much as overtime. What was in fashion in the 1980s, are not anymore, or the opposite. The impulses of gender research within the field of economic history, changes as much as the institutional conditions for economic history research do.
长期以来，性别一直是历史分析的一个重要范畴，受到不同的、有时是相互竞争的研究范式的影响。在20世纪70年代，性别研究与女性历史的扩张密切相关。受女权主义和马克思主义理论的启发，这种方法极大地促进了与女性自身经历有关的经济生活、工作和报酬的新见解的发展。后结构理论在Joan W. Scott的开创性文章《性别:一个有用的历史研究范畴》(1986)之后变得更加重要。这种方法认为性别是人类创造关于他们所抑制的世界的知识的方式，而不是他们本身的东西。自20世纪80年代末以来，从性别角度研究经济史的重要性显著增加——也许在北欧国家尤其如此。至少，在斯科特写了她的文章并在一定程度上改变了历史上性别研究的实践30多年后，这个问题问得很及时。本期特刊的灵感来自于2019年初在瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学举行的一次研讨会，当时一群处于职业生涯不同阶段的研究人员聚集在一起讨论经济史上性别和交叉性的地位。我们中的一些人对经济史有时被排除在我们所从事的性别研究之外的定义方式持批评态度。提出在SEHR中提出一个特别问题的想法是为了强调性别是经济史的一个基本分析类别(从而挑战较窄的定义)，并更好地了解性别在更广泛的北欧环境和其他环境中的地位。幸运的是，杂志的主编们对这个想法持肯定态度。2020年春天，公开征集了一个关于广义性别和经济史的特刊。我们收到了9篇论文供同行评议，其中5篇收录在本期杂志中，涉及的主题包括冰岛的女性和创业精神、瑞典的移民母亲和工人、芬兰家庭经济中女性的决策角色以及丹麦的公共工资等级制度。然而，这些文章的选择、它们的主题和理论取向能告诉我们性别学术的总体现状，特别是北欧经济史的现状，是不确定的。试图回答这个问题也扩展了特刊的范围。仍然明显的是，没有挪威作者。这表明，在北欧地区，将性别作为经济历史分析的一个类别的努力和传统确实各不相同。上世纪80年代流行的东西，现在已经不流行了，或者正好相反。在经济史研究领域内，性别研究的冲动随着经济史研究的制度条件的变化而变化。
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Pub Date : 2022-03-20DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2022.2032318
L. Bruno, J. Eloranta, J. Ojala, J. Pehkonen
ABSTRACT This study examines Nordic economic convergence from the sixteenth to twentieth century respective of the economic leaders, in effect the UK before 1914 and USA thereafter. The paper uses a novel approach of combining the analysis of both GDP and wages. The examination of real GDP per capita suggests that there was a catch-up process in play, both with the economic leaders and among the Nordic states, from the early nineteenth century onwards. However, the examination of the adjusted silver wages suggests convergence among the Nordic economies by the end of the eighteenth century. Therefore, we argue, no single Nordic Model emerged from these development patterns, even though the Nordic states today do have striking similarities. Furthermore, they diverged from the West European growth path until the twentieth century, thus they were a part of the Little Divergence at Europe’s other peripheries. The world wars and other crises delayed the full impacts of the convergence process until the latter part of the twentieth century.
{"title":"Road to unity? Nordic economic convergence in the long run","authors":"L. Bruno, J. Eloranta, J. Ojala, J. Pehkonen","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2022.2032318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2022.2032318","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines Nordic economic convergence from the sixteenth to twentieth century respective of the economic leaders, in effect the UK before 1914 and USA thereafter. The paper uses a novel approach of combining the analysis of both GDP and wages. The examination of real GDP per capita suggests that there was a catch-up process in play, both with the economic leaders and among the Nordic states, from the early nineteenth century onwards. However, the examination of the adjusted silver wages suggests convergence among the Nordic economies by the end of the eighteenth century. Therefore, we argue, no single Nordic Model emerged from these development patterns, even though the Nordic states today do have striking similarities. Furthermore, they diverged from the West European growth path until the twentieth century, thus they were a part of the Little Divergence at Europe’s other peripheries. The world wars and other crises delayed the full impacts of the convergence process until the latter part of the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"71 1","pages":"229 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41992848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-08DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2022.2032319
Lars Ahnland
ABSTRACT Financialisation has become a new buzz word in social sciences, but, although some of the earliest usages of the concept can be found with economic historians, the recent fad has largely been ignored by economic history. This is true also for the Nordic region. This survey article highlights a handful of studies on financialisation in the Nordic countries in general and within Nordic economic history, in particular, but more importantly, it relates Nordic economic history with a long wave approach to a corresponding stance in financialisation scholarship. It concludes that Nordic economic history is in an advantageous position to both shed light on contemporary financialisation with the help of historical examples. Moreover, it is also able to, through the lens of history, problematise some of the assumptions made within financialisation theory. In this, the Nordic region can provide apt case studies as varieties of financialisation over time and space. All in all, Nordic economic history has barely scratched the surface of this potential.
