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Three-wave mixing experiments in indium–tin–oxide thin-films with no phase matching 无相位匹配铟锡氧化物薄膜中的三波混合实验
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad6799
Kyle Wynne, Marjan Bazian and Mark C Harrison
One challenge of using nonlinear optical phenomena for practical applications is the need to perform phase-matching. Recently, epsilon-near-zero materials have been shown to demonstrate strong optical nonlinearities, in addition to their other unique properties. As suggested by their name, the permittivity of the material is close to zero for a certain wavelength range. We demonstrate that this small permittivity allows for efficient three-wave mixing interactions to take place in indium–tin–oxide thin films without the need for phase matching the pump and signal beams. The efficiency of the second-order nonlinear interactions is characterized, and cascaded three-wave mixing is demonstrated.
将非线性光学现象用于实际应用的一个挑战是需要进行相位匹配。最近,ε近零材料除了具有其他独特性质外,还显示出很强的光学非线性。正如其名称所示,这种材料的介电常数在一定波长范围内接近于零。我们证明,这种小介电常数允许在氧化铟锡薄膜中发生高效的三波混合相互作用,而无需对泵浦光束和信号光束进行相位匹配。我们对二阶非线性相互作用的效率进行了描述,并演示了级联三波混合。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring cis-to-trans isomerization of azobenzene using Brillouin microscopy 利用布里渊显微镜监测偶氮苯的顺反异构过程
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad5bd1
Zhe Wang, Qiyang Jiang, Chantal Barwig, Ankit Mishra, Krishna Ramesh and Christine Selhuber-Unkel
Brillouin spectroscopy is commonly used to study the acoustic properties of materials. Here we explored its feasibility in studying the photoinduced isomerization of azobenzene. The isomerization of azobenzene changes the solution elastic modulus, and Brillouin scattering is sensitive to these changes. In this study, we experimentally demonstrated the photoswitching of azobenzene in DMSO using our home-made virtually imaged phased array-based high-resolution optical Brillouin spectrometer, and confirmed the results by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. Remarkable Brillouin frequency shift variations were quantitatively recorded upon irradiation, and it was found that this method can indeed be used to monitor the isomerization process in situ. Importantly, our strategy also allows us to provide the relationship between the fraction of trans- and cis- azobenzene and the Brillouin frequency shift. This shows that Brillouin spectroscopy has broad prospects for the characterization of azobenzene isomerization and other photoresponsive materials.
布里渊光谱法通常用于研究材料的声学特性。在此,我们探索了布里渊光谱在研究偶氮苯的光诱导异构化方面的可行性。偶氮苯的异构化会改变溶液的弹性模量,而布里渊散射对这些变化非常敏感。在本研究中,我们利用自制的基于相控阵的虚拟成像高分辨率光学布里渊光谱仪,实验证明了偶氮苯在二甲基亚砜中的光开关现象,并通过紫外-可见分光光度法证实了这一结果。结果发现,这种方法确实可用于原位监测异构化过程。重要的是,我们的方法还能提供反式和顺式偶氮苯的比例与布里渊频移之间的关系。这表明布里渊光谱法在表征偶氮苯异构化和其他光致发光材料方面具有广阔的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Roadmap on perovskite light-emitting diodes 过氧化物发光二极管路线图
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad46a6
Ziming Chen, Robert L Z Hoye, Hin-Lap Yip, Nadesh Fiuza-Maneiro, Iago López-Fernández, Clara Otero-Martínez, Lakshminarayana Polavarapu, Navendu Mondal, Alessandro Mirabelli, Miguel Anaya, Samuel D Stranks, Hui Liu, Guangyi Shi, Zhengguo Xiao, Nakyung Kim, Yunna Kim, Byungha Shin, Jinquan Shi, Mengxia Liu, Qianpeng Zhang, Zhiyong Fan, James C Loy, Lianfeng Zhao, Barry P Rand, Habibul Arfin, Sajid Saikia, Angshuman Nag, Chen Zou, Lih Y Lin, Hengyang Xiang, Haibo Zeng, Denghui Liu, Shi-Jian Su, Chenhui Wang, Haizheng Zhong, Tong-Tong Xuan, Rong-Jun Xie, Chunxiong Bao, Feng Gao, Xiang Gao, Chuanjiang Qin, Young-Hoon Kim and Matthew C Beard
In recent years, the field of metal-halide perovskite emitters has rapidly emerged as a new community in solid-state lighting. Their exceptional optoelectronic properties have contributed to the rapid rise in external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) in perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) from <1% (in 2014) to over 30% (in 2023) across a wide range of wavelengths. However, several challenges still hinder their commercialization, including the relatively low EQEs of blue/white devices, limited EQEs in large-area devices, poor device stability, as well as the toxicity of the easily accessible lead components and the solvents used in the synthesis and processing of PeLEDs. This roadmap addresses the current and future challenges in PeLEDs across fundamental and applied research areas, by sharing the community’s perspectives. This work will provide the field with practical guidelines to advance PeLED development and facilitate more rapid commercialization.
