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Wavefront shaping simulations with augmented partial factorization 利用增强偏因式进行波阵面整形模拟
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad68df
Ho-Chun Lin, Zeyu Wang and Chia Wei Hsu
Wavefront shaping can tailor multipath interference to control multiple scattering of waves in complex optical systems. However, full-wave simulations that capture multiple scattering are computationally demanding given the large system size and the large number of input channels. Recently, an ‘augmented partial factorization’ (APF) method was proposed to significantly speed-up such full-wave simulations. In this tutorial, we illustrate how to perform wavefront shaping simulations with the APF method using the open-source frequency-domain electromagnetic scattering solver MESTI. We present the foundational concepts and then walk through four examples: computing the scattering matrix of a slab with random permittivities, open high-transmission channels through disorder, focusing inside disorder with phase conjugation, and reflection matrix computation in a spatial focused-beam basis. The goal is to lower the barrier for researchers to use simulations to explore the rich phenomena enabled by wavefront shaping.
波前整形可以调整多径干扰,控制复杂光学系统中的多重散射。然而,由于系统规模大、输入通道多,捕捉多重散射的全波模拟计算要求很高。最近,有人提出了一种 "增强偏因式分解"(APF)方法,可显著加快这种全波模拟的速度。在本教程中,我们将说明如何使用开源频域电磁散射求解器 MESTI,利用 APF 方法执行波前整形仿真。我们将介绍基本概念,然后通过四个示例进行说明:计算具有随机介电常数的板的散射矩阵、通过无序打开高传输通道、利用相位共轭在无序内部聚焦,以及在空间聚焦光束基础上计算反射矩阵。目的是降低研究人员使用模拟来探索波前整形所带来的丰富现象的门槛。
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引用次数: 0
An efficient compact blazed grating antenna for optical phased arrays 用于光学相控阵的高效紧凑型炽光栅天线
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4
Henna Farheen, Suraj Joshi, J Christoph Scheytt, Viktor Myroshnychenko, Jens Förstner
Phased arrays are vital in communication systems and have received significant interest in the field of optoelectronics and photonics, enabling a wide range of applications such as LiDAR, holography, and wireless communication. In this work, we present a blazed grating antenna that is optimized to have upward radiation efficiency as high as 80% with a compact footprint of 3.5 µm × 2 µm at an operational wavelength of 1.55 µm. Our numerical investigations demonstrate that this antenna in a 64×64 phased array configuration is capable of producing desired far-field radiation patterns. Additionally, our antenna possesses a low side lobe level of −9.7 dB and a negligible reflection efficiency of under 1%, making it an attractive candidate for integrated optical phased arrays.
相控阵在通信系统中至关重要,在光电子学和光子学领域备受关注,可广泛应用于激光雷达、全息摄影和无线通信等领域。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种经过优化的炽热光栅天线,在工作波长为 1.55 µm 时,向上辐射效率高达 80%,占地面积仅为 3.5 µm × 2 µm。我们的数值研究表明,这种天线在 64×64 相控阵配置中能够产生理想的远场辐射模式。此外,我们的天线还具有-9.7 dB的低侧波水平和低于1%的可忽略反射效率,使其成为集成光学相控阵的理想候选天线。
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引用次数: 0
Highly reflective and high-Q thin resonant subwavelength gratings 高反射和高 Q 值薄型谐振亚波长光栅
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad70e7
Gurpreet Singh, Trishala Mitra, Søren P Madsen, Aurélien Dantan
We theoretically investigate the design of thin subwavelength gratings possessing high-reflectivity and high-Q resonances when illuminated at normal incidence by a Gaussian beam. We compare the performances of single-period and dual-period rectangular gratings using finite element method-based optimization and predict a close to two orders of magnitude improvement (×90) in their transmission loss-linewidth product, which is the relevant figure of merit for e.g. resonant mirror-based microcavity applications.
我们从理论上研究了薄亚波长光栅的设计,当高斯光束法线入射时,光栅具有高反射率和高Q值共振。我们使用基于有限元法的优化方法比较了单周期和双周期矩形光栅的性能,并预测它们的传输损耗线宽乘积可提高近两个数量级(×90),而这正是基于谐振镜的微腔等应用的相关优点。
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引用次数: 0
A modular GUI-based program for genetic algorithm-based feedback-assisted wavefront shaping 基于遗传算法的反馈辅助波前整形模块化图形用户界面程序
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed3
Benjamin R Anderson, Andrew O’Kins, Kostiantyn Makrasnov, Rebecca Udby, Patrick Price, Hergen Eilers
We have developed a modular graphical user interface (GUI)-based program for use in genetic algorithm-based feedback-assisted wavefront shaping. The program uses a class-based structure to separate out the universal modules (e.g. GUI, multithreading, optimization algorithms) and hardware-specific modules (e.g. code for different SLMs and cameras). This modular design makes the program easily adaptable to a wide range of lab equipment, while providing easy access to a GUI, multithreading, and three optimization algorithms (phase-stepping, simple genetic, and microgenetic).
