Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15010009
Alexandru Scafa-Udriste, M. Popa, G. Popa
Staphylococcus aureus, a prevalent human pathogen and a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, is increasingly evolving antibiotic-resistant strains, increasing mortality and morbidity rates. Anti-staphylococcal vaccine research for prevention and treatment has become a priority. Antibodies against specific S. aureus components, toxins, and polysaccharides have demonstrated encouraging results in animal studies regarding protection against colonization or infection. However, human immunization trials have yielded less optimistic outcomes, with no anti-staphylococcal having passed clinical trials up to now. Although multiple formulation attempts triggered strong antibody responses, the vaccines could not effectively prevent S. aureus infections. This article delves into the results of immunotherapeutic strategies against S. aureus in both animal and human studies, discussing the feasibility of adequate immunization approaches against S. aureus in humans.
{"title":"Updates on Staphylococcal Vaccines","authors":"Alexandru Scafa-Udriste, M. Popa, G. Popa","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15010009","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus, a prevalent human pathogen and a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, is increasingly evolving antibiotic-resistant strains, increasing mortality and morbidity rates. Anti-staphylococcal vaccine research for prevention and treatment has become a priority. Antibodies against specific S. aureus components, toxins, and polysaccharides have demonstrated encouraging results in animal studies regarding protection against colonization or infection. However, human immunization trials have yielded less optimistic outcomes, with no anti-staphylococcal having passed clinical trials up to now. Although multiple formulation attempts triggered strong antibody responses, the vaccines could not effectively prevent S. aureus infections. This article delves into the results of immunotherapeutic strategies against S. aureus in both animal and human studies, discussing the feasibility of adequate immunization approaches against S. aureus in humans.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"28 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139152128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15010006
Venkateswari Ramachandra, Usharani Brammacharry, Aaina Muralidhar, Anbazhagi Muthukumar, Revathi Mani, M. Muthaiah, Govindarajan Soundappan, Asha Frederick
GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a rapid molecular diagnostic tool capable of simultaneously detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic precision of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay to detect pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis and evaluate the performance for detecting of rifampicin resistance. Of 37,695 samples, 7156 (18.98%) were tuberculosis-positive, and 509 (7.11%) were rifampicin-resistant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, disease prevalence, and accuracy of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis were 99.87% (95%CI: 99.75–99.94), 99.92% (95%CI: 99.88–99.95), 99.71% (95%CI: 99.54–99.82), 99.97% (95%CI: 99.93–99.98), 21.38% (95%CI: 20.92–21.86), and 99.91% (95%CI: 99.87–99.94), respectively. For extrapulmonary tuberculosis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, disease prevalence, and accuracy of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay accounted for 99.45% (95%CI: 98.73–99.82), 99.84% (95%CI: 99.73–99.92), 98.70% (95%CI: 97.73–99.25), 99.93% (95%CI: 99.84–99.97), 10.64% (95%CI: 9.99–11.31), and 99.80% (95%CI: 99.68–99.88), respectively. Despite its high sensitivity for detecting tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, GeneXpert MTB/RIF had contradictory results for 20.5% of cases among patients with smear-negative results and 54.9% of cases among patients with a high risk of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Of 46% fluoroquinolone-resistant cases, 16.56% (26/157) were multidrug-resistant tuberculosis isolates, and 4.02% (20/498) were isoniazid-resistant, a characteristic distribution leading to about 17.2% of fluoroquinolone-resistance events and relevant marker gyr-A mutations in MDR tuberculosis isolates. Further, our study indicated that increased fluoroquinolone resistance among rifampicin-resistant and isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis endangers the success of newly endorsed MDR-TB regimens.
