Pub Date : 2020-09-21DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1806920
Kristin Ranestad
ABSTRACT It is generally found that human capital has had positive effects on industrial development and economic growth. But the relationship between formal education, work practice, industrial development and economic growth, and changes over time, remains unclear, largely because of a lack of empirical evidence. This note argues that an investigation of the Danish dairy industry can contribute to further our understanding of the impacts and limitations of formal education and practice. It describes unique sources that can be used to construct a database, which in turn can be used to make an empirically solid investigation of whether, and how, knowledge learned at school and through practice contributed to technological changes, diffusion of technology and increased productivity in the Danish dairy industry from the 1860s to 1920, a period when this industry went through a technological and industrial transformation. The purpose of this planned investigation will be to fill a gap in Danish historiography, but also to contribute to the wider literature about the role of education and practice in innovation with empirical evidence, and by further developing concepts of knowledge and technology.
{"title":"Connecting formal education and practice to agricultural innovation in Denmark (1860s–1920): a note on sources and methods","authors":"Kristin Ranestad","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1806920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1806920","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is generally found that human capital has had positive effects on industrial development and economic growth. But the relationship between formal education, work practice, industrial development and economic growth, and changes over time, remains unclear, largely because of a lack of empirical evidence. This note argues that an investigation of the Danish dairy industry can contribute to further our understanding of the impacts and limitations of formal education and practice. It describes unique sources that can be used to construct a database, which in turn can be used to make an empirically solid investigation of whether, and how, knowledge learned at school and through practice contributed to technological changes, diffusion of technology and increased productivity in the Danish dairy industry from the 1860s to 1920, a period when this industry went through a technological and industrial transformation. The purpose of this planned investigation will be to fill a gap in Danish historiography, but also to contribute to the wider literature about the role of education and practice in innovation with empirical evidence, and by further developing concepts of knowledge and technology.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"69 1","pages":"233 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1806920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48141001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-21DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1809511
K. Rönnbäck, Leos Müller
ABSTRACT The narrative of the Swedish East India Company (SEIC) is a well-known part of Sweden’s eighteenth century history. The company is known as a profitable venture, the only successful chartered company in Sweden, but with a limited impact upon the country’s economic development. In this paper, we employ a value-chain analysis to estimate the Swedish East India trade’s magnitude in terms of value-added. The results show that the success of the company was not based on monopolised domestic market in Sweden, a typical strategy of big chartered companies. The most valuable line of SEIC’s business (Chinese teas) was rather based on re-exports to other countries in Europe. Our quantitative estimates also show that the Swedish East India trade eventually made up a non-negligible share, and in particular a major share of the transport and trade sectors, of the Swedish economy during a long part of the eighteenth century.
{"title":"Swedish East India trade in a value-added analysis, c. 1730–1800","authors":"K. Rönnbäck, Leos Müller","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1809511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1809511","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The narrative of the Swedish East India Company (SEIC) is a well-known part of Sweden’s eighteenth century history. The company is known as a profitable venture, the only successful chartered company in Sweden, but with a limited impact upon the country’s economic development. In this paper, we employ a value-chain analysis to estimate the Swedish East India trade’s magnitude in terms of value-added. The results show that the success of the company was not based on monopolised domestic market in Sweden, a typical strategy of big chartered companies. The most valuable line of SEIC’s business (Chinese teas) was rather based on re-exports to other countries in Europe. Our quantitative estimates also show that the Swedish East India trade eventually made up a non-negligible share, and in particular a major share of the transport and trade sectors, of the Swedish economy during a long part of the eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"70 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1809511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44869199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2019.1663761
Robrecht Declercq
