{"title":"Discourse-information-based automatic evaluation of public legal education texts","authors":"Juan Liu","doi":"10.1558/ijsll.39348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.39348","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43914450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"P. French","doi":"10.1558/ijsll.40902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.40902","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44057488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing number of unrepresented litigants in various jurisdictions raises the question of what challenges these lay people face in their access to justice. This article seeks to examine this by conducting a small ethnographic study and survey in Hong Kong. Based on 6 hours of courtroom observation in two cases and 8 hours of pre-trial, during trial and post-trial interview data obtained from 7 sessions, we show that unrepresented litigants may find navigating difficult legal phrases, legal homonymy, legal genre and linguistic repertoire in court particularly challenging. They also risk overestimating the merit of their case when they deploy lay strategies (i.e. a translation approach or a literal reading approach) to legal interpretation and case preparation. The survey results lend support to our ethnographic study by revealing why unrepresented litigants seem to be ill-prepared for their cases in the eyes of legal professionals. We conclude that unrepresented litigants face both linguistic and legal challenges during their participation in legal processes, and often these challenges are intertwined. We therefore suggest that both linguistic accommodation and legal assistance are essential to help unrepresented litigants participate effectively in legal processes. This is especially important in the adversarial courtrooms of common law jurisdictions, to ensure access to justice for the general public.
{"title":"Litigating without speaking legalese: the case of unrepresented litigants in Hong Kong","authors":"Matthew W. L. Yeung, J. Leung","doi":"10.1558/ijsll.34404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.34404","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing number of unrepresented litigants in various jurisdictions raises the question of what challenges these lay people face in their access to justice. This article seeks to examine this by conducting a small ethnographic study and survey in Hong Kong. Based on 6 hours of courtroom observation in two cases and 8 hours of pre-trial, during trial and post-trial interview data obtained from 7 sessions, we show that unrepresented litigants may find navigating difficult legal phrases, legal homonymy, legal genre and linguistic repertoire in court particularly challenging. They also risk overestimating the merit of their case when they deploy lay strategies (i.e. a translation approach or a literal reading approach) to legal interpretation and case preparation. The survey results lend support to our ethnographic study by revealing why unrepresented litigants seem to be ill-prepared for their cases in the eyes of legal professionals. We conclude that unrepresented litigants face both linguistic and legal challenges during their participation in legal processes, and often these challenges are intertwined. We therefore suggest that both linguistic accommodation and legal assistance are essential to help unrepresented litigants participate effectively in legal processes. This is especially important in the adversarial courtrooms of common law jurisdictions, to ensure access to justice for the general public.","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":"26 1","pages":"231-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41850917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China has embarked upon a long-term endeavor to build a system of rule of law in the country. Under this legal reform, concrete initiatives have been unveiled, among which cultivating a belief of rule of law in the minds of both officials and citizens has been a vital issue. Since the digital era makes cyber space a major domain for publicity, online resources are exploited to promote the legal ideology of rule of law. Various forms of publicity such as cartoons, animations, micro-films and advertisements issued on websites and social media are recruited to meet this end, among which Anti-corruption Public Service Advertisements (APSAs) have become a conversational tool used by governments and anti-corruption institutions. In the present study, APSAs are in the form of video which lasts one to two minutes. Each video relates a story concerning corruption or a series of events regarding corruption and thus appeals for actions in accordance with incorruption. The characters involved in the story vary from animated figures to real actors. With public education as its purpose, APSA is sponsored by the governments. The present research seeks to investigate the process of how the legal ideology of rule of law is represented and transmitted in APSAs through language and other meaning-making systems using a social semiotic approach (Halliday, 1978). To accomplish the research objective, an analytical framework was constructed to describe, analyze and explain the multimodal construction of rule of law, on the basis of systemic functional multimodal discourse analysis (SF-MDA) (O’Halloran, 2008). In the framework we have constructed, the ideology of rule of law is considered as the system of coding orientations that shapes the form of discourse at all levels. Therefore, genre analysis (Martin & Rose, 2008) on the context level, and multimodal interpersonal analysis (Painter, Martin & Unsworth, 2013), particularly multimodal appraisal analysis (Economou, 2009; Unsworth, 2015) on the semantic level have been conducted. Methodologically, a qualitative analysis is adopted. The data used in the present research are APSAs issued on the official website of Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of Chinese Communist Party, local Prosecutors offices, and the National Public Legal Education Office because they effectively transmit the value of rule of law and are aesthetically pleasing in terms of composition. 50 of them were chosen from the year 2012 to 2017. In the present study, legal ideology is conceived as part of the cultural system (Merry, 1985), which shapes social members’ understanding of the interaction between the legal system and social practice (Ji, 2015). A country under rule of law requires good laws and good governance. Moreover, the ideology of rule of law emphasizes not only the establishment of a sound legal system but also the supremacy and independence of the law (Zheng, 1999). In APSA, the ideology of rule of law is embodied in
