Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i08.003
Mohammed Ibrahim Usman, Abdulfatai Adinoyi Murana, Jibrin Mohammed Kaura, Joshua Ochepo, Suleiman Hassan Otuoze
As the world continues to urbanize, the construction of transportation highway continuously requires quality pavement which made transportation engineers and experts focus on improving the performance and life of pavements, to which many studies had searched for better materials or modifications that could improve the properties of bitumen and reduce or even eliminate the development of asphalt pavement failures. To this end, the properties of bitumen modified with blend of PET + nanoclay was conducted. The bitumen was modified with PET (0.5 – 4.0% at 0.5% interval), and nanoclay (1.0 – 8.0% at 1% intervals), while the tests conducted on the materials were oxide composition test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test, penetration test, solubility test, ductility test, flash and fire point test, specific gravity test, softening point test, and viscosity test in accordance with codes and specification. Results from the findings showed that the unmodified bitumen and PET are hydrocarbon materials, while the nanoclay is an inorganic compound and a good reactive pozzolana. More results from the findings showed that the properties of bitumen was improved with addition of PET and nanoclay blend such that the penetration and solubility of bitumen decreases with increase in modifier content, and there was an increase in softening point, flash point, fire point, specific gravity, and viscosity of bitumen as replacement of PET and nanoclay blend increases. Hence, the modifiers (Nanoclay/PET blend) can be used to improve properties of bitumen since they fall within standard and code specification.
{"title":"Properties of Bitumen Modified with Nanoclay/Pet (Polyethylene Terephthalate) Blend","authors":"Mohammed Ibrahim Usman, Abdulfatai Adinoyi Murana, Jibrin Mohammed Kaura, Joshua Ochepo, Suleiman Hassan Otuoze","doi":"10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i08.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i08.003","url":null,"abstract":"As the world continues to urbanize, the construction of transportation highway continuously requires quality pavement which made transportation engineers and experts focus on improving the performance and life of pavements, to which many studies had searched for better materials or modifications that could improve the properties of bitumen and reduce or even eliminate the development of asphalt pavement failures. To this end, the properties of bitumen modified with blend of PET + nanoclay was conducted. The bitumen was modified with PET (0.5 – 4.0% at 0.5% interval), and nanoclay (1.0 – 8.0% at 1% intervals), while the tests conducted on the materials were oxide composition test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test, penetration test, solubility test, ductility test, flash and fire point test, specific gravity test, softening point test, and viscosity test in accordance with codes and specification. Results from the findings showed that the unmodified bitumen and PET are hydrocarbon materials, while the nanoclay is an inorganic compound and a good reactive pozzolana. More results from the findings showed that the properties of bitumen was improved with addition of PET and nanoclay blend such that the penetration and solubility of bitumen decreases with increase in modifier content, and there was an increase in softening point, flash point, fire point, specific gravity, and viscosity of bitumen as replacement of PET and nanoclay blend increases. Hence, the modifiers (Nanoclay/PET blend) can be used to improve properties of bitumen since they fall within standard and code specification.","PeriodicalId":437137,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135866485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i08.004
Muhammad A. Al-Ghamdi
The paper assessed 28 Value Engineering (VE) reports of studies conducted by third party VE consultants on Saudi Aramco capital projects from January 2020 to August 2022. The findings indicate that there is an inverse relationship between accepted number of VE proposals and the size of the workshop review team (the larger the team, the smaller percentage of accepted proposals). It, also, showed that accepted number of VE proposals is not influenced by the duration of VE workshops. The paper recommends the optimization of the size of VE teams and optimized workshop durations to be aligned to Saudi Aramco (SA) capital management system project classifications. The recommendations may result in increasing the number of quality accepted VE proposals while reducing the cost of VE workshops.
