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The Five Shades of the Interplay in Horizontal Litigation Between the General Principles of EU Law on Non-discrimination and Directives 欧盟非歧视法一般原则与指令在横向诉讼中相互作用的五种阴影
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022024
Amid the various forms of the interplay between the general principles and directives, the contribution rather deals with its five shades by focusing the main role of the directives in the legal effects of the combination of general principles and directives on horizontal litigation before the national courts in order to shed light on certain characteristics of the already very complicated Mangold line of case law, particularly arising from occasionally perplexed understanding of interaction between the general principles of EU law and directives. In that regard, it precisely examines, within the context of horizontal direct effect of the principle of non-discrimination in EU law, the role of directives in that interplay as an instrument to render the general principles of EU law applicable, to establish the existence of the general principles of EU law, to justify/exemplify the existence of the general principles of EU law, to infer from which the substantive content of the general principles of EU law and to ascertain whether the (un)conditional nature of the general principles of EU law or principles in the sense of Article 52(5) of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
在一般原则和指令之间的各种形式的相互作用中,贡献涉及其五个方面,重点是指令在国家法院横向诉讼的一般原则和指令组合的法律效力中的主要作用,以阐明已经非常复杂的曼戈尔德判例法的某些特征,特别是由于偶尔对欧盟法律和指令的一般原则之间的相互作用感到困惑。在这方面,它在欧盟法律中不歧视原则的横向直接影响的背景下,准确地审查了指令在这种相互作用中的作用,作为使欧盟法律的一般原则适用、确定欧盟法律的普遍原则的存在、证明/示范欧盟法律的广泛原则的存在的工具,从中推断出欧盟法律一般原则的实质内容,并确定欧盟法律一般原理的(非)条件性质是《欧洲联盟基本权利宪章》第52条第(5)款意义上的原则。
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引用次数: 0
Testing the Unfairness of Interest Rate Amendment Clauses in Revolving Consumer Loans 循环消费贷款利率修正条款的不公平性检验
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022027
C. Spierings
Institutions that provide credit to consumers have usually included a clause in the loan documentation that allows the credit provider to unilaterally amend the applicable interest rate. Over the past years, these clauses and the way they have been used has come under increased scrutiny. This article charts a number of relevant developments and identifies focus points for the future. Under Dutch law, consumers claim that these clauses are unreasonably onerous and should be invalidated. Dutch courts have to take into account the supranational origin of this provision. The Dutch Hoge Raad (Supreme Court) has given some guidance on the assessment of such clauses in consumer mortgage loans, but has given no principled ruling. In the assessment of the unfairness of an interest rate amendment clause, it is key whether the negative consequences for consumers of these clauses are balanced by the consumer’s contractual rights. Setting aside an interest rate amendment clause can have far reaching consequences, especially if the contract cannot survive without this clause. While the Dutch landscape is still evolving, the German Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice) solves this through supplementary interpretation of the contract. It is debatable whether this practice is compatible with European Court of Justice (ECJ) case law. In conclusion, it is noted that the discussion about the unfairness of interest rate amendment clauses should take place in the wider context of both interpretation of the clause and the banks’ duty of care when supplying revolving consumer loans.
向消费者提供信贷的机构通常在贷款文件中包含一项条款,允许信贷提供者单方面修改适用的利率。在过去几年中,这些条款及其使用方式受到了越来越多的审查。本文列出了一些相关的发展,并确定了未来的重点。根据荷兰法律,消费者声称这些条款过于繁琐,应予以废止。荷兰法院必须考虑到这一规定的超国家起源。荷兰最高法院(Hoge Raad)对消费者抵押贷款中此类条款的评估给出了一些指导,但没有给出原则性裁决。在评估利率修正条款的不公平性时,消费者的合同权利是否平衡了这些条款对消费者的负面影响,这是关键。搁置利率修正条款可能会产生深远的影响,特别是如果合同没有这一条款就无法生存。虽然荷兰的情况仍在发展,但德国联邦法院(Bundesgerichtshof)通过对合同的补充解释解决了这一问题。这种做法是否符合欧洲法院(ECJ)的判例法是有争议的。总之,需要指出的是,关于利率修正条款的不公平的讨论应该在更广泛的背景下进行,即对条款的解释和银行在提供循环消费贷款时的注意义务。
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引用次数: 0
Quo Vadis? Export Credit Regulation After Corona: State Aid, WTO Export Subsidies Laws and the Arrangement 君在何处?冠状病毒后的出口信贷管制:国家援助、WTO出口补贴法与安排
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022022
Bob Jennekens
Officially supported export credits matter greatly for private contracts: they provide the possibility of large export transactions and contracts which would otherwise not take place. It is therefore important to know how these instruments are regulated on an international level. The international regulation for public European export finance has three levels: rules set by the WTO to curb export subsidies, the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (which is a gentlemen’s agreement) and the EU state aid framework. Whilst the WTO framework has an official carve-out for the Arrangement, the EU state aid regime does not. Post-Covid, this article looks at the way to proceed with regulating official export credits, and how the different levels of regulation should be applied (and when), concluding that the Arrangement should be the core text of international regulation on export credits.