{"title":"Survey article on Nordic financialisation in the long run","authors":"Lars Ahnland","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2022.2032319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2022.2032319","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Financialisation has become a new buzz word in social sciences, but, although some of the earliest usages of the concept can be found with economic historians, the recent fad has largely been ignored by economic history. This is true also for the Nordic region. This survey article highlights a handful of studies on financialisation in the Nordic countries in general and within Nordic economic history, in particular, but more importantly, it relates Nordic economic history with a long wave approach to a corresponding stance in financialisation scholarship. It concludes that Nordic economic history is in an advantageous position to both shed light on contemporary financialisation with the help of historical examples. Moreover, it is also able to, through the lens of history, problematise some of the assumptions made within financialisation theory. In this, the Nordic region can provide apt case studies as varieties of financialisation over time and space. All in all, Nordic economic history has barely scratched the surface of this potential.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"71 1","pages":"247 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44461864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the first half of the twentieth century, the industrialization of Sweden was completed. A substantial proportion of the population resided in cities. What did the life courses of these people actually look like? In this book, four researchers have studied a random sample of men and women in Gothenburg, tracing their movements through the various phases of life, and between residences, working places and occupations. It is an account of important events in the lives of ordinary people during a period when much of the modern society was formed.
{"title":"Liv i rörelse: Göteborgs befolkning och arbetsmarknad 1900-1950","authors":"Kristina Lilja","doi":"10.21525/kriterium.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21525/kriterium.34","url":null,"abstract":"During the first half of the twentieth century, the industrialization of Sweden was completed. A substantial proportion of the population resided in cities. What did the life courses of these people actually look like? In this book, four researchers have studied a random sample of men and women in Gothenburg, tracing their movements through the various phases of life, and between residences, working places and occupations. It is an account of important events in the lives of ordinary people during a period when much of the modern society was formed.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48413794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.2013313
J. Mikkelsen
ological underpinnings of the analysis that are strategically flagged along the book’s pages. If anything, Christensen book invites for further analysis and research that both empirically and theoretically expands on the important questions that are raised by the analysis. This book provides an important step down this avenue, and one can only hope future studies will be able to get even closer to the lifeworld of children, women, craftsmen and sailors in the waters of South Fynen. Med skibet i kroppen is, all in all, an important and well-written contribution to a hitherto somewhat overlooked element of Danish maritime history.
分析的逻辑学基础在书中被战略性地标记出来。如果要说有什么不同的话，那就是克里斯滕森的书邀请了进一步的分析和研究，从经验和理论上扩展了分析中提出的重要问题。这本书在这条道路上迈出了重要的一步，人们只能希望未来的研究能够更接近南费南水域的儿童、妇女、工匠和水手的生活世界。总而言之，《Med skibet i kroppen》是对丹麦航海史上迄今有些被忽视的因素的重要而精彩的贡献。
{"title":"Kinafarerne. Mellem kejserens Kina og kongens København [The travellers to China. Between the emperor’s China and the king’s Copenhagen]","authors":"J. Mikkelsen","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.2013313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.2013313","url":null,"abstract":"ological underpinnings of the analysis that are strategically flagged along the book’s pages. If anything, Christensen book invites for further analysis and research that both empirically and theoretically expands on the important questions that are raised by the analysis. This book provides an important step down this avenue, and one can only hope future studies will be able to get even closer to the lifeworld of children, women, craftsmen and sailors in the waters of South Fynen. Med skibet i kroppen is, all in all, an important and well-written contribution to a hitherto somewhat overlooked element of Danish maritime history.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"71 1","pages":"322 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45601299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.2013314
Dunja Blažević
other presentations of careers, and Asmussen makes use of them as examples of the different types of networks, caused by The Danish Asiatic Company. But in some cases – and the description of Boje is one of them – Asmussen perhaps moved a little too far away from the main story of the book in order to tell ‘the whole story’ of the person in question. Asmussen should, however, be praised for the thorough analysis of the network relations, in which the employees and especially the directors and other leading persons participated. Among other things, he points out that the Reformed Church in Copenhagen was an important meeting point for several influential persons in the company in the eighteenth century and for many other prosperous business men at that time as well. Likewise, the freemason organisation was of great importance as a transnational brotherhood of persons, many of whom were quite influential. Another interesting aspect is that the trade networks in the early modern time essentially depended more on persons than on commercial houses, companies or other ‘trade organizations’, even if many of these were economical powerful. The point is that the long distances, especially in intercontinental trade, rendered necessary for business people to use reliable commission agents and correspondence clerks, and a network of many trustworthy and competent persons meant a reduction of the risk of making unsuccessful transactions. Besides, I was quite surprised to see that The Danish Asiatic Company’s monopoly in China trade was broken already sometime in the end of the eighteenth century. According to other literature about the company this only happened after the Napoleonic wars. Provided with a lot of pictures of high quality, the book clearly addresses itself to a broad and large public. Asmussen’s narrative writing style, stressing the ‘the good story’ and putting fascinating persons in front, has great appeal, too. Indeed, Asmussen really deserves the flattering remarks about his work, written by several reviewers in Danish newspapers and online fora. I have however also read Asmussen’s original presentation in his PhD-thesis with many interesting reflections on network theory, prosopographical method and the special wiki, which he made in order to pick up all sorts of information from different sources about the employees in the company and other persons of interest. It is a pity that only a very few of these remarks and reflections have survived the transformation of the Ph.D.-thesis, as the theoretical framework and the methodical tools in this case could have been of interest to many readers. I’m lucky that I didn’t throw away my printed version of the thesis, when I got the book.
