Božena Chovancová, Michaela Dorocáková, Viera Malacka
The second half of the 20th century brought breakthroughs in the field of science and technology, which significantly affected not only the growth of labour productivity and economic growth, but also brought changes in industrial structures and changes in share of individual industries in GDP. Even more strikingly, these changes have been reflected in the stock market, with leading companies from the field of information technology, which affect the flow and processing of information in revolutionary way. The onset of so-called internet economy at the beginning of the 1990s significantly changes also the structure of stock indices. Business services lure investors particularly into the area of financial services, which also show high degree of appreciation of the investment. New phenomenon nowadays is and expected changes in industrial structures not only in GDP, but also in the structure of stock markets will be brought by new phase of industrial revolution Industry 4.0. The aim of this paper is to quantify and analyse the current state and position of individual industries in the structure of GDP and stock indices and to outline new tendencies and to predict changes in these indicators with regards to the realization of 4th phase of industrial revolution.
{"title":"Changes in the industrial structure of GDP and stock indices also with regard to industry 4.0","authors":"Božena Chovancová, Michaela Dorocáková, Viera Malacka","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.29","url":null,"abstract":"The second half of the 20th century brought breakthroughs in the field of science and technology, which significantly affected not only the growth of labour productivity and economic growth, but also brought changes in industrial structures and changes in share of individual industries in GDP. Even more strikingly, these changes have been reflected in the stock market, with leading companies from the field of information technology, which affect the flow and processing of information in revolutionary way. The onset of so-called internet economy at the beginning of the 1990s significantly changes also the structure of stock indices. Business services lure investors particularly into the area of financial services, which also show high degree of appreciation of the investment. New phenomenon nowadays is and expected changes in industrial structures not only in GDP, but also in the structure of stock markets will be brought by new phase of industrial revolution Industry 4.0. The aim of this paper is to quantify and analyse the current state and position of individual industries in the structure of GDP and stock indices and to outline new tendencies and to predict changes in these indicators with regards to the realization of 4th phase of industrial revolution.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accountants are either directly or indirectly partly responsible for corporate frauds, so it is important to know the underlying reasons why such unethical behavior occurred. This study aims to analyze the moderation impact of religiosity and gender on the relation between love of money with student’s ethical perception. There were 144 questionnaires from accounting students. As hypothesized, the results of the study revealed love of money have a negative impact to student’s ethical perception. The interaction between intrinsic religiosity and love of money are able to weaken the negative effect of love of money to student’s ethical perception, however the extrinsic religiosity is vice versa. Gender has no significant effect on love of money relationship with ethical perception.
{"title":"Love of money, gender, religiosity: The impact on ethical perceptions of future professional accountants","authors":"I. Nazaruddin, S. Rezki, Yasya Rahmanda","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.31","url":null,"abstract":"Accountants are either directly or indirectly partly responsible for corporate frauds, so it is important to know the underlying reasons why such unethical behavior occurred. This study aims to analyze the moderation impact of religiosity and gender on the relation between love of money with student’s ethical perception. There were 144 questionnaires from accounting students. As hypothesized, the results of the study revealed love of money have a negative impact to student’s ethical perception. The interaction between intrinsic religiosity and love of money are able to weaken the negative effect of love of money to student’s ethical perception, however the extrinsic religiosity is vice versa. Gender has no significant effect on love of money relationship with ethical perception.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The South African economy is characterised by low levels of household savings which play a very crucial role in stimulating sustained economic growth. At the same time consumers borrow in order to consume. The paper intends to investigate the impact of household savings and financing on economic growth in South Africa. The study is envisaged to assist monetary authorities and policy makers to mitigate this problem. An annual time series data covering the period from 1980 to 2014 is analysed by means of the Vector Error Correction Model approach. The Johansen Cointegration test results confirmed the existence of a long run relationship amongst variables under investigations. Moreover, the results suggest that financing, namely; credit extensions and leasing finance have positive relationships with the country’s economic growth while household savings indicate a negative relationship with growth. That being the case, the recommendation is that since it has been established by other studies that a rapid increase in credit is not commonly perceived to be one of the leading indicators of financial instability, policymakers are advised to consider imposing stringent credit control measures so that the demand for financing can be kept under control.