{"title":"Assess the Diagnostic Accuracy of GeneXpert to Detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis among Presumptive Tuberculosis and Presumptive Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients","authors":"Venkateswari Ramachandra, Usharani Brammacharry, Aaina Muralidhar, Anbazhagi Muthukumar, Revathi Mani, M. Muthaiah, Govindarajan Soundappan, Asha Frederick","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15010006","url":null,"abstract":"GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a rapid molecular diagnostic tool capable of simultaneously detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic precision of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay to detect pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis and evaluate the performance for detecting of rifampicin resistance. Of 37,695 samples, 7156 (18.98%) were tuberculosis-positive, and 509 (7.11%) were rifampicin-resistant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, disease prevalence, and accuracy of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis were 99.87% (95%CI: 99.75–99.94), 99.92% (95%CI: 99.88–99.95), 99.71% (95%CI: 99.54–99.82), 99.97% (95%CI: 99.93–99.98), 21.38% (95%CI: 20.92–21.86), and 99.91% (95%CI: 99.87–99.94), respectively. For extrapulmonary tuberculosis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, disease prevalence, and accuracy of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay accounted for 99.45% (95%CI: 98.73–99.82), 99.84% (95%CI: 99.73–99.92), 98.70% (95%CI: 97.73–99.25), 99.93% (95%CI: 99.84–99.97), 10.64% (95%CI: 9.99–11.31), and 99.80% (95%CI: 99.68–99.88), respectively. Despite its high sensitivity for detecting tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, GeneXpert MTB/RIF had contradictory results for 20.5% of cases among patients with smear-negative results and 54.9% of cases among patients with a high risk of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Of 46% fluoroquinolone-resistant cases, 16.56% (26/157) were multidrug-resistant tuberculosis isolates, and 4.02% (20/498) were isoniazid-resistant, a characteristic distribution leading to about 17.2% of fluoroquinolone-resistance events and relevant marker gyr-A mutations in MDR tuberculosis isolates. Further, our study indicated that increased fluoroquinolone resistance among rifampicin-resistant and isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis endangers the success of newly endorsed MDR-TB regimens.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"90 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139164011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15010003
Daniel Uribe-Ramírez, E. Cristiani-Urbina, L. Morales-Barrera
Microbial treatment of free-cyanide-polluted wastewater is a cost-effective, efficient, and eco-friendly method. Free-cyanide-degrading microbial cultures were isolated from different sources using batch-enrichment culture techniques, with acetate as the carbon source. Five microbial cultures were able to tolerate and grow at 1500 mg/L free cyanide, which was used as the only nitrogen source under strongly alkaline conditions (pH = 11). Among them, one bacterial strain (B11) was selected for further study because of its high free-cyanide-biodegradation efficiency. Bacterial strain B11 was molecularly identified as Bacillus licheniformis CDBB B11. Free cyanide inhibited the growth rate of B. licheniformis CDBB B11 at initial cyanide concentrations >75 mg/L. Despite this, the bacterial strain demonstrated 100% cyanide-biodegradation efficiency at initial cyanide concentrations ranging from 25 to 75 mg/L, which decreased to 32% as the initial cyanide concentration increased from 75 to 1500 mg/L. Free-cyanide biodegradation corresponds to bacterial growth and ammonia accumulation in the culture medium. The alkaliphilic B. licheniformis CDBB B11 strain is a robust candidate for the detoxification of free-cyanide-laden wastewater because it tolerates and efficiently degrades free cyanide at concentrations of up to 1500 mg/L.
