Abstract:Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) survey data and government economic data from Vietnam are used to examine the relationship between economic growth and two indicators of governance effectiveness: efficacy at working with central government drafted legislation and creativity in solving business problems. Examining all of Vietnam's sixty-three provinces over eleven years (2007 to 2017), this study's analysis finds a significant association between economic growth and both measures of governance effectiveness, with a stronger magnitude for more industrialized provinces. This finding suggests that efforts to improve governance effectiveness and creativity in less industrialized provinces may fail to have desired economic impact, pointing to deeper structural constraints.
{"title":"The Impact of Governance Effectiveness on Economic Growth: Insights from the Vietnam Provincial Competitiveness Index 2007–17","authors":"K. Hartley, Austin M. Aldag","doi":"10.1355/ae39-2a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae39-2a","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) survey data and government economic data from Vietnam are used to examine the relationship between economic growth and two indicators of governance effectiveness: efficacy at working with central government drafted legislation and creativity in solving business problems. Examining all of Vietnam's sixty-three provinces over eleven years (2007 to 2017), this study's analysis finds a significant association between economic growth and both measures of governance effectiveness, with a stronger magnitude for more industrialized provinces. This finding suggests that efforts to improve governance effectiveness and creativity in less industrialized provinces may fail to have desired economic impact, pointing to deeper structural constraints.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"39 1","pages":"111 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41637437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The study provides evidence on the transition and growth of the formal sector in the Indonesian economy. It utilizes data from the National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) for tracking the previous work status of labourers as formal or informal workers. The study also examines the implications of formalization of employment for the different rates of earnings of formal sector workers, given their human capital characteristics and different industries of employment. The study finds that the growth of employment in the formal sector is mainly the result of the entry of younger and better educated workers. Although there is some mobility from the informal to the formal sector, the results show that individuals who were previously working in the informal sector are less likely to move to the formal sector. In terms of earnings, there is evidence of scarring effects: individuals who are initially in the formal sector earn more than individuals who are initially in the informal sector.
{"title":"Structural Change and Formal Sector Employment Growth in Indonesia","authors":"D. Pratomo, C. Manning","doi":"10.1355/ae39-1a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae39-1a","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The study provides evidence on the transition and growth of the formal sector in the Indonesian economy. It utilizes data from the National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) for tracking the previous work status of labourers as formal or informal workers. The study also examines the implications of formalization of employment for the different rates of earnings of formal sector workers, given their human capital characteristics and different industries of employment. The study finds that the growth of employment in the formal sector is mainly the result of the entry of younger and better educated workers. Although there is some mobility from the informal to the formal sector, the results show that individuals who were previously working in the informal sector are less likely to move to the formal sector. In terms of earnings, there is evidence of scarring effects: individuals who are initially in the formal sector earn more than individuals who are initially in the informal sector.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"39 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44723023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This research investigates the significance of technological innovation for Thailand's industrial development through equity participation in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI). The pecking order theory suggests that to finance technological upgrading, firms tend to prioritize internal funding, and use debt and equity financing as the last resort. In the context of incessant technological change, however, equity financing might be a better choice. This research highlights some aspects of how that is the case by analysing firm-level performance data from Thailand and then conducting in-depth interviews with top executives from several companies located in the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC). We find that the conventional pecking order theory does not hold when it comes to external financing decisions. The interview insights reveal that, while a majority of companies prioritize internal financing, capturing technology (as intangible assets) via equity as well as non-equity linkages with foreign firms is also observed. Given that technological upgrading can result from FDI inflows by foreign firms, a truly "joint" nature of equity and non-equity forms of investment projects would serve as a win-win option for Thai and foreign firms, especially under the "Thailand 4.0" policy framework.