{"title":"Household savings, financing and economic growth in South Africa","authors":"I. Mongale, Tumelo Mashamaite, N. Khoza","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.09","url":null,"abstract":"The South African economy is characterised by low levels of household savings which play a very crucial role in stimulating sustained economic growth. At the same time consumers borrow in order to consume. The paper intends to investigate the impact of household savings and financing on economic growth in South Africa. The study is envisaged to assist monetary authorities and policy makers to mitigate this problem. An annual time series data covering the period from 1980 to 2014 is analysed by means of the Vector Error Correction Model approach. The Johansen Cointegration test results confirmed the existence of a long run relationship amongst variables under investigations. Moreover, the results suggest that financing, namely; credit extensions and leasing finance have positive relationships with the country’s economic growth while household savings indicate a negative relationship with growth. That being the case, the recommendation is that since it has been established by other studies that a rapid increase in credit is not commonly perceived to be one of the leading indicators of financial instability, policymakers are advised to consider imposing stringent credit control measures so that the demand for financing can be kept under control.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67082805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relationship between government actions and private reactions is an important subject of continuing discussion in fiscal policy. This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact of government consumption on private expenditures in the case of Indonesia over the period of 1990–2012. We use Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model to analyze the quarterly data of household consumption, investment, government spending, and import in compliance with the national income product based on expenditure approach. The results confirm that the government expenditure crowds-out household consumption. In contrast, it crowds-in firm investment and import. The elasticity of government expenditure with respect to income is the lowest while that of investment is the highest. Those findings suggest that the public sector is decreasing in relative importance gradually taken over by private sector to promote economic growth. As the economy grows, the economic policies of governments should have a tendency to more heavily focus on economic stabilization especially in relation to external imbalance induced by tendency of increase in import.
{"title":"The impact of government consumption on the private expenditures in developing country: the case of Indonesia","authors":"H. Kuncoro","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.1","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between government actions and private reactions is an important subject of continuing discussion in fiscal policy. This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact of government consumption on private expenditures in the case of Indonesia over the period of 1990–2012. We use Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model to analyze the quarterly data of household consumption, investment, government spending, and import in compliance with the national income product based on expenditure approach. The results confirm that the government expenditure crowds-out household consumption. In contrast, it crowds-in firm investment and import. The elasticity of government expenditure with respect to income is the lowest while that of investment is the highest. Those findings suggest that the public sector is decreasing in relative importance gradually taken over by private sector to promote economic growth. As the economy grows, the economic policies of governments should have a tendency to more heavily focus on economic stabilization especially in relation to external imbalance induced by tendency of increase in import.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67082840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study employs the use of Box-Jenkins’ ARIMA (1,1,0) model for the estimation and forecasts based on the annual data of EPF balances, which serve as a proxy to EPF sustainability, together with the yearly data of possible determinants namely investment earnings, nominal income, elderly population, life expectancy and mortality rate in Malaysia for the 1960 – 2010 and 2010 - 2014 periods, respectively. Amid a negative sentiment and conceivably bleak outlook on the long term EPF inadequacy to provide adequate incomes to elderly persons, the prognosis of this study instead reveals otherwise and is found to be in support for the long term prospect and sustainability of the EPF. With necessary improvements are underway to strengthen the performance of the administered EPF system, it is likely to believe that the EPF organization is committed to promoting its product as a more inclusive and equitable scheme in Malaysia.
