Pub Date : 2023-08-23DOI: 10.2174/1573398x19666230823094353
Domenico Paolo La Regina, E. Mancino, E. Iovine, M. Spatuzzo, F. Virgili, L. Matera, R. Nenna, F. Midulla
Dyspnea is a common symptom that afflicts many patients with pulmonary disease and may be the primary manifestation of not only lung disease but also myocardial dysfunction, anemia, neuromuscular disorders, obesity, etc. Dyspnea can be induced by physical activity, which is referred to as exercise-induced dyspnea (EID). It can be caused by various etiologies, sometimes concomitant. In pediatrics, the three most common causes of dyspnea are exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, inducible laryngeal obstruction, and being physically untrained. We report two cases of adolescents who developed EID and their management approach. The first patient had an inducible laryngeal obstruction (EILO), while the second had an exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). The diagnosis of EIB is based on clinical symptoms (e.g., exercise-related symptoms of dyspnea, cough, or wheezing) and lung function testing (LFT). This test shows a reversible airflow limitation in response to exercise. A decrease in FEV1 ≥ 10% is considered positive. A major goal is to ensure that patients with EIB continue physical activity. Therapy is based on non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic measures. Our aim is to add our experience to the available knowledge on the diagnosis of EID. In conclusion, when faced with a child with exertional dyspnea, before declaring that he is not trained, it is always necessary to collect an accurate medical history, examination and carry out LFT, excluding pathologies of the upper and lower respiratory tract, such as EILO and EIB.
{"title":"Exertional Dyspnea; Just an Untrained Child? Two Case Reports Analyzing the Role of Lung Function Testing","authors":"Domenico Paolo La Regina, E. Mancino, E. Iovine, M. Spatuzzo, F. Virgili, L. Matera, R. Nenna, F. Midulla","doi":"10.2174/1573398x19666230823094353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x19666230823094353","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Dyspnea is a common symptom that afflicts many patients with pulmonary disease and may be the primary manifestation of not only lung disease but also myocardial dysfunction, anemia, neuromuscular disorders, obesity, etc. Dyspnea can be induced by physical activity, which is referred to as exercise-induced dyspnea (EID). It can be caused by various etiologies, sometimes concomitant. In pediatrics, the three most common causes of dyspnea are exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, inducible laryngeal obstruction, and being physically untrained.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We report two cases of adolescents who developed EID and their management approach. The first patient had an inducible laryngeal obstruction (EILO), while the second had an exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The diagnosis of EIB is based on clinical symptoms (e.g., exercise-related symptoms of dyspnea, cough, or wheezing) and lung function testing (LFT). This test shows a reversible airflow limitation in response to exercise. A decrease in FEV1 ≥ 10% is considered positive. A major goal is to ensure that patients with EIB continue physical activity. Therapy is based on non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic measures.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our aim is to add our experience to the available knowledge on the diagnosis of EID. In conclusion, when faced with a child with exertional dyspnea, before declaring that he is not trained, it is always necessary to collect an accurate medical history, examination and carry out LFT, excluding pathologies of the upper and lower respiratory tract, such as EILO and EIB.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41833231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-21DOI: 10.2174/1573398x19666230821140558
C. Indolfi, Angela Klain, N. Maiello, Paola Palumbo, Eleonora Palladino, G. Dinardo, M. Contieri, F. Decimo, M. M. del Giudice
The concept of atopic march was introduced about 15 years ago to define the temporal progression of different allergic conditions, from atopic dermatitis and food allergies in earliest childhood to the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis in older children. The authors describe a case report of a young girl who went through the stages of atopic march. The child first showed atopic dermatitis and food allergy in infancy, and, afterwards, she manifested allergic rhinitis and asthma in childhood. This timeline reflects the atopic march's spatial evolution, beginning with the skin and gastrointestinal tract and progressing to the upper and lower airways. In accord with the most recent evidence, rather than being defined in terms of chronological progression, atopic diseases should be investigated as a spectrum of atopic disorders that might take various developmental paths. According to this theory, the use of Component Resolved Diagnosis in atopic children can be beneficial for highlighting and predicting the atopic profile during the earliest years of life before symptoms arise, helping to stratify the clinical risk and preventing the onset of the atopic march and severe responses.
