With the advent of E-commerce, many in the world are able to compete in global markets regardless of language, and cultural barriers, physical distance and national boundaries since products, services, and transaction processes can be re-engineered to adjust to changing business environments. E-commerce has evolved through the basic E-mail and electronic data interchange of the past few years to the sophisticated Web based interactive systems today. What will happen in the future is left to our creative imagination and the potentials are very high. In spite of protectionist trade policies in the political circles both in USA and abroad, globalization is bound to succeed in the world due to the enormous economic benefits that can be accrued by it. Internet and E-commerce which have been responsible for continuing gradual removal of barriers of language, culture and national boundaries will help globalization and accelerate international trade. International organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) are already spearheading the policy and regulatory issues in the international scene particularly in the E-commerce environment to reach globalization vision. This paper discusses where have we been? where are we?, and where we may be in the future with reference to E-commerce and globalization.
{"title":"E-commerce and globalization yesterday, today, and tomorrow","authors":"S. Raman","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872510","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of E-commerce, many in the world are able to compete in global markets regardless of language, and cultural barriers, physical distance and national boundaries since products, services, and transaction processes can be re-engineered to adjust to changing business environments. E-commerce has evolved through the basic E-mail and electronic data interchange of the past few years to the sophisticated Web based interactive systems today. What will happen in the future is left to our creative imagination and the potentials are very high. In spite of protectionist trade policies in the political circles both in USA and abroad, globalization is bound to succeed in the world due to the enormous economic benefits that can be accrued by it. Internet and E-commerce which have been responsible for continuing gradual removal of barriers of language, culture and national boundaries will help globalization and accelerate international trade. International organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) are already spearheading the policy and regulatory issues in the international scene particularly in the E-commerce environment to reach globalization vision. This paper discusses where have we been? where are we?, and where we may be in the future with reference to E-commerce and globalization.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126785031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital imaging, networking and displays are emerging technologies that are already having major impacts on traditional product segments from consumer and office electronics to computers and communications. They are at the heart of the convergence of previously independent product segments of video and still photography, television, computers, office machines (including fares, copiers and scanners), and communications devices. In this paper, the authors investigate the strategies of two key competitors, Kodak and Sony and the role of previous design, manufacturing, and market experience in the development of new strategies as well as the nature and timing of investment in new technologies and product lines.
{"title":"Strategies for adapting to technological change","authors":"S. Sanderson","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872479","url":null,"abstract":"Digital imaging, networking and displays are emerging technologies that are already having major impacts on traditional product segments from consumer and office electronics to computers and communications. They are at the heart of the convergence of previously independent product segments of video and still photography, television, computers, office machines (including fares, copiers and scanners), and communications devices. In this paper, the authors investigate the strategies of two key competitors, Kodak and Sony and the role of previous design, manufacturing, and market experience in the development of new strategies as well as the nature and timing of investment in new technologies and product lines.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129900276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper illustrates how contract manufacturing is playing an increasingly important role in the telecommunications industry. Traditional telecommunications manufacturers need to concentrate on the activities which can bring the highest value to their customers, while they tend to subcontract other activities, especially if they do not have the needed core competencies. In fact, most telecommunications manufacturers are outsourcing some of their manufacturing activities to CMs (contract manufacturers), also called CEMS (contract electronic manufacturing services). GEMS manage a portfolio of plants located around the world using flexible, modular and reconfigurable assembly systems. Two case studies were undertaken in order to demystify the new and diversified role of CEMS in the telecommunications industry. The authors' findings have enabled them to develop a typology of outsourcing strategies for telecommunications manufacturers which correspond to the different roles of CEMS.
{"title":"Roles and strategies of contract manufacturers in the telecommunications industry","authors":"P. Hadaya, E. Lefebvre, Pierre-Majorique Léger","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872546","url":null,"abstract":"This paper illustrates how contract manufacturing is playing an increasingly important role in the telecommunications industry. Traditional telecommunications manufacturers need to concentrate on the activities which can bring the highest value to their customers, while they tend to subcontract other activities, especially if they do not have the needed core competencies. In fact, most telecommunications manufacturers are outsourcing some of their manufacturing activities to CMs (contract manufacturers), also called CEMS (contract electronic manufacturing services). GEMS manage a portfolio of plants located around the world using flexible, modular and reconfigurable assembly systems. Two case studies were undertaken in order to demystify the new and diversified role of CEMS in the telecommunications industry. The authors' findings have enabled them to develop a typology of outsourcing strategies for telecommunications manufacturers which correspond to the different roles of CEMS.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133410536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Internet and World-Wide Web have transformed how we communicate and conduct business. Electronic support tools using the Internet have enhanced support providers' capabilities and at the same time enable users to become self-sufficient. Web-based support offers great opportunities for firms: (1) to reduce the cost of delivering support, (2) to improve the quality of support provided, and (3) to use technology as a key competitive differentiation in their support services. However, industry studies indicate that some firms are not satisfied with Web-based support systems, which in these cases has prevented Web-based systems from becoming the preferred medium for obtaining support. This paper is concerned with identifying the critical factors affecting the use of a Web-based self-support system at the Hewlett-Packard Company. Hewlett-Packard business customers have the ability to obtain a wide range of support services using HP's Web-based support system, the Electronic Support Center (ESC).
