Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027330
R. Pandiyarajan, L. Chokkalingam
The key challenges faced by many of the industries in the present scenario is to develop a high power density electrical machine. The advancements in material technology help the industries to enhance the power density as well as the efficiency of an electrical machine to a greater extent. Conductors play a major role in improving the machine's performance. In this paper, the role of conducting materials in high power density electrical machines are discussed. Graphene is an advanced nanomaterial that exhibits excellent conductivities with low mass density. Using graphene coated windings, the weight and volume of the machine can be reduced significantly. In order to understand the prominent features of the nanomaterial based conductors, a case study has been carried out in different electric vehicles such as Toyota Prius (2017), Nissan LEAF and BMW i3. Moreover, a major constraint in high power density machine is the temperature rise, which is discussed at the end.
{"title":"Graphene: future of high power density electrical machines for electric vehicle applications","authors":"R. Pandiyarajan, L. Chokkalingam","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027330","url":null,"abstract":"The key challenges faced by many of the industries in the present scenario is to develop a high power density electrical machine. The advancements in material technology help the industries to enhance the power density as well as the efficiency of an electrical machine to a greater extent. Conductors play a major role in improving the machine's performance. In this paper, the role of conducting materials in high power density electrical machines are discussed. Graphene is an advanced nanomaterial that exhibits excellent conductivities with low mass density. Using graphene coated windings, the weight and volume of the machine can be reduced significantly. In order to understand the prominent features of the nanomaterial based conductors, a case study has been carried out in different electric vehicles such as Toyota Prius (2017), Nissan LEAF and BMW i3. Moreover, a major constraint in high power density machine is the temperature rise, which is discussed at the end.","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47599000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027332
E. S. Meltsyn, A. Markina
Undoubtedly, the issue of increasing the fuel economy of passenger commercial vehicles is one of the most important, since the annual increase in the cost of fuel leads to an increase in the fixed costs of not only transport companies, but also small and medium-sized businesses. Using a hybrid power train (HPT) can reduce fuel consumption in the urban cycle, which is important for commercial vehicles used to deliver goods and passengers within the city, especially when it comes to megacities where traffic is difficult and average speeds are not high. Unfortunately, the cost of cars with a HPT, such as Toyota Prius, Lexus RX 450H, Ford Fusion Hybrid and others, remains quite high and cannot be fully compensated just at the expense of fuel economy.
{"title":"Increasing fuel economy of commercial transport by using a hybrid power train","authors":"E. S. Meltsyn, A. Markina","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027332","url":null,"abstract":"Undoubtedly, the issue of increasing the fuel economy of passenger commercial vehicles is one of the most important, since the annual increase in the cost of fuel leads to an increase in the fixed costs of not only transport companies, but also small and medium-sized businesses. Using a hybrid power train (HPT) can reduce fuel consumption in the urban cycle, which is important for commercial vehicles used to deliver goods and passengers within the city, especially when it comes to megacities where traffic is difficult and average speeds are not high. Unfortunately, the cost of cars with a HPT, such as Toyota Prius, Lexus RX 450H, Ford Fusion Hybrid and others, remains quite high and cannot be fully compensated just at the expense of fuel economy.","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47205569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027333
R. Pradeep, T. Venugopal
Phase change materials (PCM) are of attractive interest in electricity storage and power management applications. In this paper, PCMs are used for thermal management of an electric battery pack. Paraffin with a melting temperature of 58°C, OM35 with melting temperature of 35°C, two PCMs (paraffin and OM 35) were used for the study, as mixtures at two different ratios (50 : 50 and 60 : 40). Computations and experiments were allotted to estimate the heat transfer, solidifying and melting characteristics of the PCM utilised in the Li-ion cell battery module. Since PCM has low thermal conduction, thermal improvement techniques were investigated by inserting the copper plate into the PCM mixtures to boost the thermal conduction. PCM combination 50 : 50 is capable of holding battery running temperature compared to PCM combination 60 : 40. PCM combination 50 : 50 evidences to be ideal and lowered the operating temperature of the battery pack to 47°C.