官方支持的出口信贷对私人合同非常重要:它们提供了大宗出口交易和合同的可能性,否则这些交易和合同是不会发生的。因此,重要的是要知道这些文书是如何在国际一级加以管制的。欧洲公共出口融资的国际监管有三个层面:世贸组织制定的限制出口补贴的规则、官方支持出口信贷安排(这是一个君子协议)和欧盟国家援助框架。尽管WTO框架对《安排》有正式的规定,但欧盟的国家援助机制却没有。新冠疫情后,本文探讨了如何继续监管官方出口信贷,以及应如何(以及何时)实施不同级别的监管,并得出结论认为,《安排》应成为出口信贷国际监管的核心文本。
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引用次数: 1
The Coronacrisis and Its Impact on Creditors: Frustration of Purpose Coronarisis及其对债权人的影响:目的的挫败
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022020
Tom Hick
French and Belgian law merely offer doctrines that allow for the dislocation of the risk a party bears in its capacity of debtor, namely the risk of impossible or more onerous performance of obligations. Both legal systems are debtor centrist in that regard. In light of the socio-economic crisis following the outbreak of the coronavirus SARS-CoV- 2, this debtor centrist approach appears to be insufficient. The present article argues that this insufficiency is due to the debtor centrist approach and could be resolved by allowing for a doctrine that takes the materialization of the creditor risk, the frustration of purpose, into account. As German law, but also Dutch and English law, provide, such an approach exists and proves more apt to deal with contract cases arising under the current crisis.
法国和比利时的法律只是提供了一些理论,允许一方当事人以债务人身份承担的风险,即不可能或更繁重地履行义务的风险错位。在这方面,这两个法律体系都是以债务人为中心的。鉴于冠状病毒严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型爆发后的社会经济危机,这种以债务人为中心的做法似乎是不够的。本条认为,这种不足是由于以债务人为中心的做法造成的,可以通过允许一种考虑到债权人风险的具体化、目的的挫败的学说来解决。正如德国法律以及荷兰和英国法律所规定的那样,这种方法是存在的,而且事实证明更适合处理当前危机下出现的合同案件。
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking the Instrumentality of European Private Law 对欧洲私法工具性的再思考
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022023
This article challenges the view that European Union private law (EPL) is inherently instrumental, due to its role in achieving the EU Treaties’ goals, such as completing the internal market. In particular, we claim that characterizing EPL as instrumental, and contrasting it to national private laws in that regard, misses the mark. This is because, contrary to national private laws, it is only a partial legal order. Accordingly, theoretical approaches to private law and its goals that have been devised for complete legal orders cannot apply to EPL, which is not self-standing and needs to be complemented by national private law concepts, in line with the EU principle of national autonomy. Moreover, even if taken on its own, EPL is not particularly instrumental. On the one hand, many of its provisions can be interpreted as applying non-instrumental considerations, such as personal autonomy and interpersonal justice. On the other hand, the European Court of Justice often uses non-instrumental concepts when adjudicating private law disputes and is not focused solely on implementing the public goals of the Treaties. In view of these facts, commentators should be careful when asserting that EPL is particularly instrumental, when compared to national private laws.