近年来,金属卤化物包晶发光体领域迅速崛起,成为固态照明领域的一个新群体。由于其卓越的光电特性,包晶发光二极管(PeLEDs)的外部量子效率(EQEs)从 2014 年的小于 1% 迅速上升到 2023 年的 30%。然而,PeLED 的商业化仍面临一些挑战,包括蓝/白光器件的 EQE 相对较低、大面积器件的 EQE 有限、器件稳定性差,以及在合成和加工 PeLED 时使用的易获取铅成分和溶剂的毒性。本路线图通过分享社区的观点,解决了当前和未来 PeLED 在基础和应用研究领域所面临的挑战。这项工作将为该领域提供切实可行的指导方针,以推动 PeLED 的发展并促进更快的商业化。
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引用次数: 0
Portable fiber-based double nanohole optical tweezer for trapping small proteins 用于捕获小蛋白质的便携式光纤双纳米孔光学镊子
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad5bd0
Veerpal Kaur, Demelza Wright, Samuel Mathew, Matthew Peters, Maria Zacharopoulou, Shang Hua Yang, Laura S Itzhaki, Ivet Bahar, Reuven Gordon
We demonstrate the trapping and analysis of individual proteins using a portable optical fiber tweezer setup with a double-nanohole in a gold film coating the fiber’s end and aligned with the fiber core. The instrument was used to trap and analyze cytochrome c, carbonic anhydrase, bovine serum albumin, and PR65 (wild-type and various point mutants). This approach was compared with a free-space optical tweezer setup that requires alignment of the laser focus to the aperture, whereas the fiber-based approach is both portable and alignment-free, which holds promise for applications in antibody discovery, small molecule drug discovery, protein interaction analysis and other applications using the standard well-plate format.
我们展示了使用便携式光纤镊子装置捕获和分析单个蛋白质的过程,该装置在光纤末端涂有一层金膜,金膜上的双纳米孔与光纤芯对齐。该仪器用于捕获和分析细胞色素 c、碳酸酐酶、牛血清白蛋白和 PR65(野生型和各种点突变体)。这种方法与自由空间光学镊子装置进行了比较,后者需要将激光焦点对准光圈,而基于光纤的方法既便携又无需对准,有望应用于抗体发现、小分子药物发现、蛋白质相互作用分析以及使用标准孔板格式的其他应用。
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引用次数: 0
Packaging of micro-lens arrays to photonic integrated circuits using beam shape evaluation 利用光束形状评估将微型透镜阵列封装到光子集成电路中
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad5bd2
Kamil Gradkowski, Padraic E Morrissey and Peter O’Brien
We propose a method for aligning and attaching micro-lens arrays to photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Unlike the conventional approach of assessing power coupled to a fiber directly, our method utilizes a beam profiler. This profiler allows us to optimize the lens position by analyzing the transmitted beam shape from the PIC edge coupler through the lens. In conjunction, we employ grating couplers to introduce external light, acting as a ‘beacon’ for optimization. The use of grating couplers enables efficient coupling of external light into the PIC, providing a reference point for alignment. Importantly, our method accommodates both regular waveguide-side-up and upside-down (through-Silicon) orientations of the PIC. This versatility allows us to reproduce coupling results across a 6-channel array, demonstrating robust performance. This innovative approach not only ensures precise alignment and attachment but also opens up new possibilities for photonic packaging. The flexibility to work in different orientations is likely to lead to advancements in the design and assembly of photonic devices.