我们开发了一个基于图形用户界面(GUI)的模块化程序,用于基于遗传算法的反馈辅助波前整形。程序采用基于类的结构,将通用模块(如图形用户界面、多线程、优化算法)和特定硬件模块(如不同 SLM 和相机的代码)分开。这种模块化设计使程序能轻松适应各种实验室设备,同时还能方便地访问图形用户界面、多线程和三种优化算法(相位步进、简单遗传和微遗传)。
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引用次数: 0
A practical guide to digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs) for wavefront shaping 用于波前整形的数字微镜设备 (DMD) 实用指南
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad6dc0
Sébastien M Popoff, Rodrigo Gutiérrez-Cuevas, Yaron Bromberg, Maxime W Matthés
Digital micromirror devices have gained popularity in wavefront shaping, offering a high frame rate alternative to liquid crystal spatial light modulators. They are relatively inexpensive, offer high resolution, are easy to operate, and a single device can be used in a broad optical bandwidth. However, some technical drawbacks must be considered to achieve optimal performance. These issues, often undocumented by manufacturers, mostly stem from the device’s original design for video projection applications. Herein, we present a guide to characterize and mitigate these effects. Our focus is on providing simple and practical solutions that can be easily incorporated into a typical wavefront shaping setup.
数字微镜设备在波前整形领域越来越受欢迎,为液晶空间光调制器提供了一种高帧速率的替代方案。它们价格相对低廉、分辨率高、操作简便,而且单个设备可用于宽广的光带宽。然而,要实现最佳性能,必须考虑一些技术缺陷。这些问题通常未被制造商记录在案,主要源于设备最初设计用于视频投影应用。在此,我们将提供一份指南,用于描述和减轻这些影响。我们的重点是提供简单实用的解决方案,这些解决方案可以很容易地集成到典型的波前整形设置中。
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引用次数: 0
STAR-FDTD: space-time modulated acousto-optic guidestar in disordered media STAR-FDTD:无序介质中的时空调制声光导引星
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed2
Michael Raju, Baptiste Jayet, Stefan Andersson-Engels
We developed a 2D Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for modeling a space-time modulated guidestar targeting wavefront shaping applications in disordered media. Space-time modulation in general (a particular example being the acousto-optic effect) is used here as a guidestar for the transverse confinement of light around the tagged region surrounded by disorder. Together with the guidestar, the iterative optical phase conjugation (IOPC) method is used to overcome the diffusion of light due to multiple scattering. A phase sensitive lock-in detection technique is utilized to estimate the steady-state amplitude and phase of the modulated wavefronts emerging from the guidestar region continuously operating in the Raman-Nath regime. As the IOPC scheme naturally converges to the maximally transmitting eigenchannel profile, one could use the position of the guidestar within the disorder to channelize the maximal transmission through the tagged region. The associated code developed in MATLAB® is provided as an open source (The MIT License) package. The code package is referred by the acronym STAR-FDTD where STAR stands for Space-Time modulated Acousto-optic guidestaR.
我们开发了一种二维有限差分时域(FDTD)方法,用于模拟无序介质中波前整形应用的时空调制导星。时空调制一般(声光效应就是一个特别的例子)在这里被用作光在无序环绕的标记区域周围横向限制的导星。迭代光学相位共轭(IOPC)方法与导星一起用于克服多重散射导致的光扩散。利用相位敏感的锁相检测技术来估算从导星区域出现的调制波面的稳态振幅和相位,这些波面在拉曼-纳特机制下持续工作。由于 IOPC 方案会自然收敛到最大传输特征通道轮廓,因此可以利用导星在无序状态中的位置来引导通过标记区域的最大传输。用 MATLAB® 开发的相关代码以开放源代码(MIT 许可)的形式提供。代码包的缩写为 STAR-FDTD,其中 STAR 代表时空调制声光导引星。
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引用次数: 0
Smartphone-based diagnostics with coherent and infrared imaging for cultural heritage 基于智能手机的文化遗产相干和红外成像诊断技术
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad6abc
Claudia Daffara, Dario Ambrosini
Nondestructive optical techniques are crucial in heritage science for monitoring the condition of artworks in full field. Various imaging methods based on infrared and interferometry techniques have been proposed, but they often require specialized training and expensive equipment. This paper explores the emerging field of smartphone science and its potential to revolutionize artwork diagnostics, especially for cultural institutions with limited budgets. The smartphone science approach is divided into using the device ‘as is’ or enhancing it with add-on sensors. After a concise overview of smartphone sensing in different fields, the paper demonstrates smartphone-based optical diagnostics on traditional wooden painting models, employing coherent techniques like laser speckle imaging and moiré fringe technique, and infrared techniques like reflectography and thermography. The comparison of obtained results with established instrumentation in the field clearly shows that smartphone-based diagnostics have the potential to greatly contribute to cultural heritage preservation and conservation, transforming the field’s accessibility and cost-effectiveness.