{"title":"Biodegradation of Free Cyanide by a New Isolated Alkaliphilic Bacillus licheniformis Strain","authors":"Daniel Uribe-Ramírez, E. Cristiani-Urbina, L. Morales-Barrera","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15010003","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial treatment of free-cyanide-polluted wastewater is a cost-effective, efficient, and eco-friendly method. Free-cyanide-degrading microbial cultures were isolated from different sources using batch-enrichment culture techniques, with acetate as the carbon source. Five microbial cultures were able to tolerate and grow at 1500 mg/L free cyanide, which was used as the only nitrogen source under strongly alkaline conditions (pH = 11). Among them, one bacterial strain (B11) was selected for further study because of its high free-cyanide-biodegradation efficiency. Bacterial strain B11 was molecularly identified as Bacillus licheniformis CDBB B11. Free cyanide inhibited the growth rate of B. licheniformis CDBB B11 at initial cyanide concentrations >75 mg/L. Despite this, the bacterial strain demonstrated 100% cyanide-biodegradation efficiency at initial cyanide concentrations ranging from 25 to 75 mg/L, which decreased to 32% as the initial cyanide concentration increased from 75 to 1500 mg/L. Free-cyanide biodegradation corresponds to bacterial growth and ammonia accumulation in the culture medium. The alkaliphilic B. licheniformis CDBB B11 strain is a robust candidate for the detoxification of free-cyanide-laden wastewater because it tolerates and efficiently degrades free cyanide at concentrations of up to 1500 mg/L.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138951505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15010004
M. P. Maela, M. H. Serepa-Dlamini
Peribacillus sp. AS_2, a leaf endophytic bacterium isolated from the medicinal plant Alectra sessiliflora, was previously identified using the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The draft genome of AS_2 had a 5,482,853 bp draft circular chromosome, 43 contigs, N50 of 360,633 bp and an average G + C% content of 40.5%. Whole genome sequencing and phenotypic analysis showed that AS_2 was Gram-positive, endospore-forming, motile, and rod-shaped and it showed a high sequence similarity with P. frigoritolerans DSM 8801T. Genomic digital DNA–DNA hybridisation (dDDH) between strain AS_2 and Peribacillus frigoritolerans DSM 8801T and P. castrilensis N3T was 84.8% and 79.2%, respectively, and the average nucleotide identity (ANI) of strain AS_2 with P. frigoritolerans DSM 8801T and P. castrilensis N3T was 97.0% and 96.7%, respectively. The antiSMASH software predicted a total of eight secondary metabolite gene clusters comprising non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) type koranimine, terpenes, and siderophore clusters. Strain AS_2 also displayed genes involved in endophytic lifestyle and antibiotic resistance gene clusters such as small multidrug resistance antibiotic efflux pumps (qacJs). Using the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), together with the phenotypic data and genomic analysis, we demonstrated that strain AS_2 is a subspecies of P. frigoritolerans DSM 8801T. Genome sequencing of Peribacillus sp. AS_2 from medicinal plants provides valuable genomic information and allows us to further explore its biotechnological applications.
{"title":"Genome Sequence and Characterisation of Peribacillus sp. Strain AS_2, a Bacterial Endophyte Isolated from Alectra sessiliflora","authors":"M. P. Maela, M. H. Serepa-Dlamini","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15010004","url":null,"abstract":"Peribacillus sp. AS_2, a leaf endophytic bacterium isolated from the medicinal plant Alectra sessiliflora, was previously identified using the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The draft genome of AS_2 had a 5,482,853 bp draft circular chromosome, 43 contigs, N50 of 360,633 bp and an average G + C% content of 40.5%. Whole genome sequencing and phenotypic analysis showed that AS_2 was Gram-positive, endospore-forming, motile, and rod-shaped and it showed a high sequence similarity with P. frigoritolerans DSM 8801T. Genomic digital DNA–DNA hybridisation (dDDH) between strain AS_2 and Peribacillus frigoritolerans DSM 8801T and P. castrilensis N3T was 84.8% and 79.2%, respectively, and the average nucleotide identity (ANI) of strain AS_2 with P. frigoritolerans DSM 8801T and P. castrilensis N3T was 97.0% and 96.7%, respectively. The antiSMASH software predicted a total of eight secondary metabolite gene clusters comprising non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) type koranimine, terpenes, and siderophore clusters. Strain AS_2 also displayed genes involved in endophytic lifestyle and antibiotic resistance gene clusters such as small multidrug resistance antibiotic efflux pumps (qacJs). Using the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), together with the phenotypic data and genomic analysis, we demonstrated that strain AS_2 is a subspecies of P. frigoritolerans DSM 8801T. Genome sequencing of Peribacillus sp. AS_2 from medicinal plants provides valuable genomic information and allows us to further explore its biotechnological applications.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138950235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15010005
