Abstract:This study first reframes the “middle-income trap” paradigm as the incidence of growth slowdowns and stagnation in the middle. This is followed by an analysis of its determinants using a cross-country panel data covering sixty-five middle-income countries between 1997 and 2017. The findings suggest that, as economies approach the “Lewis turning point”, low value-added labour-intensive economic activities become less and less competitive, setting the stage for moving into a skill- and capital-intensive growth phase. To successfully navigate the middle-income transition, countries must look beyond capital accumulation, invest in developing human capital capabilities to sustain international competitiveness in the face of rising wage pressures, and induce structural change in favour of high value-added economic activities.
{"title":"Growth Slowdowns and Stagnation in the Middle: The Middle-Income Trap Revisited","authors":"Raveen Ekanayake","doi":"10.1355/ae38-1e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-1e","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study first reframes the “middle-income trap” paradigm as the incidence of growth slowdowns and stagnation in the middle. This is followed by an analysis of its determinants using a cross-country panel data covering sixty-five middle-income countries between 1997 and 2017. The findings suggest that, as economies approach the “Lewis turning point”, low value-added labour-intensive economic activities become less and less competitive, setting the stage for moving into a skill- and capital-intensive growth phase. To successfully navigate the middle-income transition, countries must look beyond capital accumulation, invest in developing human capital capabilities to sustain international competitiveness in the face of rising wage pressures, and induce structural change in favour of high value-added economic activities.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"38 1","pages":"100 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43480508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Takahata, T. Dartanto, Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik
Abstract:Given that most local governments in Indonesia depend heavily on intergovernmental transfers, this study tries to examine whether Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU, or general allocation fund) is able to absorb a revenue shock from the fluctuation of Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD, or local government revenue). The results suggest that DAU does, in fact, absorb around 83 per cent of the revenue shock. This share is greater than the compensation rate determined by the allocation formula employed in the Indonesian intergovernmental transfers system set annually by the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, Ministry of Finance. Once the differences among local government levels are considered, it is found that DAU covers PAD decrease across all levels of local government throughout the country, but the extent of coverage depends on a number of criteria.
摘要：鉴于印尼大多数地方政府严重依赖政府间转移，本研究试图检验Dana Alokasi Umum（DAU，或普通拨款基金）是否能够吸收Pendapatan Asli Daerah（PAD，或地方政府收入）波动带来的收入冲击。结果表明，事实上，DAU确实吸收了约83%的收入冲击。这一份额高于财政部财政平衡总局每年制定的印尼政府间转移支付制度中采用的分配公式所确定的补偿率。一旦考虑到地方政府级别之间的差异，就会发现DAU涵盖了全国各级地方政府的PAD下降，但覆盖范围取决于许多标准。
{"title":"Intergovernmental Transfers in Indonesia: The Risk Sharing Effect of Dana Alokasi Umum","authors":"J. Takahata, T. Dartanto, Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik","doi":"10.1355/ae38-1d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-1d","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Given that most local governments in Indonesia depend heavily on intergovernmental transfers, this study tries to examine whether Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU, or general allocation fund) is able to absorb a revenue shock from the fluctuation of Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD, or local government revenue). The results suggest that DAU does, in fact, absorb around 83 per cent of the revenue shock. This share is greater than the compensation rate determined by the allocation formula employed in the Indonesian intergovernmental transfers system set annually by the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, Ministry of Finance. Once the differences among local government levels are considered, it is found that DAU covers PAD decrease across all levels of local government throughout the country, but the extent of coverage depends on a number of criteria.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"38 1","pages":"81 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47244418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Competition has two possible contrasting effects on firm innovation. On one hand, it can force businesses to innovate to become more competitive. On the other, competition can shrink a firm’s market share, revenues and profit, making it difficult to implement costly innovations. Applying logistic regression on data from a survey of 480 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Philippines, this paper found evidence that there is a generally positive relationship between competition and innovation. The magnitude of the relationship, however, depends on the type of innovation. The form of innovation most strongly associated with competition is improvement in the production process, followed by improvement in marketing. It is most weakly associated with introduction of a product new to the market and with improvement of an existing product. There is also some evidence that the magnitude of the competition-innovation relationship varies across sectors and across firms of different sizes.
