Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1177/01976931221102981
Mark R Barnes
The Paso del Indio site, discovered and partially mitigated in the midst of a major highway construction project, is the largest and deepest stratified, multi-component prehistoric site found to date on the island of Puerto Rico, and likely the entire Greater Antilles. The site exhibits a number of cultural occupation levels, separated by the deposition of sterile soil levels. This circumstance created a stratigraphic sequence of thousands of years of occupation, over 5 meters deep, representing the four prehistoric culture history periods known for Puerto Rico, as defined in the 1950s. This article is a summary of the work accomplished on this site thus far, analysis of selected material culture, and recent contributions of the site to Caribbean archaeology.
{"title":"The paso del indio site (VB-4), Puerto Rico: A site for change","authors":"Mark R Barnes","doi":"10.1177/01976931221102981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01976931221102981","url":null,"abstract":"The Paso del Indio site, discovered and partially mitigated in the midst of a major highway construction project, is the largest and deepest stratified, multi-component prehistoric site found to date on the island of Puerto Rico, and likely the entire Greater Antilles. The site exhibits a number of cultural occupation levels, separated by the deposition of sterile soil levels. This circumstance created a stratigraphic sequence of thousands of years of occupation, over 5 meters deep, representing the four prehistoric culture history periods known for Puerto Rico, as defined in the 1950s. This article is a summary of the work accomplished on this site thus far, analysis of selected material culture, and recent contributions of the site to Caribbean archaeology.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"122 1","pages":"230 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76731223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-03DOI: 10.1177/01976931221105352
Roger W. Moeller
{"title":"Editor’s note on Caribbean archaeology","authors":"Roger W. Moeller","doi":"10.1177/01976931221105352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01976931221105352","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"19 1","pages":"183 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87377271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.1177/01976931221104846
Brad Logan
Feasting and its function among small scale societies have received little attention among many descriptive and theoretical studies of this activity. Evidence of feasting focused on large roasting pits by Late Woodland (AD 500–1000) hunter-gatherer-gardeners in the lower Missouri River region on the eastern edge of the Great Plains is presented. Two features at the Quixote site and lipid analyses of stones from them attest single events focused on roasting deer and fish, and perhaps ritual use of red cedar and ceramic pipes. Such features at other Late Woodland sites in the LMRR, specifically the Valley Falls locality of the Delaware River valley in northeastern Kansas, are reinterpreted. Burned stone features at Middle Woodland sites differ and suggest pit roasting was a practice of dispersed Late Woodland groups. Feasting for solidarity forged a social network based on reciprocity, not competition, to mitigate food insecurity among diffuse, low level food producers.
{"title":"Late Woodland feasting and social networks in the lower Missouri River region","authors":"Brad Logan","doi":"10.1177/01976931221104846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01976931221104846","url":null,"abstract":"Feasting and its function among small scale societies have received little attention among many descriptive and theoretical studies of this activity. Evidence of feasting focused on large roasting pits by Late Woodland (AD 500–1000) hunter-gatherer-gardeners in the lower Missouri River region on the eastern edge of the Great Plains is presented. Two features at the Quixote site and lipid analyses of stones from them attest single events focused on roasting deer and fish, and perhaps ritual use of red cedar and ceramic pipes. Such features at other Late Woodland sites in the LMRR, specifically the Valley Falls locality of the Delaware River valley in northeastern Kansas, are reinterpreted. Burned stone features at Middle Woodland sites differ and suggest pit roasting was a practice of dispersed Late Woodland groups. Feasting for solidarity forged a social network based on reciprocity, not competition, to mitigate food insecurity among diffuse, low level food producers.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"11 1","pages":"184 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81860274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-22DOI: 10.1177/01976931221102978