{"title":"Financing Choices for Technological Upgrading: Evidence from Interviews with Thai Firms","authors":"Hikari Ishido, Licheng Liang, Benjalux Sakunasingha","doi":"10.1355/ae39-1d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae39-1d","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This research investigates the significance of technological innovation for Thailand's industrial development through equity participation in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI). The pecking order theory suggests that to finance technological upgrading, firms tend to prioritize internal funding, and use debt and equity financing as the last resort. In the context of incessant technological change, however, equity financing might be a better choice. This research highlights some aspects of how that is the case by analysing firm-level performance data from Thailand and then conducting in-depth interviews with top executives from several companies located in the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC). We find that the conventional pecking order theory does not hold when it comes to external financing decisions. The interview insights reveal that, while a majority of companies prioritize internal financing, capturing technology (as intangible assets) via equity as well as non-equity linkages with foreign firms is also observed. Given that technological upgrading can result from FDI inflows by foreign firms, a truly \"joint\" nature of equity and non-equity forms of investment projects would serve as a win-win option for Thai and foreign firms, especially under the \"Thailand 4.0\" policy framework.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"39 1","pages":"68 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43215132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Despite the renewed interest post-2008, experts remain divided on whether Islamic banks (IBs) are riskier than conventional banks (CBs). Hence, we aim to study their credit risk differential more closely. Extant studies have analysed IBs collectively as a group in multicountry settings. We differ by studying one country, Malaysia, over 2006–19. We chose Malaysia because of its established dual banking system and global leadership in Islamic banking. We studied two credit risk aspects (the bank's bankruptcy risk and its customers' default risk) in a two-phased approach (a t-test and a regression). We also tested the robustness of our findings through a feasible generalized least squares linear model. We find that IBs are generally riskier but the customer default risk differential is insignificant. Moreover, the IB-CB risk differential has narrowed in recent years. Our findings present three implications. First, we studied this phenomenon in a single country so as to remove potential noise from cross-country differences. We also reaffirmed our regression findings through a robustness test. Such efforts help enhance the accuracy of our findings. Second, practitioners may note the risk differential reasons and opportunities arising from the narrowing gap. Third, policymakers may consider increasing the market liquidity and risk management options for IBs. Future research may consider studying the recent narrowing risk gap and whether the standalone IBs differ from those which are part of a CB group.
{"title":"Credit Risk Differential between Islamic and Conventional Banks in Malaysia","authors":"E. H. Koh, Hasanul Banna, Lee Youmkyung","doi":"10.1355/ae39-1b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae39-1b","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Despite the renewed interest post-2008, experts remain divided on whether Islamic banks (IBs) are riskier than conventional banks (CBs). Hence, we aim to study their credit risk differential more closely. Extant studies have analysed IBs collectively as a group in multicountry settings. We differ by studying one country, Malaysia, over 2006–19. We chose Malaysia because of its established dual banking system and global leadership in Islamic banking. We studied two credit risk aspects (the bank's bankruptcy risk and its customers' default risk) in a two-phased approach (a t-test and a regression). We also tested the robustness of our findings through a feasible generalized least squares linear model. We find that IBs are generally riskier but the customer default risk differential is insignificant. Moreover, the IB-CB risk differential has narrowed in recent years. Our findings present three implications. First, we studied this phenomenon in a single country so as to remove potential noise from cross-country differences. We also reaffirmed our regression findings through a robustness test. Such efforts help enhance the accuracy of our findings. Second, practitioners may note the risk differential reasons and opportunities arising from the narrowing gap. Third, policymakers may consider increasing the market liquidity and risk management options for IBs. Future research may consider studying the recent narrowing risk gap and whether the standalone IBs differ from those which are part of a CB group.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"39 1","pages":"21 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41630806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper conducts a comprehensive examination of the sources of economic growth and catch-up of ASEAN countries since the Asian Financial Crisis, with comparative views of China and India. The study employs different decomposition frameworks to gain insights into the drivers of the Association's economic performance over the 1997–2017 period. Three findings are most notable. First, all ten member states, except for Brunei, recorded a strong catch-up performance, with labour productivity being the leading driver in most countries. Second, the drivers of labour productivity catch-up exhibit some distinctive patterns among countries, which depend on the level of income and economic structure. Third, in all decomposition analyses, ASEAN countries are well below China and India across sources of growth, which tends to suggest that countries in the grouping could improve their performance by enhancing market integration and policy coordination. Although the long-term prospect of ASEAN is bright, the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent military coup in Myanmar have indicated that the road to future prosperity of the region is expected to face formidable challenges.
{"title":"Drivers of Economic Catch-up in Asia: A Study of ASEAN Countries with Comparative Views of China and India","authors":"K. Vu, Hieu Nguyen","doi":"10.1355/ae39-1c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae39-1c","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper conducts a comprehensive examination of the sources of economic growth and catch-up of ASEAN countries since the Asian Financial Crisis, with comparative views of China and India. The study employs different decomposition frameworks to gain insights into the drivers of the Association's economic performance over the 1997–2017 period. Three findings are most notable. First, all ten member states, except for Brunei, recorded a strong catch-up performance, with labour productivity being the leading driver in most countries. Second, the drivers of labour productivity catch-up exhibit some distinctive patterns among countries, which depend on the level of income and economic structure. Third, in all decomposition analyses, ASEAN countries are well below China and India across sources of growth, which tends to suggest that countries in the grouping could improve their performance by enhancing market integration and policy coordination. Although the long-term prospect of ASEAN is bright, the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent military coup in Myanmar have indicated that the road to future prosperity of the region is expected to face formidable challenges.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"39 1","pages":"42 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48476026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper reassesses the impact of the residential electricity tariff reform implemented in 2012 on the distributional equity and fiscal cost of electricity subsidies in Brunei. Using data from the latest Household Expenditure Survey (HES) conducted in 2015/16, the study estimates that the poorest 20 per cent of households receive 18 per cent of total electricity subsidies, which is considerably larger than the previously estimated share of 11 per cent based on the 2010/11 HES data. This, in part, reflects behavioural changes induced by the reform to an increasing block tariff (IBT), as wealthier households reduce their electricity usage due to higher per-unit costs at higher levels of consumption while poorer households increase their usage as the tariff cost is cheaper in the first consumption block. Concomitantly, the fiscal cost of electricity subsidies has declined by more than 20 per cent following the tariff change. Yet, simulations of alternative reform scenarios show that there are substantial welfare gains and cost savings from refining the IBT structure, using a volume-differentiated tariff, or providing targeted cash transfers. The overarching message is that improving the design of subsidy schemes or introducing targeted transfers can achieve distributional equity and fiscal objectives more efficiently than existing electricity subsidies.
