Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10131
Rita Waked Jaber
Les textes législatifs qui ont dessiné le cadre du contrat BOT au Liban n’ont pas abordé la question de la qualification dudit contrat. Il convient donc de se tourner vers la qualification qui y a été donnée par les tribunaux ainsi que les commentaires qui ont été émis par la doctrine à leur propos. Je analyserai dans cet article les décisions qui ont été rendues jusque-là et qui ont opté dans leur ensemble pour la qualification de ces contrats de contrats de concession avant d’aborder la question de la nature juridique de ces contrats telle qu’envisagée par la doctrine. Nous conclurons par une analyse de la portée des arguments critiquant la qualification du contrat BOT de contrat de concession.
{"title":"La Nature Juridique du Contrat BOT au Regard de la Jurisprudence et la Doctrine Libanaises","authors":"Rita Waked Jaber","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10131","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Les textes législatifs qui ont dessiné le cadre du contrat BOT au Liban n’ont pas abordé la question de la qualification dudit contrat. Il convient donc de se tourner vers la qualification qui y a été donnée par les tribunaux ainsi que les commentaires qui ont été émis par la doctrine à leur propos. Je analyserai dans cet article les décisions qui ont été rendues jusque-là et qui ont opté dans leur ensemble pour la qualification de ces contrats de contrats de concession avant d’aborder la question de la nature juridique de ces contrats telle qu’envisagée par la doctrine. Nous conclurons par une analyse de la portée des arguments critiquant la qualification du contrat BOT de contrat de concession.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49302890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-13DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10129
Magdi Shouaib, Eman Ahmed Alabdouli
La politique prédominante dans les Émirats arabes unis envers les personnes handicapées, a été, pendant longtemps, basée sur la charité. Mais l’attention accordée aux handicapés par la communauté internationale, surtout après l’adoption, en 2006, de la convention des Nations Unies relative aux droit des personnes handicapées, a eu un impact sur le législateur émirati. A ce titre, cette étude vise à mettre en évidence l’attitude du législateur émirati, envers ces personnes avant et après la convention susmentionnée, pour déterminer, dans un premier temps, s’il a abandonné ou non la politique basée sur la charité en faveur d’une autre qui se rattache à la philosophie juridique au travers de textes sur lesquels se basent les droits des handicapés. Dans un deuxième temps, cette étude vise à mettre en lumière les conséquences sur l’étendue de ces droits, par rapport à ceux reconnus avant l’adhésion des EAU à la ladite convention.
{"title":"Les Droits des Personnes Handicapées aux Emirats Arabes Unis au Regard de la Législation Nationale et Internationale","authors":"Magdi Shouaib, Eman Ahmed Alabdouli","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10129","url":null,"abstract":"La politique prédominante dans les Émirats arabes unis envers les personnes handicapées, a été, pendant longtemps, basée sur la charité. Mais l’attention accordée aux handicapés par la communauté internationale, surtout après l’adoption, en 2006, de la convention des Nations Unies relative aux droit des personnes handicapées, a eu un impact sur le législateur émirati. A ce titre, cette étude vise à mettre en évidence l’attitude du législateur émirati, envers ces personnes avant et après la convention susmentionnée, pour déterminer, dans un premier temps, s’il a abandonné ou non la politique basée sur la charité en faveur d’une autre qui se rattache à la philosophie juridique au travers de textes sur lesquels se basent les droits des handicapés. Dans un deuxième temps, cette étude vise à mettre en lumière les conséquences sur l’étendue de ces droits, par rapport à ceux reconnus avant l’adhésion des EAU à la ladite convention.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43210707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10124
Omar Mahmoud A’amar, N. Alhendi
Disguised disciplinary sanctions are methods used by public administrators or decision-makers to punish a public servant despite the latter not having violated regulations or laws. Instead, such punishment is motivated by personal resentments. The administration may impose arbitrary decisions on their employees while claiming that said decisions serve the public interest, hiding their true intentions. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method to shed light on the position of the Jordanian and French administrative judicial authorities on disguised disciplinary sanctions. The study considers and compares the relevant laws and jurisprudence of judicial authorities in Jordan and France; it further determines the role of these authorities in revealing disguised sanctions absent a specified list of disciplinary violations in the Civil Service Regulations in both jurisdictions.