ABSTRACT This article examines the formation and activities of international copper cartels during the interwar period by focusing on the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UHMK), one of the principal new entrants at that time. Rather than seeing interwar copper cartels as an expression of the rise of the American copper industry, cartels gradually came to reflect the expansion of production world-wide by absorbing new entry. New entrants were crucial in setting up the Copper Exporters Inc (CEI) and International Copper Cartel (ICC) cartels. In addition, the formation and organisation of copper cartels are examined from the point of view of state policies. It is argued that governments, both in the US as well as in Europe, welcomed or tolerated cartels so long as they could provide security and social stability for domestic employment by regulating competition. Such arguments even allowed firms to push the boundaries of what was legally accepted, as the export cartel CEI gradually transformed into a production quota cartel. Copper cartels thereby functioned as alternatives to protectionism until 1932. Thereafter, firms turned to more resourceful solutions to circumvent American antitrust legislation and protectionism, resulting in the ICC, which depended upon informal and indirect American business participation. Abbreviations: UMHK: Union Minière du Haut Katanga; SGM: Société Générale des Minerais; CEA: Copper Export Association; CEI: Copper Exporters Inc.; ICC: International Copper Cartel; ARA 1: Algemeen Rijksarchief/Archives du Royaume 1, Ruisbroekstraat 2, 1000 Brussel; ARA 2: Algemeen Rijksarchief/Archives du Royaume 2, Archiefdepot Joseph Cuvelier, Hopstraat 26-28, 1000 Brussel
摘要本文通过关注当时主要的新加入者之一上加丹加小联盟（UHMK），考察了两次世界大战期间国际铜卡特尔的形成和活动。卡特尔并没有将两次世界大战之间的铜卡特尔视为美国铜工业崛起的表现，而是通过吸收新的进入，逐渐反映出全球范围内的生产扩张。新进入者对建立铜出口商公司（CEI）和国际铜卡特尔（ICC）卡特尔至关重要。此外，从国家政策的角度考察了铜卡特尔的形成和组织。有人认为，美国和欧洲的政府都欢迎或容忍卡特尔，只要它们能够通过监管竞争为国内就业提供安全和社会稳定。随着出口卡特尔CEI逐渐转变为生产配额卡特尔，这些论点甚至允许企业突破法律认可的界限。因此，直到1932年，铜卡特尔一直是保护主义的替代品。此后，公司转向了更足智多谋的解决方案，以规避美国的反垄断立法和保护主义，从而形成了依赖于美国企业非正式和间接参与的国际商会。缩写：UMHK：Union Minière du Haut Katanga；SGM：法国矿工协会；CEA：铜出口协会；CEI:铜出口商股份有限公司。；ICC：国际铜卡特尔；ARA 1:Algemeen Rijksarchief/Royaume档案馆1，Ruisbroekstraat 21000 Brussel；ARA 2：Algemeen Rijksarchief/Royaume档案馆2，档案馆Joseph Cuvelier，Hopstraat 26-28，1000 Brussel
{"title":"Forging cartels. A transatlantic perspective on business collusion and the interwar copper industry (1918–1940)","authors":"Robrecht Declercq","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2019.1663761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2019.1663761","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the formation and activities of international copper cartels during the interwar period by focusing on the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UHMK), one of the principal new entrants at that time. Rather than seeing interwar copper cartels as an expression of the rise of the American copper industry, cartels gradually came to reflect the expansion of production world-wide by absorbing new entry. New entrants were crucial in setting up the Copper Exporters Inc (CEI) and International Copper Cartel (ICC) cartels. In addition, the formation and organisation of copper cartels are examined from the point of view of state policies. It is argued that governments, both in the US as well as in Europe, welcomed or tolerated cartels so long as they could provide security and social stability for domestic employment by regulating competition. Such arguments even allowed firms to push the boundaries of what was legally accepted, as the export cartel CEI gradually transformed into a production quota cartel. Copper cartels thereby functioned as alternatives to protectionism until 1932. Thereafter, firms turned to more resourceful solutions to circumvent American antitrust legislation and protectionism, resulting in the ICC, which depended upon informal and indirect American business participation. Abbreviations: UMHK: Union Minière du Haut Katanga; SGM: Société Générale des Minerais; CEA: Copper Export Association; CEI: Copper Exporters Inc.; ICC: International Copper Cartel; ARA 1: Algemeen Rijksarchief/Archives du Royaume 1, Ruisbroekstraat 2, 1000 Brussel; ARA 2: Algemeen Rijksarchief/Archives du Royaume 2, Archiefdepot Joseph Cuvelier, Hopstraat 26-28, 1000 Brussel","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"68 1","pages":"204 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2019.1663761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46176167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1820902
S. Fellman, M. Shanahan
{"title":"Beyond the market: broader perspectives in cartel research","authors":"S. Fellman, M. Shanahan","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1820902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1820902","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"68 1","pages":"195 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1820902","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47471026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2019.1703802
H. Espeli
ABSTRACT This paper analyses the prolonged nature of two related cartels in life and non-life insurance, in Norway. Insurance cartels and the role of the state are rarely studied in cartel research, although such cartels are common. Cartels played an important role in creating trust and stability in the formative years of the Norwegian insurance industry. In life insurance, premiums are paid sometimes decades in advance. Reducing high transaction costs can also explain the state’s prolonged support of the fire and non-life insurance cartels. State policy towards the fire insurance cartel changed after World War I, when the state became a competitor, although its regulations did not directly weaken the non-life insurance cartel, this finally collapsed due to mergers in 1982. State support for the life insurance cartel was strong from the 1920s to the 1980s. By then it was difficult to differentiate between state-sector regulations and cartel interests. The life insurance cartel was dismantled by new state regulations in the mid-1980s.
