Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2023.54.2.157
Zhong Li, Wei Chen, Qisong He
This study aims to examine Japan's policy towards DPRK nuclear issue. It summarizes current Japan's policy pattern towards DPRK nuclear issue. Japan's entrenched marginal position in the Northeast Asian security architecture fundamentally shaped the outward appearance of Japan's policy towards the DPRK nuclear issue. However, there is still some room for Japan to play out. Some factors determine why current Japan's policy towards DPRK nuclear issue is ineffective. These factors include the following: Japan did not handle its relations with its neighbors China, South Korea, and Russia well, but instead further deteriorated the three pairs of bilateral relations; China, Russia, and North Korea constitute a potential alliance, further increasing the pressure on Japan; Japan's domestic public opinion abducted the government's DPRK policy; The last assumption is that current Japan is a country without nuclear weapons. Japan's willingness and ability to deal with the above issues will determine the future trajectory and effectiveness of its policy towards the DPRK nuclear issue.
{"title":"Can It Get Out of Predicament? Japan's Policy towards DPRK Nuclear Issue","authors":"Zhong Li, Wei Chen, Qisong He","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2023.54.2.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2023.54.2.157","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine Japan's policy towards DPRK nuclear issue. It summarizes current Japan's policy pattern towards DPRK nuclear issue. Japan's entrenched marginal position in the Northeast Asian security architecture fundamentally shaped the outward appearance of Japan's policy towards the DPRK nuclear issue. However, there is still some room for Japan to play out. Some factors determine why current Japan's policy towards DPRK nuclear issue is ineffective. These factors include the following: Japan did not handle its relations with its neighbors China, South Korea, and Russia well, but instead further deteriorated the three pairs of bilateral relations; China, Russia, and North Korea constitute a potential alliance, further increasing the pressure on Japan; Japan's domestic public opinion abducted the government's DPRK policy; The last assumption is that current Japan is a country without nuclear weapons. Japan's willingness and ability to deal with the above issues will determine the future trajectory and effectiveness of its policy towards the DPRK nuclear issue.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48367532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2023.54.2.205
Hyobin Lee, K. Chung
Institutional infrastructure provides a context for leadership to implement its policies. Yet prior studies on South Korea's successful COVID-19 response have focused primarily on the administration's leadership, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), and the learning effects from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Using South Korea as a case study, this paper introduces a theoretical framework that captures various institutional determinants to explain its COVID-19 response. Applying Williamson's (2000) theoretical framework on the four layers of social institutions, we show how two institutional infrastructures—Confucian and collective norms and legacies of the business-government networks—may have contributed to South Korea's COVID-19 response through policy compliance, supportive R&D policies and inter-ministry collaboration. One of the key implications of our research lies in the learning effects of MERS, which may have been limited without institutional infrastructure like business-government networks.
{"title":"Explaining South Korea's COVID-19 Response through Various Levels of the Institution","authors":"Hyobin Lee, K. Chung","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2023.54.2.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2023.54.2.205","url":null,"abstract":"Institutional infrastructure provides a context for leadership to implement its policies. \u0000Yet prior studies on South Korea's successful COVID-19 response have focused primarily on the administration's leadership, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), and the learning effects from Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Using South Korea as a case study, this paper introduces a theoretical framework that captures various institutional determinants to explain its COVID-19 response. Applying Williamson's (2000) theoretical framework on the four layers of social institutions, we show how two institutional infrastructures—Confucian and collective norms and legacies of the business-government networks—may have contributed to South Korea's COVID-19 response through policy compliance, supportive R&D policies and inter-ministry collaboration. One of the key implications of our research lies in the learning effects of MERS, which may have been limited without institutional infrastructure like business-government networks.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48665003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.59
Hannah Jun
Substantial growth in global ESG investments has led to calls to better understand regional trends. To this end, this paper provides three major contributions with respect to the Korean market. First, it provides a comprehensive overview of the local ESG landscape. While drivers include aggressive ESG allocation and disclosure requirements, initial growth may have been propelled by a relabeling of existing investments rather than channeling of new capital. Second, this study unpacks ESG and corporate social responsibility (CSR) as presented in the literature. While prior studies have often used ESG and CSR interchangeably, clearer distinctions between the two terms may be called for. Third, this paper inves tigates ESG and CSR in South Korea through unique news data analysis of 88,946 articles. Unlike the academic literature to date, we see clearer distinctions between ESG and CSR via news analysis. Specifically, related terms for ESG focus on corporate governance and investors, while CSR retains a focus on social contribution and social responsibility.