{"title":"Disguised Disciplinary Sanctions and Public Service in Jordanian and French Law","authors":"Omar Mahmoud A’amar, N. Alhendi","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10124","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Disguised disciplinary sanctions are methods used by public administrators or decision-makers to punish a public servant despite the latter not having violated regulations or laws. Instead, such punishment is motivated by personal resentments. The administration may impose arbitrary decisions on their employees while claiming that said decisions serve the public interest, hiding their true intentions. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method to shed light on the position of the Jordanian and French administrative judicial authorities on disguised disciplinary sanctions. The study considers and compares the relevant laws and jurisprudence of judicial authorities in Jordan and France; it further determines the role of these authorities in revealing disguised sanctions absent a specified list of disciplinary violations in the Civil Service Regulations in both jurisdictions.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49279567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10125
Maher Haswa, Man Baker
This article studies a collection of legal terms and their interpretation by Jordanian courts in matters related to the Šarīʿa. It outlines the method through which the meaning of terms is determined by returning to Islamic foundations of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh), a source specified by Jordanian law which can be used to define legal terms as well as the context, scope, and application of legal texts. The article examines a set of judicial interpretations (iğtihād) of terms which have carried different points of view in both courts of first instance and appeals. The methodology of the study combines between theoretical discussions derived from Islamic foundations of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh) and the application of interpretive principles through a focus on determining the purpose of the legislator. The article highlights the role of the contemporary Muslim judiciary in developing personal status law through the interpretation of terms that carry multiple meanings and explores the essential principles relied upon in this process, establishing a path for future legal reform.
{"title":"Iğtihād of the Jordanian Šarīʿa Judiciary in the Interpretation of Legal Terms An Applied Study","authors":"Maher Haswa, Man Baker","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10125","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article studies a collection of legal terms and their interpretation by Jordanian courts in matters related to the Šarīʿa. It outlines the method through which the meaning of terms is determined by returning to Islamic foundations of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh), a source specified by Jordanian law which can be used to define legal terms as well as the context, scope, and application of legal texts. The article examines a set of judicial interpretations (iğtihād) of terms which have carried different points of view in both courts of first instance and appeals. The methodology of the study combines between theoretical discussions derived from Islamic foundations of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh) and the application of interpretive principles through a focus on determining the purpose of the legislator. The article highlights the role of the contemporary Muslim judiciary in developing personal status law through the interpretation of terms that carry multiple meanings and explores the essential principles relied upon in this process, establishing a path for future legal reform.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41894980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-02DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10123
Hisham Ababneh
This article analyses some of the recent amendments made to the Jordanian Arbitration Law which came into effect in 2018. It highlights the Law’s degree of success in achieving the aspirations of both academics and practitioners in the field of arbitration. While this article concedes that the 2018 amendments were indeed a step forward to a more modern and up-to-date arbitration legal framework in Jordan, it takes the position that there remains some room for further development to overcome the shortcomings and issues that have not been addressed. This article concludes that the Jordanian legislature should aim at adopting the most recent trends and developments in international arbitration through feedback from all stakeholders in the arbitral process to achieve Jordan’s main goals of attracting foreign investment, stimulating the economy, and enhancing the use of arbitration as a tool for the settlement of disputes.
{"title":"Spotlights on the Amended Jordanian Arbitration Law of 2018: Is There Room for Further Amendments?","authors":"Hisham Ababneh","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10123","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article analyses some of the recent amendments made to the Jordanian Arbitration Law which came into effect in 2018. It highlights the Law’s degree of success in achieving the aspirations of both academics and practitioners in the field of arbitration. While this article concedes that the 2018 amendments were indeed a step forward to a more modern and up-to-date arbitration legal framework in Jordan, it takes the position that there remains some room for further development to overcome the shortcomings and issues that have not been addressed. This article concludes that the Jordanian legislature should aim at adopting the most recent trends and developments in international arbitration through feedback from all stakeholders in the arbitral process to achieve Jordan’s main goals of attracting foreign investment, stimulating the economy, and enhancing the use of arbitration as a tool for the settlement of disputes.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41723148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10112
Samer Anabtawi
This article examines the relationship between emergent LGBTQ movements and the state in the Arab world over the past two decades. Focusing on the efforts of various LGBTQ social movements to confront the criminalization of homosexuality in the Arab region, the article puzzles over a cascade of legal victories for LGBTQ rights advocates in Lebanon in recent years in spite of a hostile justice sector mired with corruption. It interrogates a set of prevalent assumptions about the effect of regime type (democracy v. authoritarianism) on gay rights activism and litigation. This article explains how some LGBTQ Arab movements have successfully relied on strategic litigation to confront criminalization laws while others have had less success in pursuing overtly confrontational approaches. The paired comparison between Tunisia and Lebanon shifts our focus back to the agency of judges and social movement leaders in shaping legal outcomes for LGBTQ citizens.