Valery M Dembitsky
This article explores the diverse array of biologically active compounds derived from microbial symbionts, particularly focusing on the isolation and characterization of diepoxides, highly oxygenated triterpenoids, secosteroids, ergostane-type steroids, and meroterpenoids from various marine and plant-derived fungi. We highlight significant discoveries such as vitamin D variants from fungal species, unique sesterterpenoids from mangrove endophytic fungi, and secosteroids with potential medicinal applications. The study delves into the structural uniqueness and bioactivities of these compounds, including their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic effects. Notable findings include the isolation of compounds with significant activity against cancer cell lines, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and promising antifouling properties. This work underscores the potential of microbial symbionts as a rich source of novel bioactive compounds with diverse therapeutic applications, highlighting the importance of marine and fungal biodiversity in drug discovery and development.
本文探讨了从微生物共生体中提取的各种生物活性化合物，尤其侧重于从各种海洋真菌和植物源真菌中分离和鉴定二环氧化物、高含氧三萜类化合物、甾体类化合物、麦角甾体类化合物和经络萜类化合物。我们重点介绍了一些重大发现，如真菌物种中的维生素 D 变体、红树林内生真菌中独特的酯萜类化合物以及具有潜在药用价值的类固醇。研究深入探讨了这些化合物的结构独特性和生物活性，包括它们的抗炎、抗菌、抗真菌、抗病毒和细胞毒性作用。值得注意的发现包括分离出对癌细胞株有显著活性的化合物、抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的化合物以及具有良好防污特性的化合物。这项工作强调了微生物共生体作为具有多种治疗用途的新型生物活性化合物的丰富来源的潜力，突出了海洋和真菌生物多样性在药物发现和开发中的重要性。
{"title":"Bioactive Diepoxy Metabolites and Highly Oxygenated Triterpenoids from Marine and Plant-Derived Bacteria and Fungi","authors":"Valery M Dembitsky","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15010005","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the diverse array of biologically active compounds derived from microbial symbionts, particularly focusing on the isolation and characterization of diepoxides, highly oxygenated triterpenoids, secosteroids, ergostane-type steroids, and meroterpenoids from various marine and plant-derived fungi. We highlight significant discoveries such as vitamin D variants from fungal species, unique sesterterpenoids from mangrove endophytic fungi, and secosteroids with potential medicinal applications. The study delves into the structural uniqueness and bioactivities of these compounds, including their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic effects. Notable findings include the isolation of compounds with significant activity against cancer cell lines, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and promising antifouling properties. This work underscores the potential of microbial symbionts as a rich source of novel bioactive compounds with diverse therapeutic applications, highlighting the importance of marine and fungal biodiversity in drug discovery and development.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"139 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138953335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres15010002
E. Voronina, Ekaterina Sokolova, Irina Tromenschleger, Olga Mishukova, Inna Hlistun, Matvei Miroshnik, Oleg Savenkov, Maria Buyanova, Ilya Ivanov, Maria R. Galyamova, Natalya Smirnova
Plant-growth-promoting bacteria are an important economic and environmental resource as biofertilizers that can stimulate plant growth and improve agricultural yields. In this study, potential plant growth-promoting bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected in Russia. Strains that manifested active growth on a nitrogen-free medium, the Pikovskaya medium (with insoluble phosphates) and CAS (Chrome Azurol S) agar, were selected for the study. All bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Seventeen bacterial isolates of different species were purified and quantified for their ability to grow on nitrogen-free media; dissolve phosphate; and produce ammonium, indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and antifungicidal agents. Principal component analysis identified three groups of strains: one with the maximum signs of providing “plant nutrition”; one with signs of “antimicrobial activity”; and a group “without outstanding signs”. All 17 strains were involved in experiments involving growing inoculated wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum) in pots under natural environmental conditions, and were assessed by their effect on the wheat growth and yield as well as on the chemical composition of the soil. For the “plant nutrition” group, regression analysis revealed a connection between indicators of plant growth, ear length, and ammonium accumulation in the soil. However, in other groups, there were also strains showing a positive effect on plant growth, which suggests the necessity of involving additional factors to predict the ability of strains to affect plants when screened in the laboratory.