{"title":"Multimodal construction of ‘rule of law’ in Chinese anti-corruption public service advertisements: a social semiotic approach","authors":"Yujie Liu","doi":"10.1558/ijsll.38611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.38611","url":null,"abstract":"China has embarked upon a long-term endeavor to build a system of rule of law in the country. Under this legal reform, concrete initiatives have been unveiled, among which cultivating a belief of rule of law in the minds of both officials and citizens has been a vital issue. Since the digital era makes cyber space a major domain for publicity, online resources are exploited to promote the legal ideology of rule of law. Various forms of publicity such as cartoons, animations, micro-films and advertisements issued on websites and social media are recruited to meet this end, among which Anti-corruption Public Service Advertisements (APSAs) have become a conversational tool used by governments and anti-corruption institutions. In the present study, APSAs are in the form of video which lasts one to two minutes. Each video relates a story concerning corruption or a series of events regarding corruption and thus appeals for actions in accordance with incorruption. The characters involved in the story vary from animated figures to real actors. With public education as its purpose, APSA is sponsored by the governments. \u0000 \u0000The present research seeks to investigate the process of how the legal ideology of rule of law is represented and transmitted in APSAs through language and other meaning-making systems using a social semiotic approach (Halliday, 1978). To accomplish the research objective, an analytical framework was constructed to describe, analyze and explain the multimodal construction of rule of law, on the basis of systemic functional multimodal discourse analysis (SF-MDA) (O’Halloran, 2008). In the framework we have constructed, the ideology of rule of law is considered as the system of coding orientations that shapes the form of discourse at all levels. Therefore, genre analysis (Martin & Rose, 2008) on the context level, and multimodal interpersonal analysis (Painter, Martin & Unsworth, 2013), particularly multimodal appraisal analysis (Economou, 2009; Unsworth, 2015) on the semantic level have been conducted. \u0000 \u0000Methodologically, a qualitative analysis is adopted. The data used in the present research are APSAs issued on the official website of Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of Chinese Communist Party, local Prosecutors offices, and the National Public Legal Education Office because they effectively transmit the value of rule of law and are aesthetically pleasing in terms of composition. 50 of them were chosen from the year 2012 to 2017. \u0000 \u0000In the present study, legal ideology is conceived as part of the cultural system (Merry, 1985), which shapes social members’ understanding of the interaction between the legal system and social practice (Ji, 2015). A country under rule of law requires good laws and good governance. Moreover, the ideology of rule of law emphasizes not only the establishment of a sound legal system but also the supremacy and independence of the law (Zheng, 1999). In APSA, the ideology of rule of law is embodied in","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49437569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Only in very recent times has the concept of ‘ownership’ of a human voice begun to demand proper consideration in terms of its legal implications. The current lack of clarity with respect to the rights afforded to individuals and organisations in this area is something that must be addressed as a matter of some urgency, given that voice samples are now collected on an unprecedented scale, with or without the knowledge or consent of the person(s) who produced the captured speech. In this article we explore the issue of voice ownership from a variety of perspectives, starting with an attempt to define what the voice actually is, and then considering how representations of a talker’s voice at greater or lesser levels of concreteness (or ‘tangibility’) can be misappropriated and misused in unethical or unlawful ways.
{"title":"Who owns your voice? Linguistic and legal perspectives on the relationship between vocal distinctiveness and the rights of the individual speaker","authors":"Dominic Watt, Peter S. Harrison, Lily Cabot-King","doi":"10.1558/ijsll.40571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.40571","url":null,"abstract":"Only in very recent times has the concept of ‘ownership’ of a human voice begun to demand proper consideration in terms of its legal implications. The current lack of clarity with respect to the rights afforded to individuals and organisations in this area is something that must be addressed as a matter of some urgency, given that voice samples are now collected on an unprecedented scale, with or without the knowledge or consent of the person(s) who produced the captured speech. In this article we explore the issue of voice ownership from a variety of perspectives, starting with an attempt to define what the voice actually is, and then considering how representations of a talker’s voice at greater or lesser levels of concreteness (or ‘tangibility’) can be misappropriated and misused in unethical or unlawful ways.","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":"26 1","pages":"137-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47258437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is a response to Yaron Matras’s article ‘Duly verified? Language analysis in UK asylum applications of Syrian refugees’. Matras evaluates 50 reports by the Stockholm-based agency Verified AB. He introduces his own approach, which he calls ‘inductive-dialectological’, and claims that it addresses many of the problems in Verified’s approach. We respond on a number of fronts. We interpret the role and duty of the expert performing language analysis in the asylum procedure as essentially the same as that of a forensic expert in criminal law. We argue that Matras’s approach fails to adhere to principles of sound forensic evidence, thereby risking biased conclusions. Furthermore, we contend that Matras’s view on the question to be addressed is not in line with the trier of fact’s requirements. We also consider the need for a fixed conclusion scale, the institutional demands driving casework and the large number of disparate conclusions among experts. We conclude with some advice to asylum courts and LAAP practitioners.