我们提出了一种将微型透镜阵列对准并安装到光子集成电路(PIC)上的方法。与直接评估光纤耦合功率的传统方法不同,我们的方法利用了光束剖面仪。通过分析从光子集成电路边缘耦合器穿过透镜的传输光束形状,该光束剖面仪使我们能够优化透镜位置。同时,我们还利用光栅耦合器引入外部光线,作为优化的 "信标"。光栅耦合器的使用可将外部光有效地耦合到 PIC 中,为校准提供参考点。重要的是,我们的方法可同时适应 PIC 的常规波导朝上和朝下(穿硅)方向。这种多功能性使我们能够重现 6 通道阵列的耦合结果,从而展示出强大的性能。这种创新方法不仅确保了精确的对准和连接,还为光子封装开辟了新的可能性。在不同方向上工作的灵活性很可能会推动光子设备的设计和组装。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond comparison: Brillouin microscopy and AFM-based indentation reveal divergent insights into the mechanical profile of the murine retina 超越比较:布里渊显微镜和基于原子力显微镜的压痕法揭示了小鼠视网膜机械特征的不同见解
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad5ae3
Marcus Gutmann, Jana Bachir Salvador, Paul Müller, Kyoohyun Kim, Martin Schicht, Serhii Aif, Friedrich Paulsen, Lorenz Meinel, Jochen Guck and Stephanie Möllmert
Mechanical tissue properties increasingly serve as pivotal phenotypic characteristics that are subject to change during development or pathological progression. The quantification of such material properties often relies on physical contact between a load-applying probe and an exposed sample surface. For most tissues, meeting these requirements entails an invasive preparation, which poses the risk of yielding mechanical properties that do not portray the physiological state of a tissue within a functioning organism. Brillouin microscopy has emerged as a non-invasive, optical technique that enables the assessment of mechanical cell and tissue properties with high spatio-temporal resolution. In optically transparent specimens, it does not require animal sacrifice, tissue dissection or sectioning. However, the extent to which results obtained from Brillouin microscopy allow to infer conclusions about potential results obtained with a contact-based technique, and vice versa, is unclear. Sources for discrepancies include the varying characteristic temporal and spatial scales, the directionality of measurement, environmental factors, and mechanical moduli probed. In this work, we addressed those aspects by quantifying the mechanical properties of acutely dissected murine retinae using Brillouin microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based indentation measurements. Our results show a distinct mechanical profile of the retinal layers with respect to the Brillouin frequency shift, the Brillouin linewidth and the apparent Young’s modulus. Contrary to previous reports, our findings do not support a simple correlative relationship between Brillouin frequency shift and apparent Young’s modulus. Additionally, the divergent sensitivities of Brillouin microscopy and AFM-indentation measurements to structural features, as visualized by transmission electron microscopy, to cross-linking or changes post mortem underscore the dangers of assuming interchangeability between the two methods. In conclusion, our study advocates for viewing Brillouin microscopy and AFM-based indentation measurements as complementary tools, discouraging direct comparisons a priori and suggesting their combined use for a more comprehensive understanding of tissue mechanical properties.