{"title":"Atopic march in children: a case report and review of current literature","authors":"C. Indolfi, Angela Klain, N. Maiello, Paola Palumbo, Eleonora Palladino, G. Dinardo, M. Contieri, F. Decimo, M. M. del Giudice","doi":"10.2174/1573398x19666230821140558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x19666230821140558","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The concept of atopic march was introduced about 15 years ago to define the temporal progression of different allergic conditions, from atopic dermatitis and food allergies in earliest childhood to the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis in older children.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The authors describe a case report of a young girl who went through the stages of atopic march. The child first showed atopic dermatitis and food allergy in infancy, and, afterwards, she manifested allergic rhinitis and asthma in childhood.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This timeline reflects the atopic march's spatial evolution, beginning with the skin and gastrointestinal tract and progressing to the upper and lower airways.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In accord with the most recent evidence, rather than being defined in terms of chronological progression, atopic diseases should be investigated as a spectrum of atopic disorders that might take various developmental paths. According to this theory, the use of Component Resolved Diagnosis in atopic children can be beneficial for highlighting and predicting the atopic profile during the earliest years of life before symptoms arise, helping to stratify the clinical risk and preventing the onset of the atopic march and severe responses.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46357728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-18DOI: 10.2174/1573398x19666230818142213
Pallabi Bhuyan, Tapash Chakraborty, Rakib Ahmed, Nurul Ali, S. Ghose
Coughing and sneezing are the body’s reflexes to various acute and chronic respiratory illnesses like asthma, COPD, lung cancer, etc. Mucus is a sticky, gelatinous material produced by the mucus gland to protect the airways. Mucolytics, antitussives and expectorants may help in treating hypersecretion of mucin that may lead to cough, cystic fibrosis, asthma, and COPD. Mucolytics if given along with the drugs like corticosteroids, albuterol sulphate, and levalbuterol HCl in asthma and for the management of COPD like corticosteroids and bronchodilators, may help in loosening the viscosity of the mucus and clearing it out. Mucolytics can be synthetic or herbal in origin and work by one of the three processes, viz. enzymatic degradation, disulphide bond cleavage and calcium chelation. Mucolytics breaks down mucin structure and loosen the mucus, helping it to expel out from the body. Some examples of synthetic mucolytics are Bromhexine and N-acetylcysteine. Herbal mucolytics have traditionally been used for the treatment of cough by indigenous people of India. Malva sylvestris, Zizyphus vulgaris are some of the examples of herbal mucolytics.
{"title":"Literature-based comparative study between herbal and synthetic mucolytics","authors":"Pallabi Bhuyan, Tapash Chakraborty, Rakib Ahmed, Nurul Ali, S. Ghose","doi":"10.2174/1573398x19666230818142213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x19666230818142213","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Coughing and sneezing are the body’s reflexes to various acute and chronic respiratory illnesses like asthma, COPD, lung cancer, etc.\u0000Mucus is a sticky, gelatinous material produced by the mucus gland to protect the airways. Mucolytics, antitussives and expectorants may help in treating hypersecretion of mucin that may lead to cough, cystic fibrosis, asthma, and COPD. Mucolytics if given along with the drugs like corticosteroids, albuterol sulphate, and levalbuterol HCl in asthma and for the management of COPD like corticosteroids and bronchodilators, may help in loosening the viscosity of the mucus and clearing it out.\u0000Mucolytics can be synthetic or herbal in origin and work by one of the three processes, viz. enzymatic degradation, disulphide bond cleavage and calcium chelation. Mucolytics breaks down mucin structure and loosen the mucus, helping it to expel out from the body. Some examples of synthetic mucolytics are Bromhexine and N-acetylcysteine. Herbal mucolytics have traditionally been used for the treatment of cough by indigenous people of India. Malva sylvestris, Zizyphus vulgaris are some of the examples of herbal mucolytics.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46438356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.2174/1573398x19666230816090828
Mitra Samareh Fekri, S. Shamsaddini, Mohsen Shafiepour, Hossein Kamyabi, Hossein Aghassi, Mehdi Borhani, Z. Babaei, Majid Fasihi Harandi