{"title":"A Reappraisal of Electricity Subsidies and Household Welfare in Brunei Darussalam","authors":"Koh Wee Chian","doi":"10.1355/ae39-1e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae39-1e","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper reassesses the impact of the residential electricity tariff reform implemented in 2012 on the distributional equity and fiscal cost of electricity subsidies in Brunei. Using data from the latest Household Expenditure Survey (HES) conducted in 2015/16, the study estimates that the poorest 20 per cent of households receive 18 per cent of total electricity subsidies, which is considerably larger than the previously estimated share of 11 per cent based on the 2010/11 HES data. This, in part, reflects behavioural changes induced by the reform to an increasing block tariff (IBT), as wealthier households reduce their electricity usage due to higher per-unit costs at higher levels of consumption while poorer households increase their usage as the tariff cost is cheaper in the first consumption block. Concomitantly, the fiscal cost of electricity subsidies has declined by more than 20 per cent following the tariff change. Yet, simulations of alternative reform scenarios show that there are substantial welfare gains and cost savings from refining the IBT structure, using a volume-differentiated tariff, or providing targeted cash transfers. The overarching message is that improving the design of subsidy schemes or introducing targeted transfers can achieve distributional equity and fiscal objectives more efficiently than existing electricity subsidies.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"39 1","pages":"83 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44405890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The relationship between economic integration and income inequality is extremely contentious due to its complicated impact across key channels of globalization. This paper analyses the distributional effects of globalization through foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow and foreign trade (FT) volume. Data collected from Vietnam over the 2006–16 period provide evidence in support of the government's advocacy efforts to join the global economy. The two-step system generalized method of moments is used to construct the key estimate for this analysis with two cases: simultaneous effect and single causal effect. The findings show that while FDI worsens inequality, FT counteracts this effect to a greater magnitude, and the aggregate impact of globalization on inequality is negative. As openness is found to be generally beneficial to Vietnam's economy in terms of income distribution, this study also examines potential policies related to the country's globalization ambitions.
{"title":"Does Globalization Affect Inequality? An Analysis of Vietnamese Data","authors":"Phuc Van Phan","doi":"10.1355/ae39-1f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae39-1f","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The relationship between economic integration and income inequality is extremely contentious due to its complicated impact across key channels of globalization. This paper analyses the distributional effects of globalization through foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow and foreign trade (FT) volume. Data collected from Vietnam over the 2006–16 period provide evidence in support of the government's advocacy efforts to join the global economy. The two-step system generalized method of moments is used to construct the key estimate for this analysis with two cases: simultaneous effect and single causal effect. The findings show that while FDI worsens inequality, FT counteracts this effect to a greater magnitude, and the aggregate impact of globalization on inequality is negative. As openness is found to be generally beneficial to Vietnam's economy in terms of income distribution, this study also examines potential policies related to the country's globalization ambitions.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"10 1","pages":"108 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88292246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:One of the objectives of Indonesia’s 2001 decentralization reform was to enable the country’s subnational regions (provinces, cities and regencies) to realize their unique potential and, thus, implicitly, maximize their competitive advantage. While we have seen some improvements in socio-economic development and democratic accountability, stark variations in economic outcomes across regions remain. Why are some more successful than others in achieving competitiveness? Focusing primarily on district-level data from 1998 to 2016, this paper systematically examines the factors that may influence variations in subnational competitiveness in Indonesia. We found significant correlations between competitiveness and fiscal decentralization measures and, separately, between competitiveness at the province level and elements of democracy.