{"title":"Web-based self-support business system effectiveness","authors":"B. Dean, R. Kadambi","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872504","url":null,"abstract":"Internet and World-Wide Web have transformed how we communicate and conduct business. Electronic support tools using the Internet have enhanced support providers' capabilities and at the same time enable users to become self-sufficient. Web-based support offers great opportunities for firms: (1) to reduce the cost of delivering support, (2) to improve the quality of support provided, and (3) to use technology as a key competitive differentiation in their support services. However, industry studies indicate that some firms are not satisfied with Web-based support systems, which in these cases has prevented Web-based systems from becoming the preferred medium for obtaining support. This paper is concerned with identifying the critical factors affecting the use of a Web-based self-support system at the Hewlett-Packard Company. Hewlett-Packard business customers have the ability to obtain a wide range of support services using HP's Web-based support system, the Electronic Support Center (ESC).","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131301356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper makes the case that the linguistic discipline of pragmatics is useful in developing the next generation of knowledge management applications, especially in professional disciplines such as legal services, health care, and education. The four classes of knowledge-based software to be considered-agents, browsers, indexes (ontologies), and user models-are assessed by applying basic concepts from pragmatics to identify critical issues of context, meaning and location that affect usability and utility. This paper considers issues of common interest to software developers and practicing linguists or ethnographers, such as (a) feature density and preference determination in user modeling; (b) contextualization in high-performance and iterative DB queries; (c) social agency as related to such programming languages as KQML; and (d) disambiguation of meaning with natural language ontologies in large corpora. Three points are asserted and defended: first, current interfaces, databases, and query software have not achieved their full potential for capturing and storing information, and rendering it useful for practical tasks. Second, this failing originates in a reductionist view of language. A richer, context-bound analytical framework is required, such as that offered by pragmatics. Third, combined with the practical methods of ethnography and discourse analysis, a pragmatics-based perspective can support creation of the next generation of computer interfaces and databases, as well as advanced search and navigation tools.
{"title":"Knowledge management in the professional services: lessons from functional linguistics","authors":"R. Morris","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872580","url":null,"abstract":"This paper makes the case that the linguistic discipline of pragmatics is useful in developing the next generation of knowledge management applications, especially in professional disciplines such as legal services, health care, and education. The four classes of knowledge-based software to be considered-agents, browsers, indexes (ontologies), and user models-are assessed by applying basic concepts from pragmatics to identify critical issues of context, meaning and location that affect usability and utility. This paper considers issues of common interest to software developers and practicing linguists or ethnographers, such as (a) feature density and preference determination in user modeling; (b) contextualization in high-performance and iterative DB queries; (c) social agency as related to such programming languages as KQML; and (d) disambiguation of meaning with natural language ontologies in large corpora. Three points are asserted and defended: first, current interfaces, databases, and query software have not achieved their full potential for capturing and storing information, and rendering it useful for practical tasks. Second, this failing originates in a reductionist view of language. A richer, context-bound analytical framework is required, such as that offered by pragmatics. Third, combined with the practical methods of ethnography and discourse analysis, a pragmatics-based perspective can support creation of the next generation of computer interfaces and databases, as well as advanced search and navigation tools.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114343987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is based on a survey among the top R&D spending companies worldwide. First, it analyses the importance of current corporate technology strategies. Second, it looks at the instruments used to acquire the technologies and knowledge rated crucial for competitiveness. Third, aspects of the internationalisation of technology are investigated.
{"title":"Managing technology in the top R&D spending companies worldwide-results of a global survey","authors":"G. Reger, J. Edler, F. Meyer-Krahmer","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872501","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is based on a survey among the top R&D spending companies worldwide. First, it analyses the importance of current corporate technology strategies. Second, it looks at the instruments used to acquire the technologies and knowledge rated crucial for competitiveness. Third, aspects of the internationalisation of technology are investigated.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114842416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If health care costs are to be reduced, the labor productivity of the US health care system must be increased. Regulations, both government and professionally imposed, have removed the economic incentives that traditionally drive productivity growth. Labor productivity growth can only be reached by increased competition among service providers that leads to replacement of many of those working in the health care field with low-cost technology, principally electrical and computer technology. In highly competitive systems, technology innovation increases productivity, increases quality and reduces both costs and charges. In weakly competitive systems, such as health care and education, technology innovation often increases quality, decreases costs, and increases charges. The path to productivity growth is first competition, then technology innovation. We propose the development of a national program managed by a national laboratory that includes both competition enhancement and technology innovation as its primary elements.