{"title":"Experimental study of lithium-ion battery cooling using mixture of phase change materials","authors":"R. Pradeep, T. Venugopal","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027333","url":null,"abstract":"Phase change materials (PCM) are of attractive interest in electricity storage and power management applications. In this paper, PCMs are used for thermal management of an electric battery pack. Paraffin with a melting temperature of 58°C, OM35 with melting temperature of 35°C, two PCMs (paraffin and OM 35) were used for the study, as mixtures at two different ratios (50 : 50 and 60 : 40). Computations and experiments were allotted to estimate the heat transfer, solidifying and melting characteristics of the PCM utilised in the Li-ion cell battery module. Since PCM has low thermal conduction, thermal improvement techniques were investigated by inserting the copper plate into the PCM mixtures to boost the thermal conduction. PCM combination 50 : 50 is capable of holding battery running temperature compared to PCM combination 60 : 40. PCM combination 50 : 50 evidences to be ideal and lowered the operating temperature of the battery pack to 47°C.","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49081122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-02DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027295
Basem E. Elnaghi, H. Ibrahim, Shereen Elsayed, Fathy Abd-Elkader
This paper focuses on increasing the operating efficiency of the inverter drive induction motor for electric vehicles. The vehicle speed control is achieved by changing the frequency from 5 Hz to 100 Hz. In this work, characteristics of the inverter control induction motor drive are established. The mathematical analysis is developed by the computer programs. The computed characteristic curves are obtained. Due to the difficulty of obtaining an actual electric vehicle in the lap, a fan load equivalent to the electric vehicle is used. The load characteristics are measured at different applied voltages for energy saving.
{"title":"Developed operation of inverter fed induction motor to drive the electric vehicle","authors":"Basem E. Elnaghi, H. Ibrahim, Shereen Elsayed, Fathy Abd-Elkader","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.10027295","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on increasing the operating efficiency of the inverter drive induction motor for electric vehicles. The vehicle speed control is achieved by changing the frequency from 5 Hz to 100 Hz. In this work, characteristics of the inverter control induction motor drive are established. The mathematical analysis is developed by the computer programs. The computed characteristic curves are obtained. Due to the difficulty of obtaining an actual electric vehicle in the lap, a fan load equivalent to the electric vehicle is used. The load characteristics are measured at different applied voltages for energy saving.","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49279626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.106339
L. Pugi, T. Favilli, L. Berzi, E. Locorotondo, M. Pierini
Application of regenerative braking on electric vehicles has a large impact on several aspects of design, implemented functionalities and overall performances of road vehicles. In particular, multi-quadrant capabilities and improved control performances of modern electric drives can be fully exploited to improve vehicle efficiency, stability and overall environmental impact. Conventional, mechanical friction brakes are currently devoted not only to stop the vehicle but also to the actuation of safety related mechatronics systems such as electronic braking distribution (EBD), AntiBlockierSystem (ABS) and electronic stability control/program (ESC/ESP). The result is an over-actuated system of electrical (electric motors) and mechanical actuators (friction brakes), whose mixed, blended application has to be carefully optimised. In this work a simplified approach is proposed in which concepts transferred from previous studies on high speed trains and autonomous vehicles are re-purposed and adapted in an innovative way to electric road vehicles.
{"title":"Brake blending and torque vectoring of road electric vehicles: a flexible approach based on smart torque allocation","authors":"L. Pugi, T. Favilli, L. Berzi, E. Locorotondo, M. Pierini","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.106339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.106339","url":null,"abstract":"Application of regenerative braking on electric vehicles has a large impact on several aspects of design, implemented functionalities and overall performances of road vehicles. In particular, multi-quadrant capabilities and improved control performances of modern electric drives can be fully exploited to improve vehicle efficiency, stability and overall environmental impact. Conventional, mechanical friction brakes are currently devoted not only to stop the vehicle but also to the actuation of safety related mechatronics systems such as electronic braking distribution (EBD), AntiBlockierSystem (ABS) and electronic stability control/program (ESC/ESP). The result is an over-actuated system of electrical (electric motors) and mechanical actuators (friction brakes), whose mixed, blended application has to be carefully optimised. In this work a simplified approach is proposed in which concepts transferred from previous studies on high speed trains and autonomous vehicles are re-purposed and adapted in an innovative way to electric road vehicles.","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/ijehv.2020.106339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43004836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.10025990
Xiaoshan Wu, X. Shi, Xu Li, Jianmei Lei
The integrated power unit (IPU) is an important source of electromagnetic interference in hybrid electrical vehicles. In this paper, applying pulse width modulation (PWM) technology, IPU converts the high-voltage DC power from power battery into three-phase AC power with adjustable voltage amplitude and frequency through the switching device IGBT to drive the permanent magnet synchronous motor. Due to the large di/dt and du/dt during the IGBT switching process, the spectra of switching voltage and current waveforms have rich high-frequency components, which generate electromagnetic interference through the circuit connection or space radiation, affecting the normal operation of electrical systems inside and around the car. Therefore, this paper analyses the electromagnetic interference mechanism and coupling propagation paths of motor drive system. The test bench of IPU was built, and the EMI characteristics of IPU were analysed based on the measured results. Finally, in order to suppress IPU electromagnetic interference, the corresponding methods are proposed to meet the electromagnetic compatibility requirements of the vehicle.
