Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1879242
H. Lindgren
ABSTRACT In light of the ongoing extensive discussion concerning the increasing financial risk levels of the household sector in modern, credit-based societies, this study explores the level and structure of credit markets in nineteenth century Sweden. The growing international research focusing on informal credit markets outside formalised institutions has demonstrated that credit was abundantly and pervasively included in the lion’s share of all inter-personal financial relationships in early modern Europe. In this particular study, based on probate inventories and the inverted mortality method, the changing structure of nineteenth century credit market is estimated for the living population. The household financial situation is studied as life-cycle indebtedness and as debt ratios in relation to income, wealth and financial assets and how these ratios evolved during the transformation from a predominately agrarian to a more commercialised, monetised and industrialised economy in Sweden during the nineteenth century. The source material for this article consists of more than 5800 household probate inventories from Southern and Central Sweden, including three rural and two urban areas. The geographical selection is based on a sample utilised in a wider research project. It permits comparisons of debt structures not only between rural and urban areas, but also among different regions within Sweden.
{"title":"‘Over-indebtedness’ – or not? Household debt accumulation and risk exposure in nineteenth century Sweden","authors":"H. Lindgren","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1879242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1879242","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In light of the ongoing extensive discussion concerning the increasing financial risk levels of the household sector in modern, credit-based societies, this study explores the level and structure of credit markets in nineteenth century Sweden. The growing international research focusing on informal credit markets outside formalised institutions has demonstrated that credit was abundantly and pervasively included in the lion’s share of all inter-personal financial relationships in early modern Europe. In this particular study, based on probate inventories and the inverted mortality method, the changing structure of nineteenth century credit market is estimated for the living population. The household financial situation is studied as life-cycle indebtedness and as debt ratios in relation to income, wealth and financial assets and how these ratios evolved during the transformation from a predominately agrarian to a more commercialised, monetised and industrialised economy in Sweden during the nineteenth century. The source material for this article consists of more than 5800 household probate inventories from Southern and Central Sweden, including three rural and two urban areas. The geographical selection is based on a sample utilised in a wider research project. It permits comparisons of debt structures not only between rural and urban areas, but also among different regions within Sweden.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1879242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45976588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-23DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1830166
N. Rozinskaya, A. Sorokin, D. Artamonov
ABSTRACT The article analyses Russian peasants’ differentiation in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, addressing issues related to transformation of the peasantry's socio-economic standing during the market economy formation period. Combining statistical data analysis and using a multilevel model on peasants’ welfare in the province of Simbirsk, we find that a high level of inequality existed in the region at the time of the census; that inequality within a county contributes more toward income inequality than inequality between counties. Based on different statistical resources, we also plot the graphs and calculate the Gini indices for provinces for which data on the distribution of land, horses, and cows by individual farms are available. Our results do not support Chayanov's hypothesis on the correlation between the number of peasant family members and the amount of land in their possession. Our results indicate that communes were losing their ‘equalising’ function. For most provinces, the Gini index had been rising over time, indicating increasing inequality. Most importantly, this increase occurred in a relatively short period—much faster than in other countries—thereby making Russia more socially and politically vulnerable.