{"title":"Properties of Potential Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Their Effect on Wheat Growth Promotion (Triticum aestivum) and Soil Characteristics","authors":"E. Voronina, Ekaterina Sokolova, Irina Tromenschleger, Olga Mishukova, Inna Hlistun, Matvei Miroshnik, Oleg Savenkov, Maria Buyanova, Ilya Ivanov, Maria R. Galyamova, Natalya Smirnova","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres15010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15010002","url":null,"abstract":"Plant-growth-promoting bacteria are an important economic and environmental resource as biofertilizers that can stimulate plant growth and improve agricultural yields. In this study, potential plant growth-promoting bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected in Russia. Strains that manifested active growth on a nitrogen-free medium, the Pikovskaya medium (with insoluble phosphates) and CAS (Chrome Azurol S) agar, were selected for the study. All bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Seventeen bacterial isolates of different species were purified and quantified for their ability to grow on nitrogen-free media; dissolve phosphate; and produce ammonium, indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and antifungicidal agents. Principal component analysis identified three groups of strains: one with the maximum signs of providing “plant nutrition”; one with signs of “antimicrobial activity”; and a group “without outstanding signs”. All 17 strains were involved in experiments involving growing inoculated wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum) in pots under natural environmental conditions, and were assessed by their effect on the wheat growth and yield as well as on the chemical composition of the soil. For the “plant nutrition” group, regression analysis revealed a connection between indicators of plant growth, ear length, and ammonium accumulation in the soil. However, in other groups, there were also strains showing a positive effect on plant growth, which suggests the necessity of involving additional factors to predict the ability of strains to affect plants when screened in the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138962418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14040145
Papa Fall, Ibrahima Diouf, A. Deme, Sémou Diouf, D. Sène, Benjamin Sultan, Serge Janicot
In sub-Saharan Africa, temperatures are generally conducive to malaria transmission, and rainfall provides mosquitoes with optimal breeding conditions. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of future climate change on malaria transmission in West Africa using community-based vector-borne disease models, TRIeste (VECTRI). This VECTRI model, based on bias-corrected data from the Phase 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), was used to simulate malaria parameters, such as the entomological inoculation rate (EIR). Due to the lack of data on confirmed malaria cases throughout West Africa, we first validated the forced VECTRI model with CMIP6 data in Senegal. This comparative study between observed malaria data from the National Malaria Control Program in Senegal (Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, PNLP, PNLP) and malaria simulation data with the VECTRI (EIR) model has shown the ability of the biological model to simulate malaria transmission in Senegal. We then used the VECTRI model to reproduce the historical characteristics of malaria in West Africa and quantify the projected changes with two Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). The method adopted consists of first studying the climate in West Africa for a historical period (1950–2014), then evaluating the performance of VECTRI to simulate malaria over the same period (1950–2014), and finally studying the impact of projected climate change on malaria in a future period (2015–2100) according to the ssp245 ssp585 scenario. The results showed that low-latitude (southern) regions with abundant rainfall are the areas most affected by malaria transmission. Two transmission peaks are observed in June and October, with a period of high transmission extending from May to November. In contrast to regions with high latitudes in the north, semi-arid zones experience a relatively brief transmission period that occurs between August, September, and October, with the peak observed in September. Regarding projections based on the ssp585 scenario, the results indicate that, in general, malaria prevalence will gradually decrease in West Africa in the distant future. But the period of high transmission will tend to expand in the future. In addition, the shift of malaria prevalence from already affected areas to more suitable areas due to climate change is observed. Similar results were also observed with the ssp245 scenario regarding the projection of malaria prevalence. In contrast, the ssp245 scenario predicts an increase in malaria prevalence in the distant future, while the ssp585 scenario predicts a decrease. These findings are valuable for decision makers in developing public health initiatives in West Africa to mitigate the impact of this disease in the region in the context of climate change.