In developing countries, pulmonary infections are one of the major causes of death because the incidence and prevalence of pulmonary diseases have increased dramatically. Several species of protozoa can be found in the respiratory system. Pulmonary protozoan infections are increasingly identified in clinical settings. Protozoans within the genus Lophomonas are endocommensals of the hindgut of arthropods. Recently the trophozoite forms of Lophomonas have been observed in human tissues. Little is known about the occurrence of these protozoa in the Iranian population. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Lophomonas in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from the patients with respiratory diseases referred in Kerman province, southeast of Iran. A total of 200 patients were selected by simple random sampling. BAL samples were transferred to the Parasitology lab, direct smears were prepared for each specimen and two staining methods, Giemsa and Trichrome were performed for Lophomonas microscopical identification. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. Lophomonas trophozoites were found in 48 (24%) patients, at least in one of the methods. The mean age of the patients was 58.3 years (58.1 in men, 58.4 in women). Out of 200 samples, 45 (22.5%), 30 (15%), and 11(5.5%) were positive by wet mount microscopy, Giemsa, and Trichrome staining, respectively This study presented the first finding of Lophomonas infection in patients with pulmonary symptoms in southeast Iran.
{"title":"Lophomonas infection in patients with respiratory diseases in southeastern Iran using wet mount, Giemsa and trichrome staining","authors":"Mitra Samareh Fekri, S. Shamsaddini, Mohsen Shafiepour, Hossein Kamyabi, Hossein Aghassi, Mehdi Borhani, Z. Babaei, Majid Fasihi Harandi","doi":"10.2174/1573398x19666230816090828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x19666230816090828","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In developing countries, pulmonary infections are one of the major causes\u0000of death because the incidence and prevalence of pulmonary diseases have increased dramatically.\u0000Several species of protozoa can be found in the respiratory system. Pulmonary protozoan infections\u0000are increasingly identified in clinical settings. Protozoans within the genus Lophomonas are endocommensals of the hindgut of arthropods. Recently the trophozoite forms of Lophomonas have been\u0000observed in human tissues. Little is known about the occurrence of these protozoa in the Iranian\u0000population.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Lophomonas in bronchoalveolar\u0000lavage specimens from the patients with respiratory diseases referred in Kerman province, southeast\u0000of Iran.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A total of 200 patients were selected by simple random sampling. BAL samples were\u0000transferred to the Parasitology lab, direct smears were prepared for each specimen and two staining\u0000methods, Giemsa and Trichrome were performed for Lophomonas microscopical identification. The\u0000data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Lophomonas trophozoites were found in 48 (24%) patients, at least in one of the methods.\u0000The mean age of the patients was 58.3 years (58.1 in men, 58.4 in women). Out of 200 samples, 45\u0000(22.5%), 30 (15%), and 11(5.5%) were positive by wet mount microscopy, Giemsa, and Trichrome\u0000staining, respectively\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study presented the first finding of Lophomonas infection in patients with pulmonary symptoms in southeast Iran.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48265561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.2174/1573398x19666230816091304
Hend Mohamed Esmaeel, Sabah M. Saber, Ayat Alhewaig, M. Aboul-Nasr
to evaluate naïve lung cancer patients for the presence of aspergillosis. Pulmonary aspergillosis is the most common mould infection of the lungs. Patients with chronic lung disease or mild immunodeficiency are at risk. Lung cancer represents oncological challenge. Limited data are available about aspergillosis in newly diagnosed non neutropenic lung cancer patients. To identify fungal isolates and to determine the antifungal susceptibility. Inhibitory effect of secondary metabolites of fungal isolates on human fibroblast cell line was assessed. Cross section cohort study recruited newly diagnosed non neutropenic lung cancer patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage was obtained from 69 patients. Isolation of fungi on Sabouraud dextrose agar, morphological and molecular identification of fungal isolates, antifungal susceptibility testing and cell viability assay with cell culture and MTT assay were done. Aspergillus isolates were detected in 33 BAL samples out of the 69 patients (47.8%). The commonest isolate was A. niger. There was no significant correlation between total fungal count and age of patients. The antifungal Micafungin had a broad-spectrum and potent fungistatic activity against all fungal species with A. niger was the most sensitive. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of both A. niger and A. fumigatus on normal lung cells (WI-38) and revealed that toxicity was concentration dependent and A. niger had significantly lower IC 50 which indicates more toxicity. In the context of diagnosis of lung cancer, vigilance should be kept to suspect and diagnose fungal infection as aspergillosis. Initiation of proper management can help improving patient outcome