组织的机械特性越来越成为关键的表型特征,在发育或病理发展过程中会发生变化。此类材料特性的量化通常依赖于加载探针与暴露样本表面之间的物理接触。对于大多数组织来说,要满足这些要求就必须进行侵入性制备,这就有可能导致所获得的机械特性无法反映正常机体内组织的生理状态。布里渊显微镜是一种非侵入式光学技术,能以高时空分辨率评估细胞和组织的机械特性。在光学透明的标本中,布里渊显微镜无需牺牲动物、解剖组织或切片。然而,从布里渊显微镜获得的结果能在多大程度上推断出接触式技术可能获得的结果,反之亦然,这一点尚不清楚。造成差异的原因包括不同的特征时空尺度、测量的方向性、环境因素和探测的机械模量。在这项工作中,我们利用布里渊显微镜和基于原子力显微镜(AFM)的压痕测量方法量化了急性剥离的鼠视网膜的机械特性,从而解决了这些方面的问题。我们的结果表明,视网膜层在布里渊频移、布里渊线宽和表观杨氏模量方面具有独特的力学特征。与之前的报告相反,我们的研究结果并不支持布里渊频移与表观杨氏模量之间的简单相关关系。此外,布里渊显微镜和原子力显微镜-压痕测量法对透射电子显微镜观察到的结构特征、交联或死后变化的敏感性不同,这突出表明假设这两种方法可以互换的危险性。总之,我们的研究主张将布里渊显微镜和原子力显微镜压痕测量视为互补工具,不鼓励先验地进行直接比较,而是建议将两者结合使用,以便更全面地了解组织的机械特性。
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引用次数: 0
Practical considerations for high-fidelity wavefront shaping experiments 高保真波前整形实验的实际考虑因素
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad5775
Bahareh Mastiani, Daniël W S Cox and Ivo M Vellekoop
Wavefront shaping (WFS) is a technique for directing light through turbid media. The theoretical aspects of WFS are well understood, and under near-ideal experimental conditions, accurate predictions for the expected signal enhancement can be given. In practice, however, there are many experimental factors that negatively affect the outcome of the experiment. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of these experimental factors, including the effect of sample scattering properties, noise, and response of the spatial light modulator. We present simple means to identify experimental imperfections and to minimize their negative effect on the outcome of the experiment. This paper is accompanied by Python code for automatically quantifying experimental problems using the OpenWFS framework for running and simulating WFS experiments.
波前整形(WFS)是一种引导光线穿过浑浊介质的技术。波前整形技术的理论方面已得到很好的理解,在接近理想的实验条件下,可以准确预测预期的信号增强效果。但在实践中,有许多实验因素会对实验结果产生负面影响。在此,我们将全面介绍这些实验因素,包括样品散射特性、噪声和空间光调制器响应的影响。我们提出了一些简单的方法来识别实验缺陷,并将其对实验结果的负面影响降至最低。本文附有 Python 代码,用于使用 OpenWFS 框架运行和模拟 WFS 实验,自动量化实验问题。
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引用次数: 0
Non-invasive stratigraphic analyzes of gelatine-based modern painting materials with linear and nonlinear optical methods 用线性和非线性光学方法对明胶基现代绘画材料进行非侵入式地层分析
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-06-23 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad5772
Diego Quintero Balbas, Laura Maestro-Guijarro, Paula María Carmona-Quiroga, Mohamed Oujja, Marta Castillejo, Francesca Bettini, Simone Porcinai and Jana Striova
Stratigraphic analyzes of polychrome surfaces, such as paintings, often need samples to offer consistent results regarding the sequence and composition of the layers. Non-invasive methodologies based on linear and nonlinear optical techniques limit material removal from the objects. Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become the preferred choice of heritage scientists because it is a safe and fast alternative for studying transparent or semi-transparent layers. Yet, nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM)) technique in its modality of multiphoton excitation fluorescence (MPEF) has emerged as a promising tool for the same purpose. Here, we explored linear (OCT and confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM)) and nonlinear (NLOM-MPEF) optical methods’ capability to investigate gelatine-based layers in mock-up samples and a painting dated 1939 by an artist from the Surrealistic entourage. The optical behavior of mock-up samples that imitate the painting stratigraphy and of six painting fragments detached from the support was also investigated with fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy and laser induced fluorescence (LIF). Thickness values from the mock-ups obtained with OCT, CRM, and MPEF have provided evidence of the complementarity, from a millimetric to a micrometric scale, and the limitations (e.g. strong fluorescence emission in CRM) of the methods. Moreover, the presence of gelatine was ascertained by LIF spectroscopy applied to the painting fragments and NLOM-MPEF confirmed its suitability as a non-invasive technique for investigating gelatine-based stratigraphic systems.