{"title":"A national laboratory for reforming health care costs","authors":"J. Gover, P. Huray","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872588","url":null,"abstract":"If health care costs are to be reduced, the labor productivity of the US health care system must be increased. Regulations, both government and professionally imposed, have removed the economic incentives that traditionally drive productivity growth. Labor productivity growth can only be reached by increased competition among service providers that leads to replacement of many of those working in the health care field with low-cost technology, principally electrical and computer technology. In highly competitive systems, technology innovation increases productivity, increases quality and reduces both costs and charges. In weakly competitive systems, such as health care and education, technology innovation often increases quality, decreases costs, and increases charges. The path to productivity growth is first competition, then technology innovation. We propose the development of a national program managed by a national laboratory that includes both competition enhancement and technology innovation as its primary elements.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125456424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A business model using the Internet channel for world commerce in the semiconductor industry is presented. The electronic media for commerce is found to be crucial to meet customer demands timely and cost-effectively. The strategies to setup an infrastructure for electronic commerce and the potential benefits of electronic commerce for the semiconductor design and manufacturing companies are described.
{"title":"Organizing semiconductor companies for electronic commerce","authors":"S.K. Saha","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872503","url":null,"abstract":"A business model using the Internet channel for world commerce in the semiconductor industry is presented. The electronic media for commerce is found to be crucial to meet customer demands timely and cost-effectively. The strategies to setup an infrastructure for electronic commerce and the potential benefits of electronic commerce for the semiconductor design and manufacturing companies are described.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129488159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on investment on capacity expansion in a deregulated electric industry, under conditions of uncertainty. Particularly, it describes a framework for the application of the concepts of stochastic dominance to the investment decision making process. The Chilean electricity market case is taken as a general framework. After briefly describing its main characteristics, it is discussed how to obtain the probability distribution of the net present value (NPV) of an investment in a new generating plant, using a long term planning model. Having the NPV distribution, and information about investors' risk attitude, stochastic dominance concepts can be applied to complement the investment decision making process. The most interesting aspect regarding the methodology discussed is that it takes into consideration the whole distribution of returns from an investment, not relying just on the expected NPV, or a particular measure of risk. Nevertheless, stochastic dominance produces only a partial ordering of investment alternatives.
{"title":"Investment decision making in a deregulated electric industry using stochastic dominance","authors":"J. Prina","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872563","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on investment on capacity expansion in a deregulated electric industry, under conditions of uncertainty. Particularly, it describes a framework for the application of the concepts of stochastic dominance to the investment decision making process. The Chilean electricity market case is taken as a general framework. After briefly describing its main characteristics, it is discussed how to obtain the probability distribution of the net present value (NPV) of an investment in a new generating plant, using a long term planning model. Having the NPV distribution, and information about investors' risk attitude, stochastic dominance concepts can be applied to complement the investment decision making process. The most interesting aspect regarding the methodology discussed is that it takes into consideration the whole distribution of returns from an investment, not relying just on the expected NPV, or a particular measure of risk. Nevertheless, stochastic dominance produces only a partial ordering of investment alternatives.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129578322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Longitudinal data collected from twelve discontinuous innovation projects over 5 years in 10 large, mature firms reveal the challenges of managing the surprisingly difficult transition from R&D project to an operating unit. In these twelve projects a substantial "readiness gap" existed between the project teams and the receiving business units, leading us to propose the formation of a formal transition team as an organizational response for bridging this gap. The transition team and the organization's associated management structure must answer twelve critical questions before a project can be successfully transitioned. Based on an analysis of transition practices, we identify seven keys to improving the effectiveness of transition management.
{"title":"Managing the transition of a discontinuous innovation project to operational status","authors":"M. Rice, R. Leifer, G. O'Connor","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872570","url":null,"abstract":"Longitudinal data collected from twelve discontinuous innovation projects over 5 years in 10 large, mature firms reveal the challenges of managing the surprisingly difficult transition from R&D project to an operating unit. In these twelve projects a substantial \"readiness gap\" existed between the project teams and the receiving business units, leading us to propose the formation of a formal transition team as an organizational response for bridging this gap. The transition team and the organization's associated management structure must answer twelve critical questions before a project can be successfully transitioned. Based on an analysis of transition practices, we identify seven keys to improving the effectiveness of transition management.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122091496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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