{"title":"Analysis and optimisation of electromagnetic interference in motor drive system","authors":"Xiaoshan Wu, X. Shi, Xu Li, Jianmei Lei","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.10025990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.10025990","url":null,"abstract":"The integrated power unit (IPU) is an important source of electromagnetic interference in hybrid electrical vehicles. In this paper, applying pulse width modulation (PWM) technology, IPU converts the high-voltage DC power from power battery into three-phase AC power with adjustable voltage amplitude and frequency through the switching device IGBT to drive the permanent magnet synchronous motor. Due to the large di/dt and du/dt during the IGBT switching process, the spectra of switching voltage and current waveforms have rich high-frequency components, which generate electromagnetic interference through the circuit connection or space radiation, affecting the normal operation of electrical systems inside and around the car. Therefore, this paper analyses the electromagnetic interference mechanism and coupling propagation paths of motor drive system. The test bench of IPU was built, and the EMI characteristics of IPU were analysed based on the measured results. Finally, in order to suppress IPU electromagnetic interference, the corresponding methods are proposed to meet the electromagnetic compatibility requirements of the vehicle.","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66764995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.10032408
M. Novak, J. Novak, J. Morkus, L. Musálek, O. Sivkov
{"title":"Drivetrain modelling and parameter calculation for an electric bus with fixed or 2-speed gearbox","authors":"M. Novak, J. Novak, J. Morkus, L. Musálek, O. Sivkov","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.10032408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.10032408","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66765156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.10032419
Bharathi Thangaraj, R. Subramanian
{"title":"Performance enhancement analysis of brushless permanent magnet synchronous machine for electric vehicle","authors":"Bharathi Thangaraj, R. Subramanian","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.10032419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.10032419","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66764731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.10025989
Han Guo, Jianwu Zhang, Haisheng Yu
In this paper, vibro-impact induced gear whine radiated by full hybrid transmission equipped with a multi-mesh gear train is investigated. For accurate simulations of the reducer gear vibrations, an integrated dynamic model of the transmission is established using professional software MASTA, on which compliance effects of gear pairs, bearings, transmission shafts and gearbox housing are counted for. Numerical analyses are carried out for dynamic responses of the hybrid transmission. Bench tests are also conducted for the present model validation. Computational effort is made to recognise parametrically resonant patterns that cause gear whine in experiment. An optimal tooth modification design is presented for the real multi-mesh gear train. It is shown by test results using the optimised reducer that gear whine responses of the gearboxes are considerably improved.
{"title":"Dynamic modelling and parametric optimisation of vibro-acoustic responses for power-split hybrid transmission","authors":"Han Guo, Jianwu Zhang, Haisheng Yu","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.10025989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.10025989","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, vibro-impact induced gear whine radiated by full hybrid transmission equipped with a multi-mesh gear train is investigated. For accurate simulations of the reducer gear vibrations, an integrated dynamic model of the transmission is established using professional software MASTA, on which compliance effects of gear pairs, bearings, transmission shafts and gearbox housing are counted for. Numerical analyses are carried out for dynamic responses of the hybrid transmission. Bench tests are also conducted for the present model validation. Computational effort is made to recognise parametrically resonant patterns that cause gear whine in experiment. An optimal tooth modification design is presented for the real multi-mesh gear train. It is shown by test results using the optimised reducer that gear whine responses of the gearboxes are considerably improved.","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66764983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijehv.2020.10032369
F. Yu, Weishun Deng, Hu Guo
{"title":"Research on equivalent fuel consumption minimisation strategy design and optimisation for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle","authors":"F. Yu, Weishun Deng, Hu Guo","doi":"10.1504/ijehv.2020.10032369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2020.10032369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43639,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66765105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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