对绘画等多色表面进行地层分析时,往往需要采集样本,以便提供有关层序和组成的一致结果。基于线性和非线性光学技术的非侵入式方法限制了对文物材料的去除。最近,光学相干断层扫描(OCT)已成为文物科学家的首选,因为它是研究透明或半透明层的一种安全、快速的替代方法。然而,非线性光学显微镜(NLOM)技术中的多光子激发荧光(MPEF)模式已成为实现相同目的的一种有前途的工具。在这里,我们探索了线性(OCT 和共焦拉曼显微光谱(CRM))和非线性(NLOM-MPEF)光学方法在研究模拟样品中的明胶层和一幅超现实主义艺术家 1939 年的画作方面的能力。此外,还利用光纤反射光谱和激光诱导荧光(LIF)对模仿画作地层的模拟样本和从支架上分离的六幅画作碎片的光学行为进行了研究。通过 OCT、CRM 和 MPEF 获得的模拟厚度值证明了这些方法从毫米到微米尺度的互补性和局限性(如 CRM 的强荧光发射)。此外,通过对绘画碎片进行 LIF 光谱分析,确定了明胶的存在,NLOM-MPEF 证实了其作为一种非侵入性技术对基于明胶的地层系统进行研究的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Tutorial: How to build and control an all-fiber wavefront modulator using mechanical perturbations 教程:如何利用机械扰动构建和控制全光纤波前调制器
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad5774
Ronen Shekel, Kfir Sulimany, Shachar Resisi, Zohar Finkelstein, Ohad Lib, Sébastien M Popoff and Yaron Bromberg
Multimode optical fibers support the dense, low-loss transmission of many spatial modes, making them attractive for technologies such as communications and imaging. However, information propagating through multimode fibers is scrambled, due to modal dispersion and mode mixing. This is usually rectified using wavefront shaping techniques with devices such as spatial light modulators. Recently, we demonstrated an all-fiber system for controlling light propagation inside multimode fibers using mechanical perturbations, called the fiber piano. In this tutorial we explain the design considerations and experimental methods needed to build a fiber piano, and review applications where fiber pianos have been used.
多模光纤支持多种空间模式的密集、低损耗传输,因此对通信和成像等技术极具吸引力。然而,由于模态色散和模态混合,通过多模光纤传播的信息会出现混乱。通常使用波前整形技术和空间光调制器等设备来纠正这种现象。最近,我们展示了一种利用机械扰动控制多模光纤内光传播的全光纤系统,称为 "光纤钢琴"。在本教程中,我们将解释构建光纤钢琴所需的设计考虑因素和实验方法,并回顾光纤钢琴的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Brillouin spectroscopy for accurate assessment of morphological and mechanical characteristics in micro-structured samples 利用布里渊光谱准确评估微结构样品的形态和机械特性
IF 3.8 Q1 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad50b2
Alessandra Anna Passeri, Chiara Argentati, Francesco Morena, Francesco Bonacci, Igor Neri, Daniele Fioretto, Massimo Vassalli, Sabata Martino, Maurizio Mattarelli, Silvia Caponi
Brillouin spectroscopy has recently attracted attention as a powerful tool for the characterization of the mechanical properties of heterogeneous materials, particularly in the biological and biomedical domains. This study investigates the procedure to use Brillouin data to provide relevant morphological parameters of micro-structured samples. When acquiring Brillouin spectra at the interface between two regions of the sample, the spectrum shows signatures of both regions. This feature can be used to precisely identify the position of the interfaces by analyzing the evolution of the fitting parameters of the Brillouin spectra acquired by performing a linear scan across the interface. This concept has been demonstrated by measuring the thickness of adherent HEK293T cells. The results are validated using fluorescence microscopy, showing an excellent agreement. The present analysis showcases the wealth of information present in the Brillouin spectrum and the potentiality of Brillouin spectroscopy not only for mechanical characterization but also for label-free, high-resolution imaging of sample morphology. The study introduces the possibility of correlating mechanical properties and shape of biological samples using a single technique.
布里渊光谱学作为一种表征异质材料力学特性的强大工具,最近引起了人们的关注,尤其是在生物和生物医学领域。本研究探讨了利用布里渊数据提供微结构样品相关形态参数的程序。在样品两个区域的界面处采集布里渊光谱时,光谱会显示两个区域的特征。通过分析在界面上进行线性扫描所获得的布里渊光谱拟合参数的变化,可以利用这一特征来精确确定界面的位置。测量附着的 HEK293T 细胞的厚度证明了这一概念。使用荧光显微镜对结果进行了验证,结果表明两者非常吻合。本分析展示了布里渊光谱中存在的丰富信息,以及布里渊光谱不仅在机械表征方面,而且在样品形态的无标记、高分辨率成像方面的潜力。这项研究为使用单一技术关联生物样本的机械特性和形状提供了可能性。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Physics-Photonics
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