{"title":"En kort introduksjon til Norge på 1900-tallet. Forskjell og fellesskap [A brief introduction to Norway in the 20th century. Difference and community]","authors":"Dunja Blažević","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.2013314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.2013314","url":null,"abstract":"other presentations of careers, and Asmussen makes use of them as examples of the different types of networks, caused by The Danish Asiatic Company. But in some cases – and the description of Boje is one of them – Asmussen perhaps moved a little too far away from the main story of the book in order to tell ‘the whole story’ of the person in question. Asmussen should, however, be praised for the thorough analysis of the network relations, in which the employees and especially the directors and other leading persons participated. Among other things, he points out that the Reformed Church in Copenhagen was an important meeting point for several influential persons in the company in the eighteenth century and for many other prosperous business men at that time as well. Likewise, the freemason organisation was of great importance as a transnational brotherhood of persons, many of whom were quite influential. Another interesting aspect is that the trade networks in the early modern time essentially depended more on persons than on commercial houses, companies or other ‘trade organizations’, even if many of these were economical powerful. The point is that the long distances, especially in intercontinental trade, rendered necessary for business people to use reliable commission agents and correspondence clerks, and a network of many trustworthy and competent persons meant a reduction of the risk of making unsuccessful transactions. Besides, I was quite surprised to see that The Danish Asiatic Company’s monopoly in China trade was broken already sometime in the end of the eighteenth century. According to other literature about the company this only happened after the Napoleonic wars. Provided with a lot of pictures of high quality, the book clearly addresses itself to a broad and large public. Asmussen’s narrative writing style, stressing the ‘the good story’ and putting fascinating persons in front, has great appeal, too. Indeed, Asmussen really deserves the flattering remarks about his work, written by several reviewers in Danish newspapers and online fora. I have however also read Asmussen’s original presentation in his PhD-thesis with many interesting reflections on network theory, prosopographical method and the special wiki, which he made in order to pick up all sorts of information from different sources about the employees in the company and other persons of interest. It is a pity that only a very few of these remarks and reflections have survived the transformation of the Ph.D.-thesis, as the theoretical framework and the methodical tools in this case could have been of interest to many readers. I’m lucky that I didn’t throw away my printed version of the thesis, when I got the book.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"71 1","pages":"323 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42577754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.2013311
Martin Hansson
{"title":"Iron and the transformation of society. Reflexion of Viking age metallurgy","authors":"Martin Hansson","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.2013311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.2013311","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"71 1","pages":"319 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48237410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.2013312
A. Sørensen
countryside sites. The purpose is to study the remains of production which can give clues regarding location, intensity and the type of production that took place. Ferrous and non-ferrous metalworking took place at numerous places often simultaneously. The production intensified in the Viking age as a response to an increased demand for iron. Contrary to many previous ideas on ferrous and non-ferrous metalworking, it is shown that this production took place at the same areas/buildings on the excavated sites. Production seems often to have been temporal or occasional and both types of crafts can have been performed by the same individuals. Viking age metal production in the countryside was thus according to Sahlén small-scale and intended for local use. Thus, iron for export was connected to central places and early towns. The last and fifth chapter, Interactions and infrastructure – driving forces and organization behind the Viking Age trade networks in the Baltic and beyond, by the archaeologist Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson, aims to identify sites involved in trade in the Baltic, but also to contextualise some of the commodities traded, as well as discussing the driving forces behind the trading networks of the Viking age. It also functions as a summary to the other four chapters of the book. This article does not only discuss iron, rather trading commodities in general, of which iron and iron products were two. Focus is also on the eastern Baltic and the regions further east. The establishment of trading centres and how commodities as fur, textiles and iron exchanged hands along the trading routes is discussed. The result shows that there was a close connection between the development of the first town-like structures in the Baltic region and the presence of advanced crafts. The exchange of raw materials and finished goods, as well as skilled labourers are discussed. The Viking expansion was driven by factors like trade, an urge for acquiring wealth and power. The steady increase of the need for iron for new and heavier products, promoted this development. Even if the two first chapters in the book do not focus on the Viking age to the same degree as the last three, the book nevertheless gives a thorough presentation of the importance of metalworking for the Viking society. The scope of the book is mainly archaeological, and especially the last three chapters give new insights regarding the topic. Especially the combination of the results from Zachrisson’s and Sahlén’s studies highlights the different but complementary aspects of the topic. The interested reader finds much valuable reading in this book. At the same time, it is obvious that the topic can be developed further in the future.
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