{"title":"Does Competition Enhance or Hinder Innovation? Evidence from Philippine Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises","authors":"Tristan Canare, J. P. Francisco","doi":"10.1355/ae38-1b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-1b","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Competition has two possible contrasting effects on firm innovation. On one hand, it can force businesses to innovate to become more competitive. On the other, competition can shrink a firm’s market share, revenues and profit, making it difficult to implement costly innovations. Applying logistic regression on data from a survey of 480 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Philippines, this paper found evidence that there is a generally positive relationship between competition and innovation. The magnitude of the relationship, however, depends on the type of innovation. The form of innovation most strongly associated with competition is improvement in the production process, followed by improvement in marketing. It is most weakly associated with introduction of a product new to the market and with improvement of an existing product. There is also some evidence that the magnitude of the competition-innovation relationship varies across sectors and across firms of different sizes.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"38 1","pages":"24 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41890819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriella R. Montinola, Matthew S. Winters, M. Kohno, Ronald D. Holmes
Abstract:In January 2018, soon after he was elected President of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte signed a comprehensive tax reform bill. In this paper, a nationwide survey and embedded experiment are used to investigate how ordinary Filipino citizens responded to different possible changes in tax incidence originating in the reform. The survey was conducted a few days prior to the enactment of the legislation. Our survey experiment yielded two noteworthy findings. First, Filipino citizens’ interest in gathering information about the government budget and its usage increased when they were explicitly reminded of the possibility that the reform would change their tax burden; importantly, this occurred whether they expected their taxes to increase or decrease. Second, lower class citizens were more motivated than upper class citizens to monitor government when faced with the prospect of major tax burden changes. These findings not only shed light on how ordinary citizens in the Philippines reacted to the impending historic tax reform, but also reveal limits of the conventional fiscal contract conception of the link between taxation and accountability.
{"title":"Tax Reform and Demands for Accountability in the Philippines","authors":"Gabriella R. Montinola, Matthew S. Winters, M. Kohno, Ronald D. Holmes","doi":"10.1355/ae38-1a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-1a","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In January 2018, soon after he was elected President of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte signed a comprehensive tax reform bill. In this paper, a nationwide survey and embedded experiment are used to investigate how ordinary Filipino citizens responded to different possible changes in tax incidence originating in the reform. The survey was conducted a few days prior to the enactment of the legislation. Our survey experiment yielded two noteworthy findings. First, Filipino citizens’ interest in gathering information about the government budget and its usage increased when they were explicitly reminded of the possibility that the reform would change their tax burden; importantly, this occurred whether they expected their taxes to increase or decrease. Second, lower class citizens were more motivated than upper class citizens to monitor government when faced with the prospect of major tax burden changes. These findings not only shed light on how ordinary citizens in the Philippines reacted to the impending historic tax reform, but also reveal limits of the conventional fiscal contract conception of the link between taxation and accountability.","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"38 1","pages":"1 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45145259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Global Trends and Malaysia’s Automotive Sector: Ambitions versus Reality","authors":"T. S. Yean","doi":"10.1355/ae38-2c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-2c","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80889368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BOOK REVIEW: The Political Economy of Growth in Vietnam: Between States and Markets, by Guanie Lim","authors":"T. Tho","doi":"10.1355/ae38-2j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-2j","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77594363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BOOK REVIEW: The ASEAN Way: Sustaining Growth and Stability, edited by Ana Corbacho and Shanaka J. Peiris","authors":"Cassey Lee, Fellow","doi":"10.1355/ae38-1i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-1i","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"30 17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83091735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BOOK REVIEW: Asia's Journey to Prosperity: Policy, Market and Technology over 50 Years","authors":"P. Mccawley","doi":"10.1355/ae38-1g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-1g","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79775109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BOOK REVIEW: Automotive Industrialisation: Industrial Policy and Development in Southeast Asia, by Kaoru Natsuda and John Thoburn","authors":"T. S. Yean","doi":"10.1355/ae38-1h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-1h","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80942570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BOOK REVIEW: Striving for Inclusive Development: From Pangkor to a Modern Malaysian State, by Sultan Nazrin Shah","authors":"Lee Hwok Aun","doi":"10.1355/ae38-2i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1355/ae38-2i","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43712,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Southeast Asian Economies","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83168850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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