{"title":"Enhancing Understanding of the Impact of Climate Change on Malaria in West Africa Using the Vector-Borne Disease Community Model of the International Center for Theoretical Physics (VECTRI) and the Bias-Corrected Phase 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Data (CMIP6)","authors":"Papa Fall, Ibrahima Diouf, A. Deme, Sémou Diouf, D. Sène, Benjamin Sultan, Serge Janicot","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres14040145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14040145","url":null,"abstract":"In sub-Saharan Africa, temperatures are generally conducive to malaria transmission, and rainfall provides mosquitoes with optimal breeding conditions. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of future climate change on malaria transmission in West Africa using community-based vector-borne disease models, TRIeste (VECTRI). This VECTRI model, based on bias-corrected data from the Phase 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), was used to simulate malaria parameters, such as the entomological inoculation rate (EIR). Due to the lack of data on confirmed malaria cases throughout West Africa, we first validated the forced VECTRI model with CMIP6 data in Senegal. This comparative study between observed malaria data from the National Malaria Control Program in Senegal (Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, PNLP, PNLP) and malaria simulation data with the VECTRI (EIR) model has shown the ability of the biological model to simulate malaria transmission in Senegal. We then used the VECTRI model to reproduce the historical characteristics of malaria in West Africa and quantify the projected changes with two Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). The method adopted consists of first studying the climate in West Africa for a historical period (1950–2014), then evaluating the performance of VECTRI to simulate malaria over the same period (1950–2014), and finally studying the impact of projected climate change on malaria in a future period (2015–2100) according to the ssp245 ssp585 scenario. The results showed that low-latitude (southern) regions with abundant rainfall are the areas most affected by malaria transmission. Two transmission peaks are observed in June and October, with a period of high transmission extending from May to November. In contrast to regions with high latitudes in the north, semi-arid zones experience a relatively brief transmission period that occurs between August, September, and October, with the peak observed in September. Regarding projections based on the ssp585 scenario, the results indicate that, in general, malaria prevalence will gradually decrease in West Africa in the distant future. But the period of high transmission will tend to expand in the future. In addition, the shift of malaria prevalence from already affected areas to more suitable areas due to climate change is observed. Similar results were also observed with the ssp245 scenario regarding the projection of malaria prevalence. In contrast, the ssp245 scenario predicts an increase in malaria prevalence in the distant future, while the ssp585 scenario predicts a decrease. These findings are valuable for decision makers in developing public health initiatives in West Africa to mitigate the impact of this disease in the region in the context of climate change.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138965794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-16DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14040144
N. Al-Enazi, Khawla E. Alsamhary, F. Ameen, Marcos Augusto Lima Nobre
This study aimed to enhance the anticancer and antibacterial properties of Pistacia atlantica through a new parenteral formulation. The innovative approach involved loading P. atlantica fruit extract onto a novel Pluronic vesicular nano platform (Nio), analyzed using various techniques like GC-Mass, SEM, DLS, and UV-vis. The results revealed a stable, spherical Nio/Extract formulation of 103 ± 4.1 nm, possessing a high zeta potential of −30 ± 2.3 mV, with an impressive encapsulation efficiency of nearly 90 ± 3.5%. This formulation exhibited heightened cytotoxicity against BT-20 and MCF-10 cell lines compared to the extract alone, indicating its potential as a drug carrier with prolonged release characteristics. Additionally, the Nio/Extract demonstrated superior antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans compared to the free extract, showcasing MIC values of 211, 147, and 187 ug/mL, respectively, versus 880, 920, and 960 ug/mL for the pathogens. These findings highlight the potential of niosomal nano-carriers housing P. atlantica extract as a viable therapeutic strategy for combating both malignancies and microbial infections.