{"title":"Insurance cartels and state policies in Norway, 1870s–1990s","authors":"H. Espeli","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2019.1703802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2019.1703802","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyses the prolonged nature of two related cartels in life and non-life insurance, in Norway. Insurance cartels and the role of the state are rarely studied in cartel research, although such cartels are common. Cartels played an important role in creating trust and stability in the formative years of the Norwegian insurance industry. In life insurance, premiums are paid sometimes decades in advance. Reducing high transaction costs can also explain the state’s prolonged support of the fire and non-life insurance cartels. State policy towards the fire insurance cartel changed after World War I, when the state became a competitor, although its regulations did not directly weaken the non-life insurance cartel, this finally collapsed due to mergers in 1982. State support for the life insurance cartel was strong from the 1920s to the 1980s. By then it was difficult to differentiate between state-sector regulations and cartel interests. The life insurance cartel was dismantled by new state regulations in the mid-1980s.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"68 1","pages":"222 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2019.1703802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41344692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2019.1703803
M. Dahlström
ABSTRACT Cooperation and cartels are common-place in the cement industry. The Nordic countries’ close historical ties meant cooperation between the cement companies and their directors existed from the industry’s establishment in the 1890s. Cooperation was an essential part of the activities of cement company managers and was integral to business operations, with national cartels also establishing international cartels. While cooperation was ever present, its forms varied over time. Even when the form and membership of the cartels changed, however, exports were always central. Cartel agreements were re-negotiated regularly and their Nordic managers kept in close contact with each other. The Nordic cement producers also cooperated with other European producers, eventually leading to the establishment of a European cement cartel, the Cembureau, in 1947. The Cembureau was the ultimate result of a long period of cooperation and trust driven by the Nordic cement companies.
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Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2019.1704858
B. Karlsson
ABSTRACT In 1973 Sweden entered into a free-trade agreement with the EEC. This meant that the EEC principle of prohibition of cartels met with the Swedish principle of abuse. Paper production was heavily cartelised in Sweden and Scandinavian export cartels exercised a strong influence over EEC markets. The problem is analysed in terms of legitimacy – how did the Swedish actors make their claims legitimate? When analysing the arguments used in the negotiations it becomes clear that the Swedish negotiators claimed that paper cartels and no tariffs provided more general utility whereas the EEC argument was that cartels were principally wrong and that the EEC utility was more important than the potential general utility. Since Sweden did not have the upper hand in the discussions the outcome became that the Scandinavian export cartels were formally dismantled and free trade for paper products had to wait for 11 years. When it comes to the actual effects, Swedish paper export could continue in much the same way as before. A process initiated by EC against the Scandinavian newspaper cartels ended up in a compromise founded on a common skepticism towards North American producers.