这篇文章挑战了这样一种观点,即欧盟私法(EPL)在实现欧盟条约的目标(如完成内部市场)方面发挥着固有的作用。特别是,我们声称,将EPL定性为工具性的,并在这方面将其与国家私法进行对比,是没有切中要害的。这是因为,与国家私法相反,它只是一种局部的法律秩序。因此,为完整的法律秩序而设计的私法理论方法及其目标不能适用于EPL,因为EPL不是独立的,需要由国家私法概念来补充,符合欧盟的国家自治原则。此外,即使单独进行,EPL也不是特别有用。一方面,它的许多条款可以被解释为适用非工具性考虑,如个人自主和人际公正。另一方面,欧洲法院在裁决私法争端时经常使用非工具性概念,而不仅仅侧重于实现条约的公共目标。鉴于这些事实,评论员在断言EPL与国家私法相比特别重要时应该小心。
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引用次数: 0
10 Years of Application of the Polish Act on Private International Law of 2011 2011年波兰国际私法的适用十年
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022029
Paulina Twardoch, Agata Kozioł
The article presents the Polish courts’ application of the national Private International Law Act 2011 (PIL 2011) during the 10 years it has been in force. The analysis of jurisprudence is supplemented with observations on recent developments in Polish doctrine.The authors discuss correct and erroneous solutions adopted by courts, which are illustrated by provided examples of judgments regarding diverse legal issues. The article deals with mistakes consisting in ignoring the need to search for the applicable law. It also concerns, on the one hand, faulty perceptions and applications of newly introduced instruments (such as the so-called informative provisions or new conflict rules concerning issues that have not been regulated before in the conflictof- laws sphere) or of instruments shaped differently than in the past (such as renvoi). On the other hand, it considers problems that emerged in relation to mechanisms that are well known to Polish judges (such as the public policy exception). Challenges relating to delimiting PIL 2011 from other sources of PIL are also discussed.
本文介绍了波兰法院对2011年国家国际私法法案(PIL 2011)在其生效的10年间的适用情况。对法理学的分析补充了对波兰学说最新发展的观察。作者讨论了法院采用的正确和错误的解决办法,并通过提供的关于各种法律问题的判决实例加以说明。本文论述了忽视寻找适用法律的必要性所造成的错误。一方面,它还涉及对新引入的文书(例如所谓的信息性规定或关于法律冲突领域中以前未加以管制的问题的新的冲突规则)或与过去不同的文书(例如撤销)的错误认识和应用。另一方面,它审议了与波兰法官所熟知的机制有关的问题(例如公共政策例外)。还讨论了将PIL 2011与其他PIL来源区分开来的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Elise Bant, Wayne Courtney, James Goudkamp & Jeannie Marie Paterson (Eds), Punishment And Private Law, Reviewed By Giuseppe Portonera. Hart Publishing. 2021. 书评:Elise Bant, Wayne Courtney, James Goudkamp & Jeannie Marie Paterson(编辑),《惩罚与私法》,Giuseppe Portonera评论。哈特出版社,2021。
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022025
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: Der Robo-Richter auf dem Vormarsch in Europa? 发明家往欧洲走过来?
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022026
A. Janssen
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引用次数: 0
Covid-19 and Long-Term Contracts 新冠肺炎和长期合同
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022021
V. Mak
This article takes stock of legal responses to temporary performance impediments in long-term contracts due to the Covid-19 crisis. Are there mechanisms in contract law that can adequately address the disruption caused by the pandemic and by government measures to contain it? And are contract law doctrines able to provide solutions with a long-term view? The article analyses tenants’ protection in commercial and residential lease contracts in England and the Netherlands. The analysis confirms that English contract law provides only a narrow scope for relief based on frustration. Dutch contract law offers broader possibilities for rent discounts on the basis of unforeseen circumstances, good faith and the defects regime in tenancy law. Overall, both systems struggle with two problems: the valuation of rent discounts in times of crisis, and the financial protection of vulnerable parties when payment obligations are revived after the crisis. Long-term changes to contract law should include adjustments of the default rules for long-term contracts to address these issues, linked to a principle of social force majeure.
本文盘点了因新冠肺炎危机导致的长期合同临时绩效障碍的法律应对措施。合同法中是否有机制能够充分解决大流行造成的破坏以及政府采取的控制措施?合同法理论是否能够从长远的角度提供解决方案?本文分析了英国和荷兰商业和住宅租赁合同中承租人的保护。分析证实,英国合同法仅为基于挫折的救济提供了一个狭窄的范围。荷兰合同法在不可预见的情况、诚信和租赁法中的瑕疵制度的基础上为租金折扣提供了更广泛的可能性。总的来说,这两个体系都面临着两个问题:危机时期租金折扣的估值,以及危机后支付义务恢复时脆弱各方的财务保护。合同法的长期变化应包括调整长期合同的默认规则,以解决这些与社会不可抗力原则有关的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial: On Various Shades Of Multi-Level Law 社论:关于多层次法律的不同层面
IF 0.3 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54648/erpl2022019
M. Storme
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引用次数: 0
期刊
European Review of Private Law
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