{"title":"The Impact of Team Size and Workshop Duration on Value Engineering Proposals","authors":"Muhammad A. Al-Ghamdi","doi":"10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i08.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i08.004","url":null,"abstract":"The paper assessed 28 Value Engineering (VE) reports of studies conducted by third party VE consultants on Saudi Aramco capital projects from January 2020 to August 2022. The findings indicate that there is an inverse relationship between accepted number of VE proposals and the size of the workshop review team (the larger the team, the smaller percentage of accepted proposals). It, also, showed that accepted number of VE proposals is not influenced by the duration of VE workshops. The paper recommends the optimization of the size of VE teams and optimized workshop durations to be aligned to Saudi Aramco (SA) capital management system project classifications. The recommendations may result in increasing the number of quality accepted VE proposals while reducing the cost of VE workshops.","PeriodicalId":437137,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135866487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-03DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i08.001
S. M. T. Rahman
Soil yielding mechanisms and seismic load responses are the key areas of study. The true behavior of soil is revealed by nonlinear analysis. A clump of dirt is used for the analysis. In this study, the Finite Element Model (FEM) forms the basis for the mathematical formulas. Soil analysis in the case of a lumped mass takes into account the soil's one DOF, two DOF, and multi DOF degrees of freedom. In order to determine soil characteristics for MDOF, a soil bore log must be employed. In the instance of MDOF, the soil is composed of 12 distinct layers. SAP 2000 is used to conduct a nonlinear time-history analysis for this research. The hysteresis loops of nonlinear elastic, completely flexible soil undergo permanent deformation. Therefore, it is possible to get insight into the behavior of soil mass during an earthquake by studying lumped soil mass. The soil's nonlinear behavior is investigated using a variety of linear completely plastic hysteretic loops. Soil characteristics are shown to be crucial in this regard. Inadequate soil stiffness may result in persistent deformation, which in turn can lead structures to lean out of alignment. It is also noted that near the soil's surface, amplification is greatest.
{"title":"Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Lumped Soil Mass Model against Seismic Loading","authors":"S. M. T. Rahman","doi":"10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i08.001","url":null,"abstract":"Soil yielding mechanisms and seismic load responses are the key areas of study. The true behavior of soil is revealed by nonlinear analysis. A clump of dirt is used for the analysis. In this study, the Finite Element Model (FEM) forms the basis for the mathematical formulas. Soil analysis in the case of a lumped mass takes into account the soil's one DOF, two DOF, and multi DOF degrees of freedom. In order to determine soil characteristics for MDOF, a soil bore log must be employed. In the instance of MDOF, the soil is composed of 12 distinct layers. SAP 2000 is used to conduct a nonlinear time-history analysis for this research. The hysteresis loops of nonlinear elastic, completely flexible soil undergo permanent deformation. Therefore, it is possible to get insight into the behavior of soil mass during an earthquake by studying lumped soil mass. The soil's nonlinear behavior is investigated using a variety of linear completely plastic hysteretic loops. Soil characteristics are shown to be crucial in this regard. Inadequate soil stiffness may result in persistent deformation, which in turn can lead structures to lean out of alignment. It is also noted that near the soil's surface, amplification is greatest.","PeriodicalId":437137,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129859683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-19DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i07.001
L. Ahouet, M. Ngoulou, Sylvain Ndinga Okina
The use of local materials in construction contributes to solving the deficit of sustainable housing in some developing countries. Earth constructions have a low ecological impact and are among the cheapest, especially in rural areas. The durability of earthen buildings depends on the geotechnical properties of the soil used and the respect of basic architectural rules. Evaluation of the geotechnical properties of soils contributes to the choice of the appropriate technique to use them. The macrotermes sp and cubitermes sp termite mound soils are widespread and commonly used in construction in some regions of the world. The results obtained from the 27 samples showed that the clay content of some soils is higher than the maximum permitted of 30% and that other soils have a sand content lower than the minimum of 30% permitted by most standards for the manufacture of mud bricks. Some soils have good molding properties and a plasticity suitable for making mud bricks. To correct excess clay and limit the risk of cracking during drying, lime, plant fibers or sand could be incorporated into these soils. The cubitermes sp termite mound soils are composed of kaolinite and illite and the macrotermes sp termite mound soils of kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Soils containing kaolinite or illite are suitable for the manufacture of CEB, adobes, rammed earth and in the manufacture of tiles or pottery.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Geotechnical Properties of Cubitermes sp and Macrotermes sp Termite Mound Soils for the Manufacture of Earth Bricks","authors":"L. Ahouet, M. Ngoulou, Sylvain Ndinga Okina","doi":"10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i07.001","url":null,"abstract":"The use of local materials in construction contributes to solving the deficit of sustainable housing in some developing countries. Earth constructions have a low ecological impact and are among the cheapest, especially in rural areas. The durability of earthen buildings depends on the geotechnical properties of the soil used and the respect of basic architectural rules. Evaluation of the geotechnical properties of soils contributes to the choice of the appropriate technique to use them. The macrotermes sp and cubitermes sp termite mound soils are widespread and commonly used in construction in some regions of the world. The results obtained from the 27 samples showed that the clay content of some soils is higher than the maximum permitted of 30% and that other soils have a sand content lower than the minimum of 30% permitted by most standards for the manufacture of mud bricks. Some soils have good molding properties and a plasticity suitable for making mud bricks. To correct excess clay and limit the risk of cracking during drying, lime, plant fibers or sand could be incorporated into these soils. The cubitermes sp termite mound soils are composed of kaolinite and illite and the macrotermes sp termite mound soils of kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Soils containing kaolinite or illite are suitable for the manufacture of CEB, adobes, rammed earth and in the manufacture of tiles or pottery.","PeriodicalId":437137,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133101312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i05.001
Okonkwo Victor O, Mbachu Victor M, Bosah Nneka C, Mbachu Williams A, Alukwe Uche J
Beyond copious production of biogas, household septic tanks present largely untapped potentials for waste water recycling, especially in area with difficulty in getting sustainable supply of water and energy. The black water (the faeces and urine from the toilets) and grey water (the waste water from the bathrooms, kitchen and laundry) in the septic tank can be harnessed for biogas production and could be recycled for use in irrigation and other domestic uses. In this work, an enhanced septic tank system was designed and implemented in the preliminary treatment of domestic waste water. From the results obtained the system has the ability to significantly reduce the TDS, turbidity, and BOD of a given sample prior to filtration. The COD and TDS of the sample decreased and increased with time due to pressure buildup. This informs the timing for fluid transfer into the next phase of the recycling – sand filtration. Optimization of the design and operations of the new enhanced septic tank system is important in the actualization of the goal of having efficient bio-waste recycling and conversion.