Mark R Barnes
The author of this work, John S. Cable, and this reviewer share a common professional background: both of us began our archaeological careers in the American Southwest where we were exposed to the “Big Science Question” of what caused the Hohokam and other major Southwestern cultures to disappear in the 1400s? In the latter part of our careers, we both found ourselves in the Southeastern United States considering another “Big” question: what happened to make Mississippian groups relocate from and/or abandon large areas of this region during that same time period? The overall intent of Cable’s work is to understand why such large areas of the southern half the United States were abandoned or showed a major relocation of seemingly viable cultures during the mid-fifteenth century. Cable presents his findings on what happened in this time period during which two major cultural societies either disappeared (Hohokam) or experienced major relocation and down-sizing of settlements (Mississippian). Cable’s initial conclusions are based on several years of Cultural Resources Management work at the Francis Marion National Forest along the coast of South Carolina in which he identified and evaluated for National Register eligibility (the Section 106 process) numerous sites under the jurisdiction of the United States Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. From the totality of this work, Cable demonstrated “this region had... experienced societal collapse and regional abandonment” (2020: xii) in the mid-fifteenth century. Looking further afield, Cable notes that archaeologists had found a similar situation in the Savannah River to the south and coastal areas to the north. These changes coincided with the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA), a period of warmer temperatures and extended droughts, which would have caused serious problems for Native American food production all along the Southeastern Coastal environment from Cape Fear in North Carolina to the Ogeeche River Basin in Georgia (2020: xii, 1–2). Building on this information, the Book Review
这本书的作者约翰·s·凯布尔(John S. Cable)和本文作者有着共同的专业背景:我们都是在美国西南部开始了我们的考古生涯，在那里我们接触到了“大科学问题”，即是什么导致了霍霍坎和其他主要的西南文化在15世纪消失?在我们职业生涯的后期，我们都发现自己在美国东南部考虑另一个“大”问题:在同一时期，是什么原因使密西西比人从该地区搬迁或放弃了该地区的大片地区?凯布尔工作的总体意图是理解为什么美国南半部的大片地区在15世纪中期被遗弃或显示出看似可行的文化的重大迁移。凯布尔展示了他对这段时间内发生的事情的发现，这段时间内，两个主要的文化社会要么消失了(霍霍坎)，要么经历了大规模的迁移和缩小定居点(密西西比)。凯布尔最初的结论是基于他在南卡罗来纳海岸的弗朗西斯·马里恩国家森林的文化资源管理工作，在那里他确定并评估了美国森林服务局和农业部管辖下的许多地点的国家登记资格(第106条程序)。从这项工作的总体来看，凯布尔证明了“这个地区有……(2020: xii)在15世纪中期经历了社会崩溃和区域遗弃。在更远的地方，凯布尔注意到考古学家在南部的萨凡纳河和北部的沿海地区发现了类似的情况。这些变化与中世纪气候异常(MCA)相吻合，这是一段温度升高和干旱延长的时期，这将给从北卡罗来纳州的Cape Fear到佐治亚州的Ogeeche河流域的东南沿海环境中的美洲原住民粮食生产造成严重问题(2020:xii, 1-2)。基于这些信息，书评
{"title":"Book Review: Megadrought in the Carolinas. The Archaeology of Mississippian Collapse, Abandonment, and Coalescence by John S Cable","authors":"Mark R Barnes","doi":"10.1177/01976931221102978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01976931221102978","url":null,"abstract":"The author of this work, John S. Cable, and this reviewer share a common professional background: both of us began our archaeological careers in the American Southwest where we were exposed to the “Big Science Question” of what caused the Hohokam and other major Southwestern cultures to disappear in the 1400s? In the latter part of our careers, we both found ourselves in the Southeastern United States considering another “Big” question: what happened to make Mississippian groups relocate from and/or abandon large areas of this region during that same time period? The overall intent of Cable’s work is to understand why such large areas of the southern half the United States were abandoned or showed a major relocation of seemingly viable cultures during the mid-fifteenth century. Cable presents his findings on what happened in this time period during which two major cultural societies either disappeared (Hohokam) or experienced major relocation and down-sizing of settlements (Mississippian). Cable’s initial conclusions are based on several years of Cultural Resources Management work at the Francis Marion National Forest along the coast of South Carolina in which he identified and evaluated for National Register eligibility (the Section 106 process) numerous sites under the jurisdiction of the United States Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. From the totality of this work, Cable demonstrated “this region had... experienced societal collapse and regional abandonment” (2020: xii) in the mid-fifteenth century. Looking further afield, Cable notes that archaeologists had found a similar situation in the Savannah River to the south and coastal areas to the north. These changes coincided with the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA), a period of warmer temperatures and extended droughts, which would have caused serious problems for Native American food production all along the Southeastern Coastal environment from Cape Fear in North Carolina to the Ogeeche River Basin in Georgia (2020: xii, 1–2). Building on this information, the Book Review","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"9 1","pages":"284 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90817899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.1177/01976931221090249
K. Sterner, Caillete Rose
The Conowingo site (18CE14) is described in the literature as a Late Archaic-Late Woodland seasonal base camp supported by a series of exploitive procurement camps supplying non-local lithic materials. This description of one of the largest pre-contact sites in Maryland has been de rigueur since the site was excavated by the Archaeological Society of Maryland in 1981–1982. Multiple severe flooding episodes have ensured that later excavations have not supplied much data to alter this narrative. However, the currently accepted time of occupation and interpretation of site function do not include data from over 100 years of avocational archaeologists collecting artifacts from the site. Analysis of the Stearns collection from the 1930s indicates the presence of Early and Middle Archaic components, and a much heavier reliance on local lithic materials than initially inferred.
{"title":"Refining Interpretations of the Conowingo Site (18CE14): Ground Stone Analysis of the Stearns Collection","authors":"K. Sterner, Caillete Rose","doi":"10.1177/01976931221090249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01976931221090249","url":null,"abstract":"The Conowingo site (18CE14) is described in the literature as a Late Archaic-Late Woodland seasonal base camp supported by a series of exploitive procurement camps supplying non-local lithic materials. This description of one of the largest pre-contact sites in Maryland has been de rigueur since the site was excavated by the Archaeological Society of Maryland in 1981–1982. Multiple severe flooding episodes have ensured that later excavations have not supplied much data to alter this narrative. However, the currently accepted time of occupation and interpretation of site function do not include data from over 100 years of avocational archaeologists collecting artifacts from the site. Analysis of the Stearns collection from the 1930s indicates the presence of Early and Middle Archaic components, and a much heavier reliance on local lithic materials than initially inferred.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"125 1","pages":"249 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75179480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.1177/01976931221090596
Jay Custer
The shapes and sizes of 983 Late Woodland triangular projectile points from four indigenous Native American different ethnic groups of the central Middle Atlantic region (Unami Lenapi – Lower Delaware Valley, Munsee Lenape – Upper Delaware Valley, Susquehannock – Lower Susquehanna Valley, Nanticoke – Lower Delmarva Peninsula) and one archaeological complex (Shenks Ferry – Lower Susquehanna Valley) were compared using various univariate statistical analytics, including the difference-of-mean and difference-of proportion tests, to see if there were any statistically significant morphological differences among them. There were none, even though earlier studies of small samples with anecdotal observations and comparisons stated that there were observable differences among the projectile points of the various ethnic groups. This study's findings refute the axiomatic assumption of traditional normative culture approaches that there must be identifiable stylistic variation in projectile points among different ethnic groups. In the case of Late Woodland triangular projectile points in the central Middle Atlantic region, the technological prerequisites of shock hunting with bows and stone-tipped arrows limited inter-ethnic group variation in projectile point forms. However, use of poisons may have affected overall projectile point sizes.