{"title":"Two cartel regimes. Swedish paper cartels and the EEC in the 1970s","authors":"B. Karlsson","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2019.1704858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2019.1704858","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1973 Sweden entered into a free-trade agreement with the EEC. This meant that the EEC principle of prohibition of cartels met with the Swedish principle of abuse. Paper production was heavily cartelised in Sweden and Scandinavian export cartels exercised a strong influence over EEC markets. The problem is analysed in terms of legitimacy – how did the Swedish actors make their claims legitimate? When analysing the arguments used in the negotiations it becomes clear that the Swedish negotiators claimed that paper cartels and no tariffs provided more general utility whereas the EEC argument was that cartels were principally wrong and that the EEC utility was more important than the potential general utility. Since Sweden did not have the upper hand in the discussions the outcome became that the Scandinavian export cartels were formally dismantled and free trade for paper products had to wait for 11 years. When it comes to the actual effects, Swedish paper export could continue in much the same way as before. A process initiated by EC against the Scandinavian newspaper cartels ended up in a compromise founded on a common skepticism towards North American producers.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"68 1","pages":"254 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2019.1704858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41462698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-02DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1789731
P. Högselius, Yunwei Song
ABSTRACT This article scrutinises one of the most fascinating and ambitious cases of Swedish informal empire-building in the industrial age: the skilfully orchestrated attempts by scientists, diplomats, industrial companies and financial institutions to seize control over early Republican China’s most strategic industrial sector – its iron and steel complex. Sweden’s ‘extractive vision’, as we call it, started with the recruitment of Johan Gunnar Andersson, head of the Swedish Geological Survey, as a key advisor to the Chinese government. Contrary to earlier research on Andersson’s Chinese career, which narrowly portrays Andersson as a scientist, we show that he was closely affiliated with the exploitative interests of Swedish industrial and foreign-policy actors. In the end he took the lead in seeking to secure, for Sweden, a quasi-colonial presence in Republican China, centring on large-scale extraction of Chinese iron ore, profit-maximising iron exports throughout the Pacific region and construction and operation of China’s largest steel mills and weapons factories.
摘要本文探讨了瑞典在工业时代建立非正式帝国的一个最引人入胜、最雄心勃勃的案例：科学家、外交官、工业公司和金融机构精心策划的夺取共和国早期中国最具战略意义的工业部门——钢铁复合体的控制权的尝试。我们称之为瑞典的“采掘愿景”，始于瑞典地质调查局局长Johan Gunnar Andersson被聘为中国政府的关键顾问。与早期对安德松中国职业生涯的研究相反，我们发现他与瑞典工业和外交政策行为者的剥削利益密切相关。最终，他带头为瑞典争取在共和国中国建立准殖民地的存在，重点是大规模开采中国铁矿石，在整个太平洋地区实现利润最大化的铁出口，以及建设和运营中国最大的钢铁厂和武器工厂。
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Pub Date : 2020-08-02DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1786451
Nikita Lychakov
ABSTRACT Who pays for financial crises? This paper examines the period between the major Russian financial crisis of 1899–1902 and the Russian Revolution of 1905. Using newly constructed aggregate-level data and narrative evidence, this paper finds that in response to the crisis, the Russian government and industry transferred income and wealth from ordinary workers to industrialists and investors. The recipients of transfers weathered the crisis well and profited during the recovery, while employees’ wages and wealth fell behind.
{"title":"The distributional effect of a financial crisis: Russia 1899–1905","authors":"Nikita Lychakov","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1786451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1786451","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Who pays for financial crises? This paper examines the period between the major Russian financial crisis of 1899–1902 and the Russian Revolution of 1905. Using newly constructed aggregate-level data and narrative evidence, this paper finds that in response to the crisis, the Russian government and industry transferred income and wealth from ordinary workers to industrialists and investors. The recipients of transfers weathered the crisis well and profited during the recovery, while employees’ wages and wealth fell behind.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"69 1","pages":"140 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1786451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45356796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-02DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1788986
L. Bruno
Major wars have had a mostly negative impact on trade, especially since the 17th century. Research on the effect of wars on trade has focused mainly on the great powers, who often were the belliger...
{"title":"Small and medium powers in global history: trade, conflicts and neutrality from the 18th to the 20th Centuries","authors":"L. Bruno","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1788986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1788986","url":null,"abstract":"Major wars have had a mostly negative impact on trade, especially since the 17th century. Research on the effect of wars on trade has focused mainly on the great powers, who often were the belliger...","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"68 1","pages":"306 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1788986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42085925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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