{"title":"Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Naïve Non-neutropenic Lung Cancer Patients","authors":"Hend Mohamed Esmaeel, Sabah M. Saber, Ayat Alhewaig, M. Aboul-Nasr","doi":"10.2174/1573398x19666230816091304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x19666230816091304","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000to evaluate naïve lung cancer patients for the presence of aspergillosis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Pulmonary aspergillosis is the most common mould infection of the lungs. Patients with chronic lung disease or mild immunodeficiency are at risk. Lung cancer represents oncological challenge. Limited data are available about aspergillosis in newly diagnosed non neutropenic lung cancer patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To identify fungal isolates and to determine the antifungal susceptibility. Inhibitory effect of secondary metabolites of fungal isolates on human fibroblast cell line was assessed.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Cross section cohort study recruited newly diagnosed non neutropenic lung cancer patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage was obtained from 69 patients. Isolation of fungi on Sabouraud dextrose agar, morphological and molecular identification of fungal isolates, antifungal susceptibility testing and cell viability assay with cell culture and MTT assay were done.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Aspergillus isolates were detected in 33 BAL samples out of the 69 patients (47.8%). The commonest isolate was A. niger. There was no significant correlation between total fungal count and age of patients. The antifungal Micafungin had a broad-spectrum and potent fungistatic activity against all fungal species with A. niger was the most sensitive. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of both A. niger and A. fumigatus on normal lung cells (WI-38) and revealed that toxicity was concentration dependent and A. niger had significantly lower IC 50 which indicates more toxicity.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In the context of diagnosis of lung cancer, vigilance should be kept to suspect and diagnose fungal infection as aspergillosis. Initiation of proper management can help improving patient outcome\u0000","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42941916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.2174/1573398x1903230831160911
Ana Cecilia Canto Costal, J. Varon
{"title":"The Revolutionary Role of Artificial Intelligence in Respiratory Medicine","authors":"Ana Cecilia Canto Costal, J. Varon","doi":"10.2174/1573398x1903230831160911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x1903230831160911","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46089795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1573398x19666230731103750
A. Abdelaziz, Rofaida N. Hassan, Elham A. Abd Elghany, R. Abdelfattah, Nada A. Abdelaziz, A. Hasan
Tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is a common medical condition more frequently encountered in poor countries. It is the second most common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The diagnosis of TPE is problematic because the clinical features are non-specific, and most laboratory tests are not diagnostic. An accurate diagnosis requires the detection of TB bacilli in the pleural fluid or tissue sample from the pleura, which is not an easy task due to the scarcity of bacilli in the pleural fluid and the need for invasive maneuvers to get pleural tissue for histopathological, bacteriological or molecular confirmation for the TB bacilli. Different markers in pleural fluid have been evaluated to aid in diagnosing TPE. Among those biomarkers, Adenosine deaminase (ADA) was the most studied marker. It is an enzyme predominantly produced by T-lymphocytes and catalyzes the conversion of adenosine to inosine and deoxyadenosine. It is a hallmark of active cellular immunity. A high level of ADA can be found in exudative effusion of different etiologies such as parapneumonic, tuberculous and malignant effusions. Although there is still a debate over the diagnostic accuracy of ADA as a marker for TPE, many studies recommend its use. A correct diagnosis is crucial for the start of treatment for TPE. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase in diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion. The ADA optimal cutoff value is still under investigation.