{"title":"Snatching Legal Victory: LGBTQ Rights Activism and Contestation in the Arab World","authors":"Samer Anabtawi","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10112","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article examines the relationship between emergent LGBTQ movements and the state in the Arab world over the past two decades. Focusing on the efforts of various LGBTQ social movements to confront the criminalization of homosexuality in the Arab region, the article puzzles over a cascade of legal victories for LGBTQ rights advocates in Lebanon in recent years in spite of a hostile justice sector mired with corruption. It interrogates a set of prevalent assumptions about the effect of regime type (democracy v. authoritarianism) on gay rights activism and litigation. This article explains how some LGBTQ Arab movements have successfully relied on strategic litigation to confront criminalization laws while others have had less success in pursuing overtly confrontational approaches. The paired comparison between Tunisia and Lebanon shifts our focus back to the agency of judges and social movement leaders in shaping legal outcomes for LGBTQ citizens.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42472790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10121
M. Farooq
With the emergence and growth of the Islamic finance industry, Muslims now have at their disposal comprehensive Sharīʿah-compliant financial services. However, the notion of Sharīʿah compliance has rarely been deconstructed; essentially, it constitutes a prohibition-driven enterprise. While avoidance of the forbidden (ḥarām) is fundamentally important, Islam encompasses a great deal more than the impermissible. Approaching relevant issues from the perspective of Sharīʿah compliance, where legal aspects are overemphasized, leads to legalism where the principles, norms and values based on the Qurʾān and Sunnah are largely ignored or compromised. Limiting itself to merely avoiding the ḥarām has significantly handicapped the industry from identifying and endeavouring to address synergistically the broader socio-economic challenges. In this article, a modified conceptualization based on a more nuanced framework of ‘Islam-compliance’ is proposed and explored, especially from the perspective of value-orientation in Islam. The notion and framework of Islam compliance has broader implications beyond Islamic finance.
{"title":"Islam Compliance, beyond Sharīʿah Compliance: Toward a Broader Socio-Economic Transformation","authors":"M. Farooq","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10121","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000With the emergence and growth of the Islamic finance industry, Muslims now have at their disposal comprehensive Sharīʿah-compliant financial services. However, the notion of Sharīʿah compliance has rarely been deconstructed; essentially, it constitutes a prohibition-driven enterprise. While avoidance of the forbidden (ḥarām) is fundamentally important, Islam encompasses a great deal more than the impermissible. Approaching relevant issues from the perspective of Sharīʿah compliance, where legal aspects are overemphasized, leads to legalism where the principles, norms and values based on the Qurʾān and Sunnah are largely ignored or compromised. Limiting itself to merely avoiding the ḥarām has significantly handicapped the industry from identifying and endeavouring to address synergistically the broader socio-economic challenges. In this article, a modified conceptualization based on a more nuanced framework of ‘Islam-compliance’ is proposed and explored, especially from the perspective of value-orientation in Islam. The notion and framework of Islam compliance has broader implications beyond Islamic finance.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47717978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10107
Ahmed A. Altawyan
This study aims to discuss a legal principle that has not been settled in Saudi tax tribunals, namely, the Saudi authority subjecting the adjusted annual net profit to zakāt when the zakāt base of the taxpayer is less than the adjusted annual net profit. Taxpayers prefer to deduct the assets from the zakāt base limiting the amount based on the relevant property rights. Hence, the adjusted net profit is not taken as a minimum for the zakāt base, rooted in certain Sharīʿah fatwās, which state that zakāt is not obligatory for money spent for purchasing assets when a year has not yet passed on these new assets. This study discusses the religious viewpoint by considering zakāt as one of the pillars of Islam, and, from a legal and accounting viewpoint, to propose enhancements for the Saudi legal environment to be more attractive to taxpayers.