{"title":"Forecasting on the long-term sustainability of the employees provident fund in Malaysia via the Box-Jenkins’ ARIMA model","authors":"Sallahuddin Hassan, Zalila Othman","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.04","url":null,"abstract":"This study employs the use of Box-Jenkins’ ARIMA (1,1,0) model for the estimation and forecasts based on the annual data of EPF balances, which serve as a proxy to EPF sustainability, together with the yearly data of possible determinants namely investment earnings, nominal income, elderly population, life expectancy and mortality rate in Malaysia for the 1960 – 2010 and 2010 - 2014 periods, respectively. Amid a negative sentiment and conceivably bleak outlook on the long term EPF inadequacy to provide adequate incomes to elderly persons, the prognosis of this study instead reveals otherwise and is found to be in support for the long term prospect and sustainability of the EPF. With necessary improvements are underway to strengthen the performance of the administered EPF system, it is likely to believe that the EPF organization is committed to promoting its product as a more inclusive and equitable scheme in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67082717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Iraqi stock price index performance has been on the decline which indicates a deteriorating performance of the listed companies which is mostly associated with weak corporate governance practices. Despite that fact that Iraq has gone very far in the liberalization of women, Iraqi board of directors is still dominated by men. However, gender diversity is one of the largest concepts of board diversity and a major issue within corporate governance where several studies seek to discover the influence of diversity on firm performance. Considering the inconsistencies in the results of previous studies concerning gender diversity and firm performance relationship, this lack of consensus permit for further research as it is important to investigate the factors in board processes that are crucial to board effectiveness. This article aims at examining the effect of women representation on firm performance of Iraqi listed firms using panel regression analysis. The empirical results of this paper provide evidence of a positive and significant relationship between female directors and firm performance as measured by Return on Assets while no relationship with Tobin’s q. The important policy implication of this finding is that the Iraqi Stock Exchange and Iraqi Security Commission should incorporate gender diversity in corporate governance practices and encourage women directorship in Iraq. Finally, this study provided some suggestions for future researchers.
{"title":"An empirical evidence on the effect of women board representation on firm performance of companies listed in Iraq Stock Exchange","authors":"F. Jedi, Sabri Nayan","doi":"10.15208/beh.2018.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/beh.2018.10","url":null,"abstract":"The Iraqi stock price index performance has been on the decline which indicates a deteriorating performance of the listed companies which is mostly associated with weak corporate governance practices. Despite that fact that Iraq has gone very far in the liberalization of women, Iraqi board of directors is still dominated by men. However, gender diversity is one of the largest concepts of board diversity and a major issue within corporate governance where several studies seek to discover the influence of diversity on firm performance. Considering the inconsistencies in the results of previous studies concerning gender diversity and firm performance relationship, this lack of consensus permit for further research as it is important to investigate the factors in board processes that are crucial to board effectiveness. This article aims at examining the effect of women representation on firm performance of Iraqi listed firms using panel regression analysis. The empirical results of this paper provide evidence of a positive and significant relationship between female directors and firm performance as measured by Return on Assets while no relationship with Tobin’s q. The important policy implication of this finding is that the Iraqi Stock Exchange and Iraqi Security Commission should incorporate gender diversity in corporate governance practices and encourage women directorship in Iraq. Finally, this study provided some suggestions for future researchers.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67082846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper seeks to conceptualize the term of intergenerational fairness with particular attention paid to possible comparative cross-country studies in this field that would aim at searching for the most efficient welfare policies serving for long-term equilibrium between generations in terms of well-being. According to the concept proposed, intergenerational fairness means such relations between different age groups which, in the context of given economic, political and demographic conditions, do not discriminate against any age group in terms of its present and future living situation. This includes present transfers (today) and their impact on prospects (future). Thus, intergenerational fairness cannot be measured only with reference to the contemporary situation, it must also account for the future.
{"title":"Intergenerational fairness from an economic perspective: Overview of some theoretical and methodological issues","authors":"F. Chybalski","doi":"10.15208/beh.2018.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/beh.2018.21","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to conceptualize the term of intergenerational fairness with particular attention paid to possible comparative cross-country studies in this field that would aim at searching for the most efficient welfare policies serving for long-term equilibrium between generations in terms of well-being. According to the concept proposed, intergenerational fairness means such relations between different age groups which, in the context of given economic, political and demographic conditions, do not discriminate against any age group in terms of its present and future living situation. This includes present transfers (today) and their impact on prospects (future). Thus, intergenerational fairness cannot be measured only with reference to the contemporary situation, it must also account for the future.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines bank and industry concentration jointly within the static framework of Cournot competition. The general equilibrium is one in which banks form a multiplant monopoly and firm profit is zero. This is an unstable equilibrium because: (A) Firms have an incentive to (i) collude to “fight banks back” in the context of bilateral monopoly bargaining, and/or (ii) modernize their business towards financial independence; (B) Banks’ best response is (i) innovation too, combined with (ii) disciplinary credit rationing.