{"title":"Improving objectivity, balance and forensic fitness in LAAP: a response to Matras","authors":"J. Hoskin, T. Cambier-Langeveld, P. Foulkes","doi":"10.1558/ijsll.39208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.39208","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a response to Yaron Matras’s article ‘Duly verified? Language analysis in UK asylum applications of Syrian refugees’. Matras evaluates 50 reports by the Stockholm-based agency Verified AB. He introduces his own approach, which he calls ‘inductive-dialectological’, and claims that it addresses many of the problems in Verified’s approach. We respond on a number of fronts. We interpret the role and duty of the expert performing language analysis in the asylum procedure as essentially the same as that of a forensic expert in criminal law. We argue that Matras’s approach fails to adhere to principles of sound forensic evidence, thereby risking biased conclusions. Furthermore, we contend that Matras’s view on the question to be addressed is not in line with the trier of fact’s requirements. We also consider the need for a fixed conclusion scale, the institutional demands driving casework and the large number of disparate conclusions among experts. We conclude with some advice to asylum courts and LAAP practitioners.","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":"26 1","pages":"257-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46539714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Automatic speaker recognition applications have often been described as a ‘black box’. This study explores the benefit of tuning procedures (condition adaptation and reference normalisation) implemented in an i-vector PLDA framework ASR system, VOCALISE. These procedures enable users to open the black box to a certain degree. Subsets of two 100-speaker databases, one of Czech and the other of Persian male speakers, are used for the baseline condition and for the tuning procedures. The effect of tuning with cross-language material, as well as the effect of simulated voice disguise, achieved by raising the fundamental frequency by four semitones and resonance characteristics by 8%, are also examined. The results show superior recognition performance (EER) for Persian than Czech in the baseline condition, but an opposite result in the simulated disguise condition; possible reasons for this are discussed. Overall, the study suggests that both condition adaptation and reference normalisation are beneficial to recognition performance.
{"title":"Tuning the performance of automatic speaker recognition in different conditions: effects of language and simulated voice disguise","authors":"Radek Skarnitzl, Maral Asiaee, Mandana Nourbakhsh","doi":"10.1558/ijsll.39778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.39778","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic speaker recognition applications have often been described as a ‘black box’. This study explores the benefit of tuning procedures (condition adaptation and reference normalisation) implemented in an i-vector PLDA framework ASR system, VOCALISE. These procedures enable users to open the black box to a certain degree. Subsets of two 100-speaker databases, one of Czech and the other of Persian male speakers, are used for the baseline condition and for the tuning procedures. The effect of tuning with cross-language material, as well as the effect of simulated voice disguise, achieved by raising the fundamental frequency by four semitones and resonance characteristics by 8%, are also examined. The results show superior recognition performance (EER) for Persian than Czech in the baseline condition, but an opposite result in the simulated disguise condition; possible reasons for this are discussed. Overall, the study suggests that both condition adaptation and reference normalisation are beneficial to recognition performance.","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":"26 1","pages":"209–229-209–229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48931800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book announcements","authors":"RichardJ. Powell","doi":"10.1558/ijsll.40399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.40399","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47144799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shallow Equality and Symbolic Jurisprudence in Multilingual Legal Orders by Janny H. C. Leung (2019), Oxford University Press (Oxford Studies in Language and Law) 305 pp
{"title":"Shallow Equality and Symbolic Jurisprudence in Multilingual Legal Orders by Janny H. C. Leung (2019)","authors":"Javier Moreno-Rivero","doi":"10.1558/ijsll.40385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.40385","url":null,"abstract":"Shallow Equality and Symbolic Jurisprudence in Multilingual Legal Orders by Janny H. C. Leung (2019), Oxford University Press (Oxford Studies in Language and Law) 305 pp","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":"26 1","pages":"291–295-291–295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47264008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corpus-based Research on Variation in English Legal Discourse Teresa Fanego and Paula Rodriguez-Puente, eds (2019) John Benjamins viii + 294 pp
基于语料库的英语法律话语变异研究Teresa Fanego和Paula Rodriguez-Puente主编(2019)John Benjamins viii + 294 pp
{"title":"Corpus-based Research on Variation in English Legal Discourse, Teresa Fanego and Paula Rodríguez-Puente, eds (2019)","authors":"Zhiying Xin, Jiawei Wang","doi":"10.1558/IJSLL.39355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/IJSLL.39355","url":null,"abstract":"Corpus-based Research on Variation in English Legal Discourse Teresa Fanego and Paula Rodriguez-Puente, eds (2019) John Benjamins viii + 294 pp","PeriodicalId":43843,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Speech Language and the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47107310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：