{"title":"Peasants’ inequality and stratification: evidence from pre-revolutionary Russia","authors":"N. Rozinskaya, A. Sorokin, D. Artamonov","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1830166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1830166","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article analyses Russian peasants’ differentiation in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, addressing issues related to transformation of the peasantry's socio-economic standing during the market economy formation period. Combining statistical data analysis and using a multilevel model on peasants’ welfare in the province of Simbirsk, we find that a high level of inequality existed in the region at the time of the census; that inequality within a county contributes more toward income inequality than inequality between counties. Based on different statistical resources, we also plot the graphs and calculate the Gini indices for provinces for which data on the distribution of land, horses, and cows by individual farms are available. Our results do not support Chayanov's hypothesis on the correlation between the number of peasant family members and the amount of land in their possession. Our results indicate that communes were losing their ‘equalising’ function. For most provinces, the Gini index had been rising over time, indicating increasing inequality. Most importantly, this increase occurred in a relatively short period—much faster than in other countries—thereby making Russia more socially and politically vulnerable.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1830166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49604750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1843530
Juha-Matti Granqvist
ABSTRACT In 1729, the privately owned Diving and Salvage Company gained a national monopoly for sea salvage in the Swedish Realm, a position it held until 1803. The Company sold all salvaged ships and goods in public auctions, creating a lively salvage market in Swedish and Finnish port towns. In this article, I examine these auctions and their economic impact in two towns, Visby and Helsinki. Via effective organisation and skilful advertising, the Company was able to sell large quantities of salvaged ships, ship parts, and cargo to a large pool of buyers. The auctions had large economic impact and were an especially important factor in the late eighteenth century rise of shipping and shipbuilding in both Helsinki and Visby. The local merchants controlled the auctions and bought all ship material in bulk, recycling it to the new-built ships in their dockyards.
{"title":"Wreckage recycled. Salvage auctions and their economic impact in eighteenth century Sweden","authors":"Juha-Matti Granqvist","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1843530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1843530","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1729, the privately owned Diving and Salvage Company gained a national monopoly for sea salvage in the Swedish Realm, a position it held until 1803. The Company sold all salvaged ships and goods in public auctions, creating a lively salvage market in Swedish and Finnish port towns. In this article, I examine these auctions and their economic impact in two towns, Visby and Helsinki. Via effective organisation and skilful advertising, the Company was able to sell large quantities of salvaged ships, ship parts, and cargo to a large pool of buyers. The auctions had large economic impact and were an especially important factor in the late eighteenth century rise of shipping and shipbuilding in both Helsinki and Visby. The local merchants controlled the auctions and bought all ship material in bulk, recycling it to the new-built ships in their dockyards.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1843530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44110213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-29DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1843528
Åsa Malmström Rognes
ABSTRACT The regulation of bank capital has evolved from minimum capital requirements for joint-stock banks to elaborate risk-based capital adequacy rules. How did these regulations come about? How and why have they changed over time in different coutnries? Sweden began to regulate minimum capital in the nineteenth century. In 1911 an early version of capital adequacy was introduced. In addition to stringent regulation a separate inspection agency was given wide-ranging powers to ensure compliance. Britain also had minimum capital rules in place but during the twentieth century these two countries followed different paths in regulation and supervision of capital rules. This paper examines the Swedish case in detail and contrasts that with the British case. It is suggested that their respective civil and common law traditions may explain the divergent approaches to defining and regulating capital adequacy.
{"title":"The evolution of capital adequacy rules – the contrasting cases of Sweden and Britain","authors":"Åsa Malmström Rognes","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1843528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1843528","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The regulation of bank capital has evolved from minimum capital requirements for joint-stock banks to elaborate risk-based capital adequacy rules. How did these regulations come about? How and why have they changed over time in different coutnries? Sweden began to regulate minimum capital in the nineteenth century. In 1911 an early version of capital adequacy was introduced. In addition to stringent regulation a separate inspection agency was given wide-ranging powers to ensure compliance. Britain also had minimum capital rules in place but during the twentieth century these two countries followed different paths in regulation and supervision of capital rules. This paper examines the Swedish case in detail and contrasts that with the British case. It is suggested that their respective civil and common law traditions may explain the divergent approaches to defining and regulating capital adequacy.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1843528","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48193578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1843529
Saara Matala
ABSTRACT Finland and the Soviet Union had a special trade partnership based on bilateral clearing trade and payment system and five-year agreements 1952–1990. While other market economies, and eventually even socialist countries, opted for multilateral trade and convertible currencies, the clearing system was popular in Finland until its termination. The end of the bilateral trade was a surprise for many, but this article shows how the continuance of the Finnish-Soviet bilateral trade had been under discussion from the 1960s onwards. This article examines the agency and attitude of the Finnish foreign trade administration in questions related to the continuance of the bilateral trade system. It underlines three aspects. Firstly, the bilateral clearing trade and payment system was not self-evident but a choice and as a choice it had political and economic consequences. Secondly, the decision to maintain the clearing system was a negotiation and in this negotiation both Finland and the Soviet Union had agency. Finally, the meanings connected to the clearing trade and payment system were not stabile but changed over time.