非破坏性光学技术在文物科学中对于全面监测艺术品的状况至关重要。目前已经提出了各种基于红外线和干涉测量技术的成像方法,但这些方法往往需要专业的培训和昂贵的设备。本文探讨了智能手机科学这一新兴领域,以及它为艺术品诊断带来革命性变化的潜力,尤其是对预算有限的文化机构而言。智能手机科学方法分为 "原样 "使用设备和使用附加传感器增强设备两种。在简明扼要地概述了智能手机在不同领域的传感功能之后,论文展示了基于智能手机的传统木质绘画模型光学诊断技术,其中采用了激光斑点成像和摩尔条纹技术等相干技术,以及反射成像和热成像等红外技术。将获得的结果与该领域的现有仪器进行比较,可以清楚地看出,基于智能手机的诊断技术有可能极大地促进文化遗产的保护和保存,改变该领域的可获取性和成本效益。
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引用次数: 0
Topological THz on-chip valley–spin converter 拓扑太赫兹片上山谷-自旋转换器
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad68de
Yudong Ren, Xinrui Li, Ning Han, Li Zhang, Rui Zhao, Qiaolu Chen, Yuze Hu, Mingyu Tong, Song Han, Yihao Yang
Topological photonics offers a powerful platform for next-generation nanophotonic chips, capitalizing on their remarkable resilience to disorder and defects. Among the two-dimensional (2D) photonic topological insulators, valley-Hall (VH) and pseudo-spin-Hall (PSH) topological insulators have emerged as the most practical designs, as they do not require breaking time-reversal symmetry. These photonic topological insulators support robust edge states, demonstrating promising potential for a wide range of applications, from on-chip communication to optical computing and sensing. However, the conversion between distinct topological phases (VH and PSH) in terahertz (THz) band has not been achieved. Here we experimentally demonstrate a THz on-chip spin–valley converter through adiabatic evolution in 2D parameter space without closing the bulk bandgap. By leveraging the adiabatic phase transition, we confirm the high-efficiency conversion between two valley states in a valley–spin–valley converter. In addition, we verify the robustness of THz PSH topological energy transport through sharply twisted corners. Our findings not only advance the understanding of topological phases in photonics but also hold promise for the development of innovative photonic devices with enhanced performance and functionality.
拓扑光子学为下一代纳米光子芯片提供了一个功能强大的平台,充分利用了拓扑绝缘体对无序和缺陷的卓越适应能力。在二维(2D)光子拓扑绝缘体中,谷-霍尔(VH)和伪自旋-霍尔(PSH)拓扑绝缘体已成为最实用的设计,因为它们不需要打破时间反向对称性。这些光子拓扑绝缘体支持稳健的边缘状态,在从片上通信到光计算和传感等广泛应用中展现出巨大潜力。然而,在太赫兹(THz)波段,不同拓扑相(VH 和 PSH)之间的转换尚未实现。在此,我们通过实验展示了一种太赫兹片上自旋谷转换器,它是在二维参数空间中通过绝热演化实现的,无需关闭体带隙。通过利用绝热相变,我们证实了谷-自旋-谷转换器中两个谷态之间的高效转换。此外,我们还验证了太赫兹 PSH 拓扑能量传输通过急转弯角的稳健性。我们的发现不仅推进了对光子学中拓扑相的理解,而且为开发性能和功能更强的创新光子器件带来了希望。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-modal flexible and inexpensive plasmonic metasurface for wide range of refractive index sensing 用于大范围折射率传感的多模式灵活廉价质子元表面
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad6963
Vaswati Biswas and R Vijaya
A plasmonic metasurface containing nanobumps of sub-wavelength feature size arranged in a hexagonal pattern on a flexible substrate and covered with a thin film of gold is investigated as a refractive index (RI) sensor. The chosen polymer patterns coated with gold aid in activating the surface plasmon polariton modes. Using numerical calculations, it is shown that this surface can exhibit plasmonic effect with extremely shallow pattern height of 92.5 nm and minimal thickness of 25 nm of gold over it. The excitation of the plasmonic modes is confirmed using electric field profiles calculated at the relevant wavelengths. As the surface is highly sensitive to changes in the cladding index, and the chosen design aids in exciting three plasmon modes that are suitably well-separated in wavelength, this surface can be used for an extremely wide range of RI sensing because each mode contributes uniquely to a different range of RI. The results establish that the metasurface is suitable for a variety of applications, including gas detection with a sensitivity of 633 nm RIU−1 using mode-1, identifying SARS-CoV-2 viral molecules with a sensitivity of 428 nm RIU−1 using mode-2 and 238 nm RIU−1 using mode-3, and discriminating between normal and diseased brain tissues in the cerebrospinal fluid in the high-index range using mode-3. The prototype metasurface is made using a cost-effective soft lithography technique using an economical master mould. The inexpensive technique of fabrication, use of very thin metal film, and wavelength of detection lying within the visible to near infrared range imply a low-cost sensor. The structural and optical characterization of the prototype validates the numerical study of the sample.