{"title":"One in the Same? Unpacking Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and ESG in South Korea","authors":"Hannah Jun","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.59","url":null,"abstract":"Substantial growth in global ESG investments has led to calls to better understand regional trends. To this end, this paper provides three major contributions with respect to the Korean market. First, it provides a comprehensive overview of the local ESG landscape. While drivers include aggressive ESG allocation and disclosure requirements, initial growth may have been propelled by a relabeling of existing investments rather than channeling of new capital. Second, this study unpacks ESG and corporate social responsibility (CSR) as presented in the literature. While prior studies have often used ESG and CSR interchangeably, clearer distinctions between the two terms may be called for. Third, this paper inves tigates ESG and CSR in South Korea through unique news data analysis of 88,946 articles. Unlike the academic literature to date, we see clearer distinctions between ESG and CSR via news analysis. Specifically, related terms for ESG focus on corporate governance and investors, while CSR retains a focus on social contribution and social responsibility.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45490049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.29
Haeil Jung, Ki Woong Cho, Kaifeng Yang, S. Kim, Yihong Liu
COVID-19 has spread quickly worldwide, presenting unprecedented challenges to countries all over the globe. To understand how different countries have responded to COVID-19 during the early stage of the outbreak, we develop a comprehensive research framework drawing on the literature on wicked problems. Specifically, we comparatively investigate the government responses of the United States, China, and South Korea and examine why and how these countries have adopted and implemented various strategies authoritative, collaborative, and competitive — —depending on their policy environment. Although scholars have argued that collaborative strategies are the preferred approach to dealing with wicked problems, it is found that the most applicable, implementable, and effective strategies vary according to the country's cultural, economic, and political contexts. In addition, the urgency and timing of the crisis may affect the choice of appropriate strategies. Our findings can provide lessons for public administration and policy to cope with other wicked problems.
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Government Responses to COVID-19 in the United States, China, and South Korea: Lessons from the Early Stage of the Pandemic","authors":"Haeil Jung, Ki Woong Cho, Kaifeng Yang, S. Kim, Yihong Liu","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.29","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 has spread quickly worldwide, presenting unprecedented challenges to countries all over the globe. To understand how different countries have responded to COVID-19 during the early stage of the outbreak, we develop a comprehensive research framework drawing on the literature on wicked problems. Specifically, we comparatively investigate the government responses of the United States, China, and South Korea and examine why and how these countries have adopted and implemented various strategies authoritative, collaborative, and competitive — —depending on their policy environment. Although scholars have argued that collaborative strategies are the preferred approach to dealing with wicked problems, it is found that the most applicable, implementable, and effective strategies vary according to the country's cultural, economic, and political contexts. In addition, the urgency and timing of the crisis may affect the choice of appropriate strategies. Our findings can provide lessons for public administration and policy to cope with other wicked problems.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46486389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.103
Y. Oh
South Korea's New Southern Policy (NSP) is commonly viewed as Seoul's hedging strategy to respond to intensifying US-China strategic competition. Such a view essentially takes an extrinsic approach treating Southeast Asia as a means to South Korea's larger foreign policy ends. However, the NSP can also be viewed as Seoul's Southeast Asia policy, which is about its relations with the region. Such an intrinsic perspective leads to the question of whether the NSP constitutes a clear policy shift. I propose using two distinct frameworks which are centered on resources and assumptions to assess whether the NSP represents change or continuity in Seoul's approach to Southeast Asia. The findings suggest that the NSP represents a dramatic change in terms of resources devoted to its engagement with Southeast Asia, but Seoul's Southeast Asia policy has remained unchanged in terms of the underlying assumptions about the nature of its relations with the region.