{"title":"Evaluation of Adenosine Deaminase as a Diagnostic Marker in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion","authors":"A. Abdelaziz, Rofaida N. Hassan, Elham A. Abd Elghany, R. Abdelfattah, Nada A. Abdelaziz, A. Hasan","doi":"10.2174/1573398x19666230731103750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x19666230731103750","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is a common medical condition more frequently encountered in poor countries. It is the second most common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.\u0000The diagnosis of TPE is problematic because the clinical features are non-specific, and most laboratory tests are not diagnostic. An accurate diagnosis requires the detection of TB bacilli in the pleural\u0000fluid or tissue sample from the pleura, which is not an easy task due to the scarcity of bacilli in the\u0000pleural fluid and the need for invasive maneuvers to get pleural tissue for histopathological, bacteriological or molecular confirmation for the TB bacilli.\u0000Different markers in pleural fluid have been evaluated to aid in diagnosing TPE. Among those biomarkers, Adenosine deaminase (ADA) was the most studied marker. It is an enzyme predominantly produced by T-lymphocytes and catalyzes the conversion of adenosine to inosine and deoxyadenosine. It is a hallmark of active cellular immunity. A high level of ADA can be found in exudative effusion of different etiologies such as parapneumonic, tuberculous and malignant effusions.\u0000Although there is still a debate over the diagnostic accuracy of ADA as a marker for TPE, many\u0000studies recommend its use. A correct diagnosis is crucial for the start of treatment for TPE. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase in diagnosing tuberculous\u0000pleural effusion. The ADA optimal cutoff value is still under investigation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44905854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.2174/1573398x19666230727095317
Usha Rani Kandula, Techane Sisay Tuji, Anwar Abdulwahed, Ketema Diriba, Kassech Leta, B. Alemu
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2) is very susceptible to transmission, and caused Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), by spreading throughout the globe in early 2020 after starting in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients experienced elevated fatality rates as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also anticipated that, the bacterial co-infection will cause a wave of subsequent bacterial illnesses. A significant infection causes morbidity in critically ill patients with COVID-19, is known as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). A public health emergency has been proclaimed for COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). As per WHO, more than 113 million COVID-19 cases have been confirmed, and there have been about 2.5 million fatalities. Early research has shown that nosocomial pneumonia, particularly VAP, is significantly more common in people with severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. ICU patients frequently experience Acinetobacter baumannii (AbB) infections, while Aspergillus species are the fungi most frequently responsible for VAP. The review emphasizes the most prevalent microorganisms that caused infections to arise among hospitalized patients throughout the COVID-19 era. The literature identified AbB, Klebsiella pneumonia (KP), Aspergillus, Enterobacter cloacae (EC), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SmM), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Streptococcus pneumonia (SP), Haemophilus influenza (HI), Enterococcus faecalis (EF), Escherichia coli (EC), Candida albicans (CA), PA (PA), Serratia marcescens(SM), Burkholderia gladioli (BG), Mucor spp. (MS), Rhizopus spp. (RS), Cryptococcus Neoformans (CN), Paracoccus yeei (PY). This review may help the health sectors to identify and focus on VAP causative organisms during COVID-19 pandemic period, for the early initiation of prompt therapeutic management.