{"title":"What Influences Subnational Competitiveness in a Decentralized Indonesia?","authors":"P. Amri, M. Amri","doi":"10.1355/ae38-3d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-3d","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:One of the objectives of Indonesia’s 2001 decentralization reform was to enable the country’s subnational regions (provinces, cities and regencies) to realize their unique potential and, thus, implicitly, maximize their competitive advantage. While we have seen some improvements in socio-economic development and democratic accountability, stark variations in economic outcomes across regions remain. Why are some more successful than others in achieving competitiveness? Focusing primarily on district-level data from 1998 to 2016, this paper systematically examines the factors that may influence variations in subnational competitiveness in Indonesia. We found significant correlations between competitiveness and fiscal decentralization measures and, separately, between competitiveness at the province level and elements of democracy.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"38 1","pages":"337 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43417102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article revisits the issue of fiscal autonomy at the subnational level following the implementation of Indonesia’s 2001 decentralization reforms. Its main research question is whether the reforms allow a bigger space for local governments to generate their own revenue and fund their initiatives. To this end, the article analyses the size and proportion of intergovernmental transfers from the centre to local and provincial governments since the start of decentralization. It then assesses the funds that subnational governments have to finance their own programmes and initiatives, as well as the proportion of revenue that these governments raise themselves. The study argues that, despite changes in legislation, responsibility for expenditure has been consistently handed to local and, to a lesser extent, provincial governments. However, this has not translated into greater autonomy for them to establish and finance their own initiatives. Conversely, local governments have been pushing for more control over their revenue by introducing various taxes and user charges. This has resulted in a slight increase in the proportion of revenue raised at the local level.
{"title":"Decentralization and Fiscal Autonomy at the Subnational Level in Indonesia","authors":"Yogi Vidyattama","doi":"10.1355/ae38-3c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-3c","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article revisits the issue of fiscal autonomy at the subnational level following the implementation of Indonesia’s 2001 decentralization reforms. Its main research question is whether the reforms allow a bigger space for local governments to generate their own revenue and fund their initiatives. To this end, the article analyses the size and proportion of intergovernmental transfers from the centre to local and provincial governments since the start of decentralization. It then assesses the funds that subnational governments have to finance their own programmes and initiatives, as well as the proportion of revenue that these governments raise themselves. The study argues that, despite changes in legislation, responsibility for expenditure has been consistently handed to local and, to a lesser extent, provincial governments. However, this has not translated into greater autonomy for them to establish and finance their own initiatives. Conversely, local governments have been pushing for more control over their revenue by introducing various taxes and user charges. This has resulted in a slight increase in the proportion of revenue raised at the local level.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"38 1","pages":"320 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41766670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Since the launch of Indonesia’s decentralization reforms in 2001, the country has achieved significant progress in improving the welfare of its citizens—as seen from increasing income per capita and decreasing poverty levels. However, vertical inequality has increased, raising concerns whether inequality between different parts of the country has also grown. Using spatial econometric models with data covering the 2002–19 period, this paper examines whether there has been a convergence or divergence in income per capita, inequality and poverty across local government areas in Indonesia. The findings indicate that there has been a conditional convergence of these development outcomes across local government areas. This means that the levels of income per capita, inequality and poverty across the country’s municipalities and regencies will converge, but the gaps will not be completely eliminated due to differences in their endowment factors. This conditional convergence occurs across municipalities and across regencies as well as across local government areas in Java and outside Java, but at different rates of convergence. This finding implies that Indonesia needs to maintain its decentralization policy and resist efforts to recentralize revenue sources and responsibilities. In addition, this should be complemented by efforts to assist areas with low income per capita, high inequality and high poverty rates to improve their endowment factors and institutions.
{"title":"Income, Inequality and Poverty Convergence at the Local Government Level in Decentralized Indonesia","authors":"Priasto Aji, I. Wibisono, Asep Suryahadi","doi":"10.1355/ae38-3f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-3f","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Since the launch of Indonesia’s decentralization reforms in 2001, the country has achieved significant progress in improving the welfare of its citizens—as seen from increasing income per capita and decreasing poverty levels. However, vertical inequality has increased, raising concerns whether inequality between different parts of the country has also grown. Using spatial econometric models with data covering the 2002–19 period, this paper examines whether there has been a convergence or divergence in income per capita, inequality and poverty across local government areas in Indonesia. The findings indicate that there has been a conditional convergence of these development outcomes across local government areas. This means that the levels of income per capita, inequality and poverty across the country’s municipalities and regencies will converge, but the gaps will not be completely eliminated due to differences in their endowment factors. This conditional convergence occurs across municipalities and across regencies as well as across local government areas in Java and outside Java, but at different rates of convergence. This finding implies that Indonesia needs to maintain its decentralization policy and resist efforts to recentralize revenue sources and responsibilities. In addition, this should be complemented by efforts to assist areas with low income per capita, high inequality and high poverty rates to improve their endowment factors and institutions.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"38 1","pages":"375 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47482383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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