使用各种单变量统计分析，比较了来自中大西洋地区(Unami Lenapi - Lower Delaware Valley, Munsee Lenape - Upper Delaware Valley, Susquehannock - Lower Susquehanna Valley, Nanticoke - Lower Delmarva半岛)和一个考古遗址(Shenks Ferry - Lower Susquehanna Valley)的983个晚期林地三角形抛射点的形状和大小。包括均数差异检验和比例差异检验，看它们之间是否存在统计学意义上的形态学差异。没有，尽管早期的小样本研究和轶事观察和比较表明，在不同种族群体的投射点之间存在可观察到的差异。本研究的发现反驳了传统规范文化方法的公理化假设，即不同民族之间的弹射点必须存在可识别的风格差异。以中大西洋地区中部林地晚期的三角形抛射点为例，用弓和石尖箭进行冲击狩猎的技术先决条件限制了抛射点形式在种族间的差异。然而，毒物的使用可能会影响整个抛射点的大小。
{"title":"Correlation of regional late woodland triangle projectile point variation and native American ethnic group territories in the central middle Atlantic","authors":"Jay Custer","doi":"10.1177/01976931221090596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01976931221090596","url":null,"abstract":"The shapes and sizes of 983 Late Woodland triangular projectile points from four indigenous Native American different ethnic groups of the central Middle Atlantic region (Unami Lenapi – Lower Delaware Valley, Munsee Lenape – Upper Delaware Valley, Susquehannock – Lower Susquehanna Valley, Nanticoke – Lower Delmarva Peninsula) and one archaeological complex (Shenks Ferry – Lower Susquehanna Valley) were compared using various univariate statistical analytics, including the difference-of-mean and difference-of proportion tests, to see if there were any statistically significant morphological differences among them. There were none, even though earlier studies of small samples with anecdotal observations and comparisons stated that there were observable differences among the projectile points of the various ethnic groups. This study's findings refute the axiomatic assumption of traditional normative culture approaches that there must be identifiable stylistic variation in projectile points among different ethnic groups. In the case of Late Woodland triangular projectile points in the central Middle Atlantic region, the technological prerequisites of shock hunting with bows and stone-tipped arrows limited inter-ethnic group variation in projectile point forms. However, use of poisons may have affected overall projectile point sizes.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"22 1","pages":"291 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88583184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-10DOI: 10.1177/01976931221087358
J. Custer
The usual practice of presenting and considering age estimates derived from pipe stem bore diameters as individual point estimates is incorrect, misleading, and ignores the true nature of the data set. Consideration of the age estimates as a range of values described by the mean and standard deviation correctly and more accurately reflects the nature of the data set, the probabilistic characteristics of the calculations, and allows for explicit evaluations of the similarities and differences among age estimates using inferential statistics.
{"title":"The ugly truth about pipe stem bore diameter dating","authors":"J. Custer","doi":"10.1177/01976931221087358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01976931221087358","url":null,"abstract":"The usual practice of presenting and considering age estimates derived from pipe stem bore diameters as individual point estimates is incorrect, misleading, and ignores the true nature of the data set. Consideration of the age estimates as a range of values described by the mean and standard deviation correctly and more accurately reflects the nature of the data set, the probabilistic characteristics of the calculations, and allows for explicit evaluations of the similarities and differences among age estimates using inferential statistics.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"9 1","pages":"273 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84267566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.1177/01976931221074386
M. Eren, Lawrence Mukusha, Julie Lierenz, Michael Wilson, Michelle R. Bebber, Michael R. Fisch, Trent True, Michael Kavaulic, R. Walker, Briggs Buchanan, Alastair J. M. Key
Experimental archaeology continues to mature methodologically and theoretically. Around the world, practitioners are increasingly using modern materials that would have been unavailable to prehistoric people in archaeological experiments. The use of a modern material substitute can offer several benefits to experimental method, design, control, replicability, feasibility, and cost, but it should be directly compared to its “traditional” analogue to understand similarities and differences. Here, aluminum is introduced as a substitute for chert in prehistoric ballistics research because, critically, aluminum is safe, inexpensive, easy to process, and it and chert possess densities that differ by less than 4%. The aluminum casting process for replicating stone artifacts is presented, and it is shown that the aluminum castings are essentially identical in form, flake-scar patterning, and mass to their stone counterparts. We then present a proof-of-concept ballistics experiment that demonstrates no difference between aluminum and stone points in terms of target penetration.