{"title":"VAP causative agents during COVID-19 pandemic Era: Narrative Review","authors":"Usha Rani Kandula, Techane Sisay Tuji, Anwar Abdulwahed, Ketema Diriba, Kassech Leta, B. Alemu","doi":"10.2174/1573398x19666230727095317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x19666230727095317","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2) is very susceptible to transmission, and caused Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), by spreading throughout the globe in early 2020 after starting in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients experienced elevated fatality rates as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also anticipated that, the bacterial co-infection will cause a wave of subsequent bacterial illnesses. A significant infection causes morbidity in critically ill patients with COVID-19, is known as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). A public health emergency has been proclaimed for COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). As per WHO, more than 113 million COVID-19 cases have been confirmed, and there have been about 2.5 million fatalities. Early research has shown that nosocomial pneumonia, particularly VAP, is significantly more common in people with severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. ICU patients frequently experience Acinetobacter baumannii (AbB) infections, while Aspergillus species are the fungi most frequently responsible for VAP. The review emphasizes the most prevalent microorganisms that caused infections to arise among hospitalized patients throughout the COVID-19 era. The literature identified AbB, Klebsiella pneumonia (KP), Aspergillus, Enterobacter cloacae (EC), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SmM), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Streptococcus pneumonia (SP), Haemophilus influenza (HI), Enterococcus faecalis (EF), Escherichia coli (EC), Candida albicans (CA), PA (PA), Serratia marcescens(SM), Burkholderia gladioli (BG), Mucor spp. (MS), Rhizopus spp. (RS), Cryptococcus Neoformans (CN), Paracoccus yeei (PY). This review may help the health sectors to identify and focus on VAP causative organisms during COVID-19 pandemic period, for the early initiation of prompt therapeutic management.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45881302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.2174/1573398x19666230724155039
F. Akbarian, Sanam Rezazadeh Chafjiri, Marziye Poornabi, F. Khani, Solmaz Abolhasanzadeh, F. Hosseini
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, mainly transmitting through respiratory droplets. The primary mechanism of viral infection is associated with SARS-CoV-2 envelope spike glycoproteins. Upon membrane fusion, viral entry is mediated by several enzymes, such as ACE-2, DPP4/CD26, and TMPRSS2. In docked molecular complexes, DPP4/CD26 functional receptors and viral spike proteins have a large interface, potentially leading to inflammation in severe COVID-19. Thus, its regulation or inhibition might affect one or more stages in COVID-19 immuno- pathogenesis due to its associations with many immunological functions, such as modulating the NF-kB pathway, upregulating CD86 expression, activating proliferation of T cells, and influencing the antiviral response and cytokine storm in COVID-19. In this study, we reviewed the role of DPP4/CD26 in the immune system and its effects on the production of cytokine storms in COVID-19. Furthermore, we hypothesized that targeting DPP4/CD26 as a therapeutic strategy could reduce the inflammatory complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this regard, the applications of DPP4/CD26 inhibitors, DPP4/CD26 siRNAs, and CD26 antibodies have been demonstrated to prevent cytokine storms and airway inflammation. At last, it is suggested to utilize novel technologies such as CRISPR/Cas and chimeric antigen receptor T cells, based on their many advantages, to increase the sensitivity and specificity of future treatment methods.
{"title":"Evaluation of DPP4/CD26 Potential Role for the Management of Inflammation in COVID-19 Patients","authors":"F. Akbarian, Sanam Rezazadeh Chafjiri, Marziye Poornabi, F. Khani, Solmaz Abolhasanzadeh, F. Hosseini","doi":"10.2174/1573398x19666230724155039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x19666230724155039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, mainly transmitting through respiratory droplets. The primary mechanism of viral infection is associated with SARS-CoV-2 envelope spike glycoproteins. Upon membrane fusion, viral entry is mediated by several enzymes, such as ACE-2, DPP4/CD26, and TMPRSS2. In docked molecular complexes, DPP4/CD26 functional receptors and viral spike proteins have a large interface, potentially leading to inflammation in severe COVID-19. Thus, its regulation or inhibition might affect one or more stages in COVID-19 immuno- pathogenesis due to its associations with many immunological functions, such as modulating the NF-kB pathway, upregulating CD86 expression, activating proliferation of T cells, and influencing the antiviral response and cytokine storm in COVID-19. In this study, we reviewed the role of DPP4/CD26 in the immune system and its effects on the production of cytokine storms in COVID-19. Furthermore, we hypothesized that targeting DPP4/CD26 as a therapeutic strategy could reduce the inflammatory complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this regard, the applications of DPP4/CD26 inhibitors, DPP4/CD26 siRNAs, and CD26 antibodies have been demonstrated to prevent cytokine storms and airway inflammation. At last, it is suggested to utilize novel technologies such as CRISPR/Cas and chimeric antigen receptor T cells, based on their many advantages, to increase the sensitivity and specificity of future treatment methods.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46779007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.2174/1573398x19666230720114556