{"title":"Time Series Analysis of the TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, and Turbidity of Waste Water in a Pre-filtration Chambers of Enhanced Household Septic Tank","authors":"Okonkwo Victor O, Mbachu Victor M, Bosah Nneka C, Mbachu Williams A, Alukwe Uche J","doi":"10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i05.001","url":null,"abstract":"Beyond copious production of biogas, household septic tanks present largely untapped potentials for waste water recycling, especially in area with difficulty in getting sustainable supply of water and energy. The black water (the faeces and urine from the toilets) and grey water (the waste water from the bathrooms, kitchen and laundry) in the septic tank can be harnessed for biogas production and could be recycled for use in irrigation and other domestic uses. In this work, an enhanced septic tank system was designed and implemented in the preliminary treatment of domestic waste water. From the results obtained the system has the ability to significantly reduce the TDS, turbidity, and BOD of a given sample prior to filtration. The COD and TDS of the sample decreased and increased with time due to pressure buildup. This informs the timing for fluid transfer into the next phase of the recycling – sand filtration. Optimization of the design and operations of the new enhanced septic tank system is important in the actualization of the goal of having efficient bio-waste recycling and conversion.","PeriodicalId":437137,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122839027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i04.002
E. O. Mezie, C. Nwaiwu, C. Nwakaire
In this study, the optimum stabilizer content for a poor lateritic soil intended as subgrade material for a pavement was sought. The natural soil was first characterized and classified and the soil fall into the class of A-6 based on Nigeria General Specifications for Roads and Bridges (NGSRB) AASHTO soil class for pavement construction. The soil was stabilized at three binder points of 4%, 8% and 12% which coincided with specification limits for cement based on NGSRB with the range of 7-11% recommended for soils in the class A-6. The results from the compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests show that the suitable stabilizer falls within the specified range of 7 – 11%. Binder contents/proportions of 4% RHA, 8% RHA, 8% (50R + 50O), 4% (60C/L + 40R/O), 8% (70C/L + 30R/O), 8% (0C/L + 100R/O), 8% (50C/L + 50R/O) gave the most promising results of MDUW and UCS. In other to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the properties of the soil to determine which of the promising binder contents/proportions would be most suitable as stabilizer for the soil, it was recommended that other qualifying tests of specific gravity, Atterberg limits, CBR, UCS, durability and permeability tests be carried out for these recommended binder contents/proportions.