{"title":"Novel Vesicular Formulation Based on a Herbal Extract Loaded with Niosomes and Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial and Anticancer Potential","authors":"N. Al-Enazi, Khawla E. Alsamhary, F. Ameen, Marcos Augusto Lima Nobre","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres14040144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14040144","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to enhance the anticancer and antibacterial properties of Pistacia atlantica through a new parenteral formulation. The innovative approach involved loading P. atlantica fruit extract onto a novel Pluronic vesicular nano platform (Nio), analyzed using various techniques like GC-Mass, SEM, DLS, and UV-vis. The results revealed a stable, spherical Nio/Extract formulation of 103 ± 4.1 nm, possessing a high zeta potential of −30 ± 2.3 mV, with an impressive encapsulation efficiency of nearly 90 ± 3.5%. This formulation exhibited heightened cytotoxicity against BT-20 and MCF-10 cell lines compared to the extract alone, indicating its potential as a drug carrier with prolonged release characteristics. Additionally, the Nio/Extract demonstrated superior antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans compared to the free extract, showcasing MIC values of 211, 147, and 187 ug/mL, respectively, versus 880, 920, and 960 ug/mL for the pathogens. These findings highlight the potential of niosomal nano-carriers housing P. atlantica extract as a viable therapeutic strategy for combating both malignancies and microbial infections.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138967114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14040143
Bonface M. Nthuku, Esther W. Kahariri, Johnson K. Kinyua, Evans N. Nyaboga
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), significantly affects the productivity of the banana crop in the field. Currently, there are no effective control measures available, and therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies to control the spread of the disease. Biological control is a promising strategy for the management and control of the disease. The aim of this study was to identify fungal endophytes associated with Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) and Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and their antifungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). We isolated 69 fungal endophytes from different tissues of M. oleifera, A. indica and L. angustifolia and screened for antifungal activity against Foc TR4. Six fungal endophytes exhibited highest antagonistic activity against Foc TR4 based on dual-culture assays. Based on morphology and ITS gene sequence analysis, the selected six endophytes were identified to be related to Alternaria alternata (MB7 and NR3), Neofusicoccum parvum (LB1), Fusarium oxysporum (LR1), Talaromyces amestolkiae (MB14) and Alternaria tenuissima (NB6). The culture filtrates of the six fungal endophytes (LB1, LR1, MB7, MB14, NB6 and NR3) exhibited more than 50% inhibition of mycelial growth of Foc TR4 in vitro and were producers of β-1,3-glucanase. The six fungal endophytes showed biocontrol efficacy against Fusarium wilt in pot experiments. The findings from this study demonstrate that fungal endophytes LB1, LR1, MB7, MB14, NB6 and NR3 should be explored as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers in banana production.