{"title":"Another tool in the experimental toolbox: On the use of aluminum as a substitute for chert in North American prehistoric ballistics research and beyond","authors":"M. Eren, Lawrence Mukusha, Julie Lierenz, Michael Wilson, Michelle R. Bebber, Michael R. Fisch, Trent True, Michael Kavaulic, R. Walker, Briggs Buchanan, Alastair J. M. Key","doi":"10.1177/01976931221074386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01976931221074386","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental archaeology continues to mature methodologically and theoretically. Around the world, practitioners are increasingly using modern materials that would have been unavailable to prehistoric people in archaeological experiments. The use of a modern material substitute can offer several benefits to experimental method, design, control, replicability, feasibility, and cost, but it should be directly compared to its “traditional” analogue to understand similarities and differences. Here, aluminum is introduced as a substitute for chert in prehistoric ballistics research because, critically, aluminum is safe, inexpensive, easy to process, and it and chert possess densities that differ by less than 4%. The aluminum casting process for replicating stone artifacts is presented, and it is shown that the aluminum castings are essentially identical in form, flake-scar patterning, and mass to their stone counterparts. We then present a proof-of-concept ballistics experiment that demonstrates no difference between aluminum and stone points in terms of target penetration.","PeriodicalId":43677,"journal":{"name":"NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST","volume":"98 1","pages":"151 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85207424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.1177/01976931211058478
K. Tankersley, Louis Herzner
A geochronological approach is used to examine the temporal and spatial parameters of terminal Late Fort Ancient (∼1450 –1750 CE) habitation sites in the Little Miami-Ohio Rivers confluence area. We use a Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates, microtephrochronology, a biostratigraphic indicator (Bison bison), and ethnohistorical records to examine terminal Late Fort Ancient sites in this region. Circular, stockaded villages (≤ 5 ha), consisting of single-family dwellings were replaced with large linear villages (≤ 8 ha), consisting of multifamily longhouses constructed parallel to the Little Miami and Ohio rivers. Smaller contemporary habitations and a plethora of underground maize silos suggest a seasonal pattern of population fission and fusion. At the time of Hernando de Soto's military conquests, ∼350 km to the south, terminal Late Fort Ancient villages in this region were increasing in number and size.
采用地质年代学方法研究了小迈阿密-俄亥俄河汇合处晚期古堡(约1450 -1750 CE)居住地点的时空参数。我们使用贝叶斯分析的放射性碳测年、微显微年代学、生物地层指标(野牛野牛)和民族历史记录来检查该地区的晚期堡古遗址。由单户住宅组成的圆形、栅栏村庄(≤5公顷)被大型线性村庄(≤8公顷)所取代，这些村庄由多户长屋组成，与小迈阿密河和俄亥俄河平行。较小的当代居住地和过多的地下玉米筒仓表明了种群裂变和融合的季节性模式。在Hernando de Soto的军事征服时期，向南约350公里，该地区的晚期要塞古村落在数量和规模上都在增加。
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Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1177/01976931211048206
Carole L. Nash, PhD, RPA
Waterfalls are documented among Indigenous peoples as settings for the intergenerational transfer of knowledge and locations sacred to life transitions. Eastern Woodlands ethnographic literature identifies waterfalls as places where life emerges in the presence of danger, requiring the acknowledgement of those who travel near them. In the Virginia Blue Ridge Mountains, ceramic-bearing Middle and Late Woodland sites near named waterfalls are associated with small sites located outside the topographic parameters of modeled site locations and containing non-local or unique objects. Sound mapping with calibrated decibel meters, survey-grade GPS, and inverse distance weighted interpolation demonstrate a correspondence between the location of the small sites and natural sound magnification. The small sites and the deposited objects may represent the offerings of travelers made aware of the sacred/dangerous place by the sound of the waterfall. Acoustic archaeology is introduced as a practice that takes into consideration sensory experience as central to place identity.
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