我们研究了一种等离子体元表面,该表面包含以六边形图案排列在柔性基底上的亚波长特征尺寸的纳米凸块,并覆盖有一层金薄膜,可用作折射率(RI)传感器。所选择的涂金聚合物图案有助于激活表面等离子体极化子模式。通过数值计算,结果表明这种表面可以表现出等离子效应,图案高度极浅,仅为 92.5 纳米,金的厚度极小,仅为 25 纳米。通过计算相关波长的电场剖面,证实了等离子模式的激发。由于该表面对包层指数的变化高度敏感,而且所选的设计有助于激发波长适当分离的三种等离子体模式,因此该表面可用于范围极广的 RI 传感,因为每种模式都对不同范围的 RI 有独特的贡献。研究结果表明,这种元表面适用于多种应用,包括利用模式 1 以 633 nm RIU-1 的灵敏度检测气体,利用模式 2 以 428 nm RIU-1 和模式 3 以 238 nm RIU-1 的灵敏度识别 SARS-CoV-2 病毒分子,以及利用模式 3 在高指数范围内区分脑脊液中的正常脑组织和病变脑组织。元表面原型是利用经济实惠的软光刻技术和经济型母模制作的。廉价的制造技术、极薄金属膜的使用以及可见光到近红外范围内的检测波长都意味着这是一种低成本传感器。原型的结构和光学特性验证了样品的数值研究。
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引用次数: 0
Image scanning microscopy reconstruction by autocorrelation inversion 通过自相关反演重建图像扫描显微镜
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad68dd
Daniele Ancora, Alessandro Zunino, Giuseppe Vicidomini and Alvaro H Crevenna
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) stands out as one of the most widely used microscopy techniques thanks to its three-dimensional imaging capability and its sub-diffraction spatial resolution, achieved through the closure of a pinhole in front of a single-element detector. However, the pinhole also rejects useful photons, and beating the diffraction limit comes at the price of irremediably compromising the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the data. Image scanning microscopy (ISM) emerged as the rational evolution of CLSM, exploiting a small array detector in place of the pinhole and the single-element detector. Each sensitive element is small enough to achieve sub-diffraction resolution through the confocal effect, but the size of the whole detector is large enough to guarantee excellent collection efficiency and SNR. However, the raw data produced by an ISM setup consists of a 4D dataset, which can be seen as a set of confocal-like images. Thus, fusing the dataset into a single super-resolved image requires a dedicated reconstruction algorithm. Conventional methods are multi-image deconvolution, which requires prior knowledge of the system point spread functions (PSFs), or adaptive pixel reassignment (APR), which is effective only on a limited range of experimental conditions. In this work, we describe and validate a novel concept for ISM image reconstruction based on autocorrelation inversion. We leverage unique properties of the autocorrelation to discard low-frequency components and maximize the resolution of the reconstructed image without any assumption on the image or any knowledge of the PSF. Our results push the quality of the ISM reconstruction beyond the level provided by APR and open new perspectives for multi-dimensional image processing.
共焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)是应用最广泛的显微镜技术之一,这要归功于它的三维成像能力和亚衍射空间分辨率。然而,针孔也会阻挡有用的光子,突破衍射极限的代价是数据的信噪比(SNR)受到不可挽回的损害。图像扫描显微镜(ISM)的出现是 CLSM 的合理发展,它利用小型阵列探测器取代了针孔和单元素探测器。每个敏感元件都足够小,可以通过共焦效应达到亚衍射分辨率,但整个探测器的尺寸足够大,可以保证出色的收集效率和信噪比。然而,ISM 设置产生的原始数据由 4D 数据集组成,可以看作是一组类似共焦的图像。因此,将数据集融合为单个超分辨图像需要专门的重建算法。传统的方法有多图像解卷积(需要事先了解系统点扩散函数(PSF))或自适应像素重配(APR),后者仅在有限的实验条件下有效。在这项工作中,我们描述并验证了一种基于自相关反演的 ISM 图像重建新概念。我们利用自相关的独特性质摒弃了低频成分,最大限度地提高了重建图像的分辨率,而无需对图像或 PSF 做任何假设。我们的研究结果使 ISM 重建的质量超越了 APR 所提供的水平,为多维图像处理开辟了新的前景。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Physics-Photonics
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