M. Jafari, Niloofar Karimi Afshar, R. Sinaei, A. Hoseininasab, S. Parvaresh, M. Ahmadipour, F. Karami Robati, S. Jalali, Mohammad Ali Jafari
SARS-Cov-2 is a highly infectious and contagious disease caused by a coronavirus called severe coronavirus-acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV2). Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection are often asymptomatic or have relatively mild symptoms, often with cough and fever. Today, despite High value information about the manifestations and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2, there is limited information on post-SARS-Cov-2 syndrome, especially in children. This study aimed to evaluate the symptoms of SARS-Cov-2 syndrome in children with SARS-Cov-2 in Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman. The present descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 122 children with SARS-Cov-2 in 2020-2021. A checklist including information on age, sex, duration of hospitalization, need for admission in intensive care units, clinical symptoms, mortality during or after discharge, underlying illness, and need for readmission was completed by reviewing patient records and interviews. The collected information was entered into SPSS software version 26 for statistical analysis. The mean age of patients was 46.64±40.39 months. 49.2% of patients were female and 50.8% were male. The most common symptoms were fever (84.4%), weakness (49.2%), cough (34.4%), nausea/vomiting (34.4%), dyspnea (27%), and diarrhea (26.2%). In 122 children, 115 children (94.3%) had symptoms for less than one month, one child had symptoms for one to two months, and 6 children (4.9%) had symptoms for a long duration (more than two months). The most common clinical signs in children with post-SARS-Cov-2 syndrome were weakness (33.3%) and dyspnea (33.3%). Persistent symptoms of post-SARS-Cov-2 syndrome are less common in children with SARS-Cov-2 disease in Iran.
{"title":"Post and during SARS-Cov-2 syndrome in children","authors":"M. Jafari, Niloofar Karimi Afshar, R. Sinaei, A. Hoseininasab, S. Parvaresh, M. Ahmadipour, F. Karami Robati, S. Jalali, Mohammad Ali Jafari","doi":"10.2174/1573398x19666230720114556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573398x19666230720114556","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000SARS-Cov-2 is a highly infectious and contagious disease caused by a coronavirus called severe coronavirus-acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV2). Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection are often asymptomatic or have relatively mild symptoms, often with cough and fever. Today, despite High value information about the manifestations and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2, there is limited information on post-SARS-Cov-2 syndrome, especially in children.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aimed to evaluate the symptoms of SARS-Cov-2 syndrome in children with SARS-Cov-2 in Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 122 children with SARS-Cov-2 in 2020-2021. A checklist including information on age, sex, duration of hospitalization, need for admission in intensive care units, clinical symptoms, mortality during or after discharge, underlying illness, and need for readmission was completed by reviewing patient records and interviews. The collected information was entered into SPSS software version 26 for statistical analysis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The mean age of patients was 46.64±40.39 months. 49.2% of patients were female and 50.8% were male. The most common symptoms were fever (84.4%), weakness (49.2%), cough (34.4%), nausea/vomiting (34.4%), dyspnea (27%), and diarrhea (26.2%). In 122 children, 115 children (94.3%) had symptoms for less than one month, one child had symptoms for one to two months, and 6 children (4.9%) had symptoms for a long duration (more than two months). The most common clinical signs in children with post-SARS-Cov-2 syndrome were weakness (33.3%) and dyspnea (33.3%).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Persistent symptoms of post-SARS-Cov-2 syndrome are less common in children with SARS-Cov-2 disease in Iran.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44030,"journal":{"name":"Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45915615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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