{"title":"Effects of Partial Replacement of Cement and Lime with some Agrowaste Ashes on the Geotechnical Behaviour of Lateritic Soil","authors":"E. O. Mezie, C. Nwaiwu, C. Nwakaire","doi":"10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i04.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i04.002","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the optimum stabilizer content for a poor lateritic soil intended as subgrade material for a pavement was sought. The natural soil was first characterized and classified and the soil fall into the class of A-6 based on Nigeria General Specifications for Roads and Bridges (NGSRB) AASHTO soil class for pavement construction. The soil was stabilized at three binder points of 4%, 8% and 12% which coincided with specification limits for cement based on NGSRB with the range of 7-11% recommended for soils in the class A-6. The results from the compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests show that the suitable stabilizer falls within the specified range of 7 – 11%. Binder contents/proportions of 4% RHA, 8% RHA, 8% (50R + 50O), 4% (60C/L + 40R/O), 8% (70C/L + 30R/O), 8% (0C/L + 100R/O), 8% (50C/L + 50R/O) gave the most promising results of MDUW and UCS. In other to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the properties of the soil to determine which of the promising binder contents/proportions would be most suitable as stabilizer for the soil, it was recommended that other qualifying tests of specific gravity, Atterberg limits, CBR, UCS, durability and permeability tests be carried out for these recommended binder contents/proportions.","PeriodicalId":437137,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130471500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i04.001
Amila N. K. K. Gamage
Disputes are inevitable in construction projects, and cost and time impacts are higher on a project’s performance and successful completion. Therefore, it is essential to prevent disputes from arising or resolve them efficiently once arise. Other than litigation, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) strategies receive more attention from organizations due to efficiency in dispute settlement. However, when using ADR strategies for dispute resolution, it is vital to select the most suitable technique based on the dispute type and other goals of disputant parties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the factors that impact selecting the most appropriate alternative dispute resolution strategy for construction disputes. By analyzing existing research published from 2019 to 2023, this study revealed three main factor categories that influence ADR selection decisions. Those factor categories are financial factors, organizational factors, and legal factors. This study further identified research gaps that need attention in future research.
{"title":"Factors that Affect in Selecting the Most Appropriate Alternative Dispute Resolution Strategy for Construction Disputes","authors":"Amila N. K. K. Gamage","doi":"10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i04.001","url":null,"abstract":"Disputes are inevitable in construction projects, and cost and time impacts are higher on a project’s performance and successful completion. Therefore, it is essential to prevent disputes from arising or resolve them efficiently once arise. Other than litigation, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) strategies receive more attention from organizations due to efficiency in dispute settlement. However, when using ADR strategies for dispute resolution, it is vital to select the most suitable technique based on the dispute type and other goals of disputant parties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the factors that impact selecting the most appropriate alternative dispute resolution strategy for construction disputes. By analyzing existing research published from 2019 to 2023, this study revealed three main factor categories that influence ADR selection decisions. Those factor categories are financial factors, organizational factors, and legal factors. This study further identified research gaps that need attention in future research.","PeriodicalId":437137,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121983634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i03.004
Mohammed Ganiyu Oluwaseun, Irheren Dada
This research work presents a study of the reliability of ground improvement methods in three states of the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria namely: Rivers, Bayelsa and Akwa –Ibom states. Natural soil which is peaty clay in nature was obtained from different locations in the area of study and improved with different percentages of chemicals, cement, ranging from 2% to 10% and geotextile materials after which reliability analysis was carried out on them for CBR and UCS tests. Results show that geotextile materials are not suitable for improving the peaty clay soils in the locations under study due to poor values of reliability while the reliability values obtained for soil improved with cement increases with increase in percentage addition of cement and curing period. Reliability values for soil improved with chemicals shows some variability but increase as curing period increases at percentage addition of chemicals from 2% to 6% for Calcium Oxide, Calcium Chloride, Calcium Hydroxide and Aluminium Hydroxide before a decrease in value. Sodium silicate reliability peaked at 8% while the optimal value of reliability for cement was realised at 10%.
{"title":"Reliability of Soil and Ground Improvement Techniques in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria","authors":"Mohammed Ganiyu Oluwaseun, Irheren Dada","doi":"10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i03.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i03.004","url":null,"abstract":"This research work presents a study of the reliability of ground improvement methods in three states of the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria namely: Rivers, Bayelsa and Akwa –Ibom states. Natural soil which is peaty clay in nature was obtained from different locations in the area of study and improved with different percentages of chemicals, cement, ranging from 2% to 10% and geotextile materials after which reliability analysis was carried out on them for CBR and UCS tests. Results show that geotextile materials are not suitable for improving the peaty clay soils in the locations under study due to poor values of reliability while the reliability values obtained for soil improved with cement increases with increase in percentage addition of cement and curing period. Reliability values for soil improved with chemicals shows some variability but increase as curing period increases at percentage addition of chemicals from 2% to 6% for Calcium Oxide, Calcium Chloride, Calcium Hydroxide and Aluminium Hydroxide before a decrease in value. Sodium silicate reliability peaked at 8% while the optimal value of reliability for cement was realised at 10%.","PeriodicalId":437137,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115850256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i03.003
Irheren Dada, Mohammed Ganiyu Oluwaseun, E.A. Oba
Residual soils are in the category of questionable soils which have been experienced in the arid and semi-arid climatic zones of the world. The conditions in these zones favour the development of most unsafe collapsible soils. At their dry natural state, they possess awesome stiffness and high apparent shear strength, however upon flooding, may demonstrate a remarkable reduction in volume, consequently deteriorate in strength and collapse. In this research, the collapse phenomenon of residual soil collected from three locations in Auchi, Northern Edo, Nigeria has been investigated on undisturbed specimens by utilizing single Oedometer test. The results obtained from Oedometer tests were utilized to form the database to develop the Artificial Neural Network model for the prediction of collapse potential induced by flood. The influences of flood, flooding pressure, void ratio, dry density and porosity on soil collapse have been investigated. Six input parameters (i.e. Flooding Pressure, Initial void ratio, Initial water content, Initial dry density, Liquid limit and Initial porosity) are considered to have the most noteworthy influences on the degree of collapse and have been utilized as the model’s inputs while the model output will be the equivalent collapse potential. The proposed network was developed using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 and the MS.NET Framework 4.0 and source codes were written in C-Sharp (C#). A supervised learning was utilized to train the Back Propagation feed forward multi-layer ANN algorithm with the momentum coefficient and learning rate as its parameters. The prediction performance of the Artificial Neural Network model was assessed by utilizing the primary statistical criterion proposed by Shahin, et al., [1] such as the coefficient of correlation, R2, and the root mean square error, RMSE. The model outcomes demonstrated that it has the aptitude to predict the collapse potential from single Oedometer test in residual soil samples with a good degree of precision with coefficient of correlation, R2 = 0.856 and root mean square error, RMSE = 166.199.