{"title":"Negotiating bilateralism: the Finnish-Soviet clearing trade and payment system, 1952–1990","authors":"Saara Matala","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1843529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1843529","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Finland and the Soviet Union had a special trade partnership based on bilateral clearing trade and payment system and five-year agreements 1952–1990. While other market economies, and eventually even socialist countries, opted for multilateral trade and convertible currencies, the clearing system was popular in Finland until its termination. The end of the bilateral trade was a surprise for many, but this article shows how the continuance of the Finnish-Soviet bilateral trade had been under discussion from the 1960s onwards. This article examines the agency and attitude of the Finnish foreign trade administration in questions related to the continuance of the bilateral trade system. It underlines three aspects. Firstly, the bilateral clearing trade and payment system was not self-evident but a choice and as a choice it had political and economic consequences. Secondly, the decision to maintain the clearing system was a negotiation and in this negotiation both Finland and the Soviet Union had agency. Finally, the meanings connected to the clearing trade and payment system were not stabile but changed over time.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1843529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48668978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-21DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1806920
Kristin Ranestad
ABSTRACT It is generally found that human capital has had positive effects on industrial development and economic growth. But the relationship between formal education, work practice, industrial development and economic growth, and changes over time, remains unclear, largely because of a lack of empirical evidence. This note argues that an investigation of the Danish dairy industry can contribute to further our understanding of the impacts and limitations of formal education and practice. It describes unique sources that can be used to construct a database, which in turn can be used to make an empirically solid investigation of whether, and how, knowledge learned at school and through practice contributed to technological changes, diffusion of technology and increased productivity in the Danish dairy industry from the 1860s to 1920, a period when this industry went through a technological and industrial transformation. The purpose of this planned investigation will be to fill a gap in Danish historiography, but also to contribute to the wider literature about the role of education and practice in innovation with empirical evidence, and by further developing concepts of knowledge and technology.
{"title":"Connecting formal education and practice to agricultural innovation in Denmark (1860s–1920): a note on sources and methods","authors":"Kristin Ranestad","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1806920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1806920","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is generally found that human capital has had positive effects on industrial development and economic growth. But the relationship between formal education, work practice, industrial development and economic growth, and changes over time, remains unclear, largely because of a lack of empirical evidence. This note argues that an investigation of the Danish dairy industry can contribute to further our understanding of the impacts and limitations of formal education and practice. It describes unique sources that can be used to construct a database, which in turn can be used to make an empirically solid investigation of whether, and how, knowledge learned at school and through practice contributed to technological changes, diffusion of technology and increased productivity in the Danish dairy industry from the 1860s to 1920, a period when this industry went through a technological and industrial transformation. The purpose of this planned investigation will be to fill a gap in Danish historiography, but also to contribute to the wider literature about the role of education and practice in innovation with empirical evidence, and by further developing concepts of knowledge and technology.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1806920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48141001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-21DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1809511
K. Rönnbäck, Leos Müller
ABSTRACT The narrative of the Swedish East India Company (SEIC) is a well-known part of Sweden’s eighteenth century history. The company is known as a profitable venture, the only successful chartered company in Sweden, but with a limited impact upon the country’s economic development. In this paper, we employ a value-chain analysis to estimate the Swedish East India trade’s magnitude in terms of value-added. The results show that the success of the company was not based on monopolised domestic market in Sweden, a typical strategy of big chartered companies. The most valuable line of SEIC’s business (Chinese teas) was rather based on re-exports to other countries in Europe. Our quantitative estimates also show that the Swedish East India trade eventually made up a non-negligible share, and in particular a major share of the transport and trade sectors, of the Swedish economy during a long part of the eighteenth century.