{"title":"Fungal Endophytes of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and Their Biological Control of Fusarium Wilt of Banana","authors":"Bonface M. Nthuku, Esther W. Kahariri, Johnson K. Kinyua, Evans N. Nyaboga","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres14040143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14040143","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), significantly affects the productivity of the banana crop in the field. Currently, there are no effective control measures available, and therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies to control the spread of the disease. Biological control is a promising strategy for the management and control of the disease. The aim of this study was to identify fungal endophytes associated with Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) and Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and their antifungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). We isolated 69 fungal endophytes from different tissues of M. oleifera, A. indica and L. angustifolia and screened for antifungal activity against Foc TR4. Six fungal endophytes exhibited highest antagonistic activity against Foc TR4 based on dual-culture assays. Based on morphology and ITS gene sequence analysis, the selected six endophytes were identified to be related to Alternaria alternata (MB7 and NR3), Neofusicoccum parvum (LB1), Fusarium oxysporum (LR1), Talaromyces amestolkiae (MB14) and Alternaria tenuissima (NB6). The culture filtrates of the six fungal endophytes (LB1, LR1, MB7, MB14, NB6 and NR3) exhibited more than 50% inhibition of mycelial growth of Foc TR4 in vitro and were producers of β-1,3-glucanase. The six fungal endophytes showed biocontrol efficacy against Fusarium wilt in pot experiments. The findings from this study demonstrate that fungal endophytes LB1, LR1, MB7, MB14, NB6 and NR3 should be explored as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers in banana production.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138996425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-09DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14040141
Nadia El Allaoui, Hiba Yahyaoui, A. Douira, A. Benbouazza, Moha Ferrahi, E. Achbani, K. Habbadi
Environmental concerns are gradually reducing the global yield capacity of agricultural systems, with climate change representing the most significant challenge. Globally, Potatoes are the most essential non-cereal crop. Therefore, understanding the potential impacts of climate change on potato production is crucial for maintaining future global food security. This study aims to explore the roles played by PGPMs in two distinct regions, which are characterized by different climatic conditions, to assess their influence on two potato varieties, namely Siena and Bellini. Inoculation with these strains, particularly the Aureobasidium pullulans strains Ach1-1 and Ach1-2, resulted in significant improvements in growth and yield. In 2018, impressive yields of 194.1 kg/0.05 ha and 186.6 kg/0.05 ha were recorded for the two strains, with the Ain Taoujdate site achieving yields of 157.1 kg/0.05 ha and 151.1 kg/0.05 ha for each of the two strains. Additionally, further observations revealed that the Siena variety is more susceptible to rot than the Bellini variety. However, Ach1-1 and Ach1-2 strains had a significant effect on this rot, showcasing their potential to mitigate this negative issue in the Bellini variety. These promising results underscore the potential of PGPMs to enhance potato production in the Fez–Meknes region of Morocco, contributing to global food security amid climate change.
{"title":"Assessment of the Impacts of Plant Growth-Promoting Micro-Organisms on Potato Farming in Different Climatic Conditions in Morocco","authors":"Nadia El Allaoui, Hiba Yahyaoui, A. Douira, A. Benbouazza, Moha Ferrahi, E. Achbani, K. Habbadi","doi":"10.3390/microbiolres14040141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14040141","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental concerns are gradually reducing the global yield capacity of agricultural systems, with climate change representing the most significant challenge. Globally, Potatoes are the most essential non-cereal crop. Therefore, understanding the potential impacts of climate change on potato production is crucial for maintaining future global food security. This study aims to explore the roles played by PGPMs in two distinct regions, which are characterized by different climatic conditions, to assess their influence on two potato varieties, namely Siena and Bellini. Inoculation with these strains, particularly the Aureobasidium pullulans strains Ach1-1 and Ach1-2, resulted in significant improvements in growth and yield. In 2018, impressive yields of 194.1 kg/0.05 ha and 186.6 kg/0.05 ha were recorded for the two strains, with the Ain Taoujdate site achieving yields of 157.1 kg/0.05 ha and 151.1 kg/0.05 ha for each of the two strains. Additionally, further observations revealed that the Siena variety is more susceptible to rot than the Bellini variety. However, Ach1-1 and Ach1-2 strains had a significant effect on this rot, showcasing their potential to mitigate this negative issue in the Bellini variety. These promising results underscore the potential of PGPMs to enhance potato production in the Fez–Meknes region of Morocco, contributing to global food security amid climate change.","PeriodicalId":43788,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research","volume":"333 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138983271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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