{"title":"Change or Continuity? Seoul's Approach to Southeast Asia under the New Southern Policy","authors":"Y. Oh","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.103","url":null,"abstract":"South Korea's New Southern Policy (NSP) is commonly viewed as Seoul's hedging strategy to respond to intensifying US-China strategic competition. Such a view essentially takes an extrinsic approach treating Southeast Asia as a means to South Korea's larger foreign policy ends. However, the NSP can also be viewed as Seoul's Southeast Asia policy, which is about its relations with the region. Such an intrinsic perspective leads to the question of whether the NSP constitutes a clear policy shift. I propose using two distinct frameworks which are centered on resources and assumptions to assess whether the NSP represents change or continuity in Seoul's approach to Southeast Asia. The findings suggest that the NSP represents a dramatic change in terms of resources devoted to its engagement with Southeast Asia, but Seoul's Southeast Asia policy has remained unchanged in terms of the underlying assumptions about the nature of its relations with the region.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41729230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.1
Felicia Istad
Most migrants in South Korea reside in the country as foreign citizens. Access to citizenship and social rights are tied to residence status, resulting in differential treatment of foreign-born residents. This article contributes to research on non-citizen hierarchies by demonstrating the formation of fluid hierarchies through a case study of non-citizen political engagement in South Korea during Covid-19. The study employs critical policy discourse as an analytical lens to examine policy cycles as they develop through negotiations between state and society. The findings show that the hierarchization of non-citizens evolves throughout policy cycles and operates incoherently across sets of policies. The formation of fluid hierarchies is discussed with implications for migration policy and the study of migrant hierarchies.
{"title":"Rethinking Migrant Hierarchies: Non-Citizen Political Engagement and Policy Cycles in South Korea","authors":"Felicia Istad","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Most migrants in South Korea reside in the country as foreign citizens. Access to citizenship and social rights are tied to residence status, resulting in differential treatment of foreign-born residents. This article contributes to research on non-citizen hierarchies by demonstrating the formation of fluid hierarchies through a case study of non-citizen political engagement in South Korea during Covid-19. The study employs critical policy discourse as an analytical lens to examine policy cycles as they develop through negotiations between state and society. The findings show that the hierarchization of non-citizens evolves throughout policy cycles and operates incoherently across sets of policies. The formation of fluid hierarchies is discussed with implications for migration policy and the study of migrant hierarchies.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42435414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.81
Kil-joo Ban
Gray zone strategy garners growing attention as China's indirect approach against the U.S., her great power competitor. Unlike the conventional wisdom, the gray zone mechanism is not new historically but rather has been widely at play in many areas in the international arena, particularly in Northeast Asia. South Korea has been under the gray zone offensive of China and North Korea. Typical examples are Beijing's THAAD retaliation and Pyongyang's incrementally advancing nuclear program under a gray discourse of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. The examination provides insight into international implications: gray zone strategy as a transitional remedy, its availability to the strong, the different impacts of regime types, and the need for international attention to Pyongyang's gray zone approach towards nuclearization. This analysis also sheds some light on policies for South Korea, including an alliance policy and multilateral efforts.
{"title":"An Invisible Strategy with Visible Gains: Gray Zone Strategy of the Northeast Asian States and Challenges to South Korea","authors":"Kil-joo Ban","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.81","url":null,"abstract":"Gray zone strategy garners growing attention as China's indirect approach against the U.S., her great power competitor. Unlike the conventional wisdom, the gray zone mechanism is not new historically but rather has been widely at play in many areas in the international arena, particularly in Northeast Asia. South Korea has been under the gray zone offensive of China and North Korea. Typical examples are Beijing's THAAD retaliation and Pyongyang's incrementally advancing nuclear program under a gray discourse of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. The examination provides insight into international implications: gray zone strategy as a transitional remedy, its availability to the strong, the different impacts of regime types, and the need for international attention to Pyongyang's gray zone approach towards nuclearization. This analysis also sheds some light on policies for South Korea, including an alliance policy and multilateral efforts.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44882033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.127
Haeran Song, B. Kim
The present study examines the interplay between participation in religious services and gender differences in mitigating acculturative stress among Korean immigrants in the United States. Using cross-sectional survey data from a total of 164 Korean immigrants, our findings suggest that participation in religious services is significantly associated with a lower level of acculturative stress, and the negative association became stronger when a participant is female. This study is one of few empirical studies that examine the differential role of participation in religious services across gender in reducing acculturative stress among Korean immigrants in the United States.