{"title":"Swedish East India trade in a value-added analysis, c. 1730–1800","authors":"K. Rönnbäck, Leos Müller","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1809511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1809511","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The narrative of the Swedish East India Company (SEIC) is a well-known part of Sweden’s eighteenth century history. The company is known as a profitable venture, the only successful chartered company in Sweden, but with a limited impact upon the country’s economic development. In this paper, we employ a value-chain analysis to estimate the Swedish East India trade’s magnitude in terms of value-added. The results show that the success of the company was not based on monopolised domestic market in Sweden, a typical strategy of big chartered companies. The most valuable line of SEIC’s business (Chinese teas) was rather based on re-exports to other countries in Europe. Our quantitative estimates also show that the Swedish East India trade eventually made up a non-negligible share, and in particular a major share of the transport and trade sectors, of the Swedish economy during a long part of the eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1809511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44869199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2019.1663761
Robrecht Declercq
ABSTRACT This article examines the formation and activities of international copper cartels during the interwar period by focusing on the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UHMK), one of the principal new entrants at that time. Rather than seeing interwar copper cartels as an expression of the rise of the American copper industry, cartels gradually came to reflect the expansion of production world-wide by absorbing new entry. New entrants were crucial in setting up the Copper Exporters Inc (CEI) and International Copper Cartel (ICC) cartels. In addition, the formation and organisation of copper cartels are examined from the point of view of state policies. It is argued that governments, both in the US as well as in Europe, welcomed or tolerated cartels so long as they could provide security and social stability for domestic employment by regulating competition. Such arguments even allowed firms to push the boundaries of what was legally accepted, as the export cartel CEI gradually transformed into a production quota cartel. Copper cartels thereby functioned as alternatives to protectionism until 1932. Thereafter, firms turned to more resourceful solutions to circumvent American antitrust legislation and protectionism, resulting in the ICC, which depended upon informal and indirect American business participation. Abbreviations: UMHK: Union Minière du Haut Katanga; SGM: Société Générale des Minerais; CEA: Copper Export Association; CEI: Copper Exporters Inc.; ICC: International Copper Cartel; ARA 1: Algemeen Rijksarchief/Archives du Royaume 1, Ruisbroekstraat 2, 1000 Brussel; ARA 2: Algemeen Rijksarchief/Archives du Royaume 2, Archiefdepot Joseph Cuvelier, Hopstraat 26-28, 1000 Brussel
摘要本文通过关注当时主要的新加入者之一上加丹加小联盟（UHMK），考察了两次世界大战期间国际铜卡特尔的形成和活动。卡特尔并没有将两次世界大战之间的铜卡特尔视为美国铜工业崛起的表现，而是通过吸收新的进入，逐渐反映出全球范围内的生产扩张。新进入者对建立铜出口商公司（CEI）和国际铜卡特尔（ICC）卡特尔至关重要。此外，从国家政策的角度考察了铜卡特尔的形成和组织。有人认为，美国和欧洲的政府都欢迎或容忍卡特尔，只要它们能够通过监管竞争为国内就业提供安全和社会稳定。随着出口卡特尔CEI逐渐转变为生产配额卡特尔，这些论点甚至允许企业突破法律认可的界限。因此，直到1932年，铜卡特尔一直是保护主义的替代品。此后，公司转向了更足智多谋的解决方案，以规避美国的反垄断立法和保护主义，从而形成了依赖于美国企业非正式和间接参与的国际商会。缩写：UMHK：Union Minière du Haut Katanga；SGM：法国矿工协会；CEA：铜出口协会；CEI:铜出口商股份有限公司。；ICC：国际铜卡特尔；ARA 1:Algemeen Rijksarchief/Royaume档案馆1，Ruisbroekstraat 21000 Brussel；ARA 2：Algemeen Rijksarchief/Royaume档案馆2，档案馆Joseph Cuvelier，Hopstraat 26-28，1000 Brussel
{"title":"Forging cartels. A transatlantic perspective on business collusion and the interwar copper industry (1918–1940)","authors":"Robrecht Declercq","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2019.1663761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2019.1663761","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the formation and activities of international copper cartels during the interwar period by focusing on the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UHMK), one of the principal new entrants at that time. Rather than seeing interwar copper cartels as an expression of the rise of the American copper industry, cartels gradually came to reflect the expansion of production world-wide by absorbing new entry. New entrants were