{"title":"Predictive Model for Flood – Induced Collapse Phenomenon in Residual Soils of Northern Edo, Nigeria","authors":"Irheren Dada, Mohammed Ganiyu Oluwaseun, E.A. Oba","doi":"10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i03.003","url":null,"abstract":"Residual soils are in the category of questionable soils which have been experienced in the arid and semi-arid climatic zones of the world. The conditions in these zones favour the development of most unsafe collapsible soils. At their dry natural state, they possess awesome stiffness and high apparent shear strength, however upon flooding, may demonstrate a remarkable reduction in volume, consequently deteriorate in strength and collapse. In this research, the collapse phenomenon of residual soil collected from three locations in Auchi, Northern Edo, Nigeria has been investigated on undisturbed specimens by utilizing single Oedometer test. The results obtained from Oedometer tests were utilized to form the database to develop the Artificial Neural Network model for the prediction of collapse potential induced by flood. The influences of flood, flooding pressure, void ratio, dry density and porosity on soil collapse have been investigated. Six input parameters (i.e. Flooding Pressure, Initial void ratio, Initial water content, Initial dry density, Liquid limit and Initial porosity) are considered to have the most noteworthy influences on the degree of collapse and have been utilized as the model’s inputs while the model output will be the equivalent collapse potential. The proposed network was developed using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 and the MS.NET Framework 4.0 and source codes were written in C-Sharp (C#). A supervised learning was utilized to train the Back Propagation feed forward multi-layer ANN algorithm with the momentum coefficient and learning rate as its parameters. The prediction performance of the Artificial Neural Network model was assessed by utilizing the primary statistical criterion proposed by Shahin, et al., [1] such as the coefficient of correlation, R2, and the root mean square error, RMSE. The model outcomes demonstrated that it has the aptitude to predict the collapse potential from single Oedometer test in residual soil samples with a good degree of precision with coefficient of correlation, R2 = 0.856 and root mean square error, RMSE = 166.199.","PeriodicalId":437137,"journal":{"name":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129673283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i03.002
Ukachukwu, O. C, O. C, Onosakponome Robert O., N. N.
In Nigeria, it is standard practice to discharge petrochemical compounds on sewage degradation in a septic tank, which has led to consistent sewage dislodgement in the septic tank that serves our household. The study was carried out to determine the effect of some petrochemical products, such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel. Some laboratory tests were conducted, which included biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, conductivity, and total coliform count. Under aerobic conditions, the researchers built four different experimental sewage treatment systems in the lab. We used a scale ratio of 2: 1 for the effluent and petrochemical products in order to get a total mixture of 200ml for both since the reagent bottle, we used for the test has a total measurement of 300ml. With respect to the above ratio, 33 mL of effluent and 67 mL of petrochemical products such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel were poured into each of the three samples (i.e., the 300 mL reagent bottle), and the last sample was used as the control. Samples were collected at a weekly interval for a period of four weeks for the laboratory tests. The findings of the tests revealed that there was a slow rise in the BOD and the COD during the second week, but that this rise eventually slowed down and became smaller over the course of time. Weekly, the pH, conductivity, and total coliform count decrease. The abrupt spike in the second for BOD and COD is due to the presence of additional carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules, which eventually decrease with time. This merely indicates that petrochemical products have the potential to be utilised in the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and coliform bacteria found in sewage.
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