{"title":"Gender Difference in the Association between Religious Participation and Acculturative Stress: Evidence from Korean Immigrants in the United States","authors":"Haeran Song, B. Kim","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2023.54.1.127","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines the interplay between participation in religious services and gender differences in mitigating acculturative stress among Korean immigrants in the United States. Using cross-sectional survey data from a total of 164 Korean immigrants, our findings suggest that participation in religious services is significantly associated with a lower level of acculturative stress, and the negative association became stronger when a participant is female. This study is one of few empirical studies that examine the differential role of participation in religious services across gender in reducing acculturative stress among Korean immigrants in the United States.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43274130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2022.53.4.629
Yuanyuan Guo
Although South Korea's e-government development is in a leading position worldwide, its government portal websites are not very popular with the public. Koreans are reluctant to use government portal websites continuously. One possible reason is that culture influences citizens' continuous use behavior. For the first time, this paper introduces the national culture model and nudge theory into the research of the citizens' continuous use of government portal websites. Based on the national cultural model, this study established a model of influencing factors on the citizens' continuous use of government portal websites. Through hierarchical regression analysis, this paper finds that the citizens' continuous use of South Korean government portal websites is influenced by three cultural dimensions: power distance, femininity, and long-term orientation. In view of these results, this paper discusses these Korean cultures that influence citizens' continuous use behavior of government portal websites. Furthermore, combined with the nudge theory, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for the Korean government to improve the citizens' continuous use of government portal websites.
{"title":"Cultural Influence on Koreans' Continuous Use Behavior: A Case of the South Korean Government Portal Website","authors":"Yuanyuan Guo","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2022.53.4.629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2022.53.4.629","url":null,"abstract":"Although South Korea's e-government development is in a leading position worldwide, its government portal websites are not very popular with the public. Koreans are reluctant to use government portal websites continuously. One possible reason is that culture influences citizens' continuous use behavior. For the first time, this paper introduces the national culture model and nudge theory into the research of the citizens' continuous use of government portal websites. Based on the national cultural model, this study established a model of influencing factors on the citizens' continuous use of government portal websites. Through hierarchical regression analysis, this paper finds that the citizens' continuous use of South Korean government portal websites is influenced by three cultural dimensions: power distance, femininity, and long-term orientation. In view of these results, this paper discusses these Korean cultures that influence citizens' continuous use behavior of government portal websites. Furthermore, combined with the nudge theory, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for the Korean government to improve the citizens' continuous use of government portal websites.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48377083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2022.53.4.685
Jiyoung Hong, Heon-Joo Jung, H. Sohn, Geon-woo Park
Over the last f ive decades, the UN and OECD/DAC have strongly urged member states to comply with global aid norms to improve aid effectiveness. To what extent are the global aid norms actually put in practice in countries that have pledged themselves to comply with these norms? Norm life cycle theory explains the internalization of global norms as legalization, institution-building, and official policies at the national level. This study supplements the norm lifecycle theory by subdividing the process of norm internalization into the policy formation stage and the post-implementation stage at the national level and empirically examines it by employing five criteria: ODA/GNI ratio; aid to LDCs; the ratio of grant to loan; aid-untying; and fragmentation. The results show that some aid norms are well accepted and implemented at both stages while other norms are neither addressed in official aid policies nor put into practice.
{"title":"Assessing South Korea's Compliance with Global Norms on Development Cooperation","authors":"Jiyoung Hong, Heon-Joo Jung, H. Sohn, Geon-woo Park","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2022.53.4.685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2022.53.4.685","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last f ive decades, the UN and OECD/DAC have strongly urged member states to comply with global aid norms to improve aid effectiveness. To what extent are the global aid norms actually put in practice in countries that have pledged themselves to comply with these norms? Norm life cycle theory explains the internalization of global norms as legalization, institution-building, and official policies at the national level. This study supplements the norm lifecycle theory by subdividing the process of norm internalization into the policy formation stage and the post-implementation stage at the national level and empirically examines it by employing five criteria: ODA/GNI ratio; aid to LDCs; the ratio of grant to loan; aid-untying; and fragmentation. The results show that some aid norms are well accepted and implemented at both stages while other norms are neither addressed in official aid policies nor put into practice.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48217563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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