crucial in setting up the Copper Exporters Inc (CEI) and International Copper Cartel (ICC) cartels. In addition, the formation and organisation of copper cartels are examined from the point of view of state policies. It is argued that governments, both in the US as well as in Europe, welcomed or tolerated cartels so long as they could provide security and social stability for domestic employment by regulating competition. Such arguments even allowed firms to push the boundaries of what was legally accepted, as the export cartel CEI gradually transformed into a production quota cartel. Copper cartels thereby functioned as alternatives to protectionism until 1932. Thereafter, firms turned to more resourceful solutions to circumvent American antitrust legislation and protectionism, resulting in the ICC, which depended upon informal and indirect American business participation. Abbreviations: UMHK: Union Minière du Haut Katanga; SGM: Société Générale des Minerais; CEA: Copper Export Association; CEI: Copper Exporters Inc.; ICC: International Copper Cartel; ARA 1: Algemeen Rijksarchief/Archives du Royaume 1, Ruisbroekstraat 2, 1000 Brussel; ARA 2: Algemeen Rijksarchief/Archives du Royaume 2, Archiefdepot Joseph Cuvelier, Hopstraat 26-28, 1000 Brussel","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2019.1663761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46176167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2020.1820902
S. Fellman, M. Shanahan
{"title":"Beyond the market: broader perspectives in cartel research","authors":"S. Fellman, M. Shanahan","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2020.1820902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2020.1820902","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2020.1820902","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47471026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2019.1703802
H. Espeli
ABSTRACT This paper analyses the prolonged nature of two related cartels in life and non-life insurance, in Norway. Insurance cartels and the role of the state are rarely studied in cartel research, although such cartels are common. Cartels played an important role in creating trust and stability in the formative years of the Norwegian insurance industry. In life insurance, premiums are paid sometimes decades in advance. Reducing high transaction costs can also explain the state’s prolonged support of the fire and non-life insurance cartels. State policy towards the fire insurance cartel changed after World War I, when the state became a competitor, although its regulations did not directly weaken the non-life insurance cartel, this finally collapsed due to mergers in 1982. State support for the life insurance cartel was strong from the 1920s to the 1980s. By then it was difficult to differentiate between state-sector regulations and cartel interests. The life insurance cartel was dismantled by new state regulations in the mid-1980s.
{"title":"Insurance cartels and state policies in Norway, 1870s–1990s","authors":"H. Espeli","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2019.1703802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2019.1703802","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyses the prolonged nature of two related cartels in life and non-life insurance, in Norway. Insurance cartels and the role of the state are rarely studied in cartel research, although such cartels are common. Cartels played an important role in creating trust and stability in the formative years of the Norwegian insurance industry. In life insurance, premiums are paid sometimes decades in advance. Reducing high transaction costs can also explain the state’s prolonged support of the fire and non-life insurance cartels. State policy towards the fire insurance cartel changed after World War I, when the state became a competitor, although its regulations did not directly weaken the non-life insurance cartel, this finally collapsed due to mergers in 1982. State support for the life insurance cartel was strong from the 1920s to the 1980s. By then it was difficult to differentiate between state-sector regulations and cartel interests. The life insurance cartel was dismantled by new state regulations in the mid-1980s.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2019.1703802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41344692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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