{"title":"A discussion of joint bank and industry concentration","authors":"Gerasimos T. Soldatos","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.16","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines bank and industry concentration jointly within the static framework of Cournot competition. The general equilibrium is one in which banks form a multiplant monopoly and firm profit is zero. This is an unstable equilibrium because: (A) Firms have an incentive to (i) collude to “fight banks back” in the context of bilateral monopoly bargaining, and/or (ii) modernize their business towards financial independence; (B) Banks’ best response is (i) innovation too, combined with (ii) disciplinary credit rationing.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates how a region’s labour productivity could be influenced by intangible factors such as social capital, government quality, cultural dimensions andreligion – factors that have not received much attention in the previous literature. As another novelty, regional-level data (78 regions of 22 European countries) were analysed. In order to take into account the relationships between various factors of productivity, the structural equation modelling approach is used enabling to find out both direct and indirect effects. The results showed institutional trust and civic participation to be the most important for productivity. Individualism appeared to have a positive and masculinity and power distance a negative total effect on labourproductivity.
{"title":"Intangible factors and productivity: Evidence from Europe at the regional level","authors":"A. Kaasa","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.23","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates how a region’s labour productivity could be influenced by intangible factors such as social capital, government quality, cultural dimensions andreligion – factors that have not received much attention in the previous literature. As another novelty, regional-level data (78 regions of 22 European countries) were analysed. In order to take into account the relationships between various factors of productivity, the structural equation modelling approach is used enabling to find out both direct and indirect effects. The results showed institutional trust and civic participation to be the most important for productivity. Individualism appeared to have a positive and masculinity and power distance a negative total effect on labourproductivity.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sallahuddin Hassan, Zalila Othman, Zalina Mohd Mohaideen
Over the years, Malaysia has progressively accelerated its economic development, thanks to the adherence to high rates of domestic savings and investment. Of which, the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) is one of the schemes that caters for the private sector workers. Specifically, this paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and EPF investment in Malaysia for the period of 1970 – 2014. The model, which is derived from the Cobb-Douglas production function, is tested by econometric techniques; Johansen cointegration and Granger causality within VECM. While the EPF investment is proven statistically insignificant in the short run, there is evidence of the saving/investment-led-growth hypothesis being the long run phenomenon for Malaysia. In view of the possible over-dependence on investment funds in generalgoing forward, the policy makers are recommended to reinforce the government’s initiative in facilitating more business ventures as means to attract incoming funds, including FDI flows, towards streaming into the country.
{"title":"The relationship between economic growth and employee provident fund: An empirical evidence from Malaysia","authors":"Sallahuddin Hassan, Zalila Othman, Zalina Mohd Mohaideen","doi":"10.15208/BEH.2018.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15208/BEH.2018.18","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, Malaysia has progressively accelerated its economic development, thanks to the adherence to high rates of domestic savings and investment. Of which, the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) is one of the schemes that caters for the private sector workers. Specifically, this paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and EPF investment in Malaysia for the period of 1970 – 2014. The model, which is derived from the Cobb-Douglas production function, is tested by econometric techniques; Johansen cointegration and Granger causality within VECM. While the EPF investment is proven statistically insignificant in the short run, there is evidence of the saving/investment-led-growth hypothesis being the long run phenomenon for Malaysia. In view of the possible over-dependence on investment funds in generalgoing forward, the policy makers are recommended to reinforce the government’s initiative in facilitating more business ventures as means to attract incoming funds, including FDI flows, towards streaming into the country.","PeriodicalId":43750,"journal":{"name":"Business and Economic Horizons","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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