{"title":"Subjecting Net Profit to Zakāt in Saudi Law","authors":"Ahmed A. Altawyan","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10107","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study aims to discuss a legal principle that has not been settled in Saudi tax tribunals, namely, the Saudi authority subjecting the adjusted annual net profit to zakāt when the zakāt base of the taxpayer is less than the adjusted annual net profit. Taxpayers prefer to deduct the assets from the zakāt base limiting the amount based on the relevant property rights. Hence, the adjusted net profit is not taken as a minimum for the zakāt base, rooted in certain Sharīʿah fatwās, which state that zakāt is not obligatory for money spent for purchasing assets when a year has not yet passed on these new assets. This study discusses the religious viewpoint by considering zakāt as one of the pillars of Islam, and, from a legal and accounting viewpoint, to propose enhancements for the Saudi legal environment to be more attractive to taxpayers.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64473150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10122
Kilian Bälz
In February 2022, the Iraqi Federal Supreme Court (FSC) issued a decision concerning the (controversial) question of whether the Iraqi Kurdistan Region may independently export oil and enter into agreements with international oil companies for the exploration and production of oil in this region. The issue has been in dispute many years between the Iraqi Federal Government and Kurdistan Region, which has the status of a ‘federal region’ under the 2005 Iraqi Constitution. The FSC confirmed the position of the Federal Government that the production of oil in entire Iraq is under the control of the Federal Government and dismissed the Kurdistan Regional Government’s line of argument that all fields developed in the Kurdistan Region after 2005 are subject to Kurdish control. The FSC declared the Kurdistan Oil and Gas Law (2007) unconstitutional, putting the validity of oil contracts between the Kurdistan Regional Government and international oil companies into question.
{"title":"The Iraqi Federal Supreme Court on Ownership and Control of Oil in the Kurdistan Region: Decision in Cases No. 69/2012 and 110/2019 of 15 February 2022","authors":"Kilian Bälz","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10122","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In February 2022, the Iraqi Federal Supreme Court (FSC) issued a decision concerning the (controversial) question of whether the Iraqi Kurdistan Region may independently export oil and enter into agreements with international oil companies for the exploration and production of oil in this region. The issue has been in dispute many years between the Iraqi Federal Government and Kurdistan Region, which has the status of a ‘federal region’ under the 2005 Iraqi Constitution. The FSC confirmed the position of the Federal Government that the production of oil in entire Iraq is under the control of the Federal Government and dismissed the Kurdistan Regional Government’s line of argument that all fields developed in the Kurdistan Region after 2005 are subject to Kurdish control. The FSC declared the Kurdistan Oil and Gas Law (2007) unconstitutional, putting the validity of oil contracts between the Kurdistan Regional Government and international oil companies into question.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48771486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-22DOI: 10.1163/15730255-bja10120
Ghuna Bdiwi
This article analyses several authoritarian practices in Syria since 1971 and demonstrates that, since the 2011 uprising, its authoritarian regime has successfully remained resilient instead of collapsing. The post-2011 Syrian Government under Al-Assad is no longer the Ba`thist government of old, albeit still autocratic but adept at adapting to hostile changing political environments. Al-Assad’s regime no longer relies on Ba’ath Party loyalty and appearances of legitimacy but both during and post-war has depended more on social re-engineering to sustain its political, economic power. The Syria example demonstrates that, when threatened, authoritarian regimes may thicken the layers of their autocratic rule to sustain their grip on power, even changing the composition of its citizenry to create a new population to rule. We demonstrate how the Syrian Government has used urban planning, housing, and property laws to re-engineer its demographics so that friendly foreign nationals will receive permanent citizenship and displace indigenous citizens.
{"title":"Thickening Autocracy in a Non-Democratic State: Changing Demographics in Syria to Maintain Authority","authors":"Ghuna Bdiwi","doi":"10.1163/15730255-bja10120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10120","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article analyses several authoritarian practices in Syria since 1971 and demonstrates that, since the 2011 uprising, its authoritarian regime has successfully remained resilient instead of collapsing. The post-2011 Syrian Government under Al-Assad is no longer the Ba`thist government of old, albeit still autocratic but adept at adapting to hostile changing political environments. Al-Assad’s regime no longer relies on Ba’ath Party loyalty and appearances of legitimacy but both during and post-war has depended more on social re-engineering to sustain its political, economic power. The Syria example demonstrates that, when threatened, authoritarian regimes may thicken the layers of their autocratic rule to sustain their grip on power, even changing the composition of its citizenry to create a new population to rule. We demonstrate how the Syrian Government has used urban planning, housing, and property laws to re-engineer its demographics so that friendly foreign nationals will receive permanent citizenship and displace indigenous citizens.","PeriodicalId":43925,"journal":{"name":"Arab Law Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42312692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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