Pub Date : 2019-12-04DOI: 10.1142/s1793993319500169
Shi-Zhuan Han, Li Zhang, Guangjie Han, Lei Wang
This paper aims at discussing the applicability of the three-factor model in China’s multiple security markets. The monthly returns of Shenzhen Main Board Market, Shanghai Stock Market, GEM Securities Market and Small and Medium Board Securities Market from January 2012 to December 2016 are selected as samples. The following conclusions are drawn: the three-factor model is applicable in Shenzhen Main Board Market, that is, the change of stock return is proportional to market factor, book-to-market ratio factor, and inversely proportional to scale factor. Moreover, in terms of the explanatory power of the change of stock return, the market factor is the highest, the scale factor is the second, and the book-to-market ratio factor is the lowest. But in the other three markets, the two-factors model that excludes the ratio of book market value can explain the change of stock return better. In addition, the explanatory power of market factor is better than scale factor.
{"title":"The Three-factor Model and China’s Multiple Stock Markets","authors":"Shi-Zhuan Han, Li Zhang, Guangjie Han, Lei Wang","doi":"10.1142/s1793993319500169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793993319500169","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at discussing the applicability of the three-factor model in China’s multiple security markets. The monthly returns of Shenzhen Main Board Market, Shanghai Stock Market, GEM Securities Market and Small and Medium Board Securities Market from January 2012 to December 2016 are selected as samples. The following conclusions are drawn: the three-factor model is applicable in Shenzhen Main Board Market, that is, the change of stock return is proportional to market factor, book-to-market ratio factor, and inversely proportional to scale factor. Moreover, in terms of the explanatory power of the change of stock return, the market factor is the highest, the scale factor is the second, and the book-to-market ratio factor is the lowest. But in the other three markets, the two-factors model that excludes the ratio of book market value can explain the change of stock return better. In addition, the explanatory power of market factor is better than scale factor.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89707930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-04DOI: 10.1142/s1793993319500170
Jie Li
Using panel data of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) from 1990 to 2010, we find strong evidence that outward FDI from BRICS is significantly associated with “better exports, measured by EXPY, an index developed by Hausmann et al. (2007). Every 1% increase in outward FDI leads to around 0.1% improvement in export sophistication (EXPY). Meanwhile, inward FDI does not seem to improve BRICS’ export sophistication.
{"title":"Export Sophistication and Outward FDI in Developing Countries","authors":"Jie Li","doi":"10.1142/s1793993319500170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793993319500170","url":null,"abstract":"Using panel data of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) from 1990 to 2010, we find strong evidence that outward FDI from BRICS is significantly associated with “better exports, measured by EXPY, an index developed by Hausmann et al. (2007). Every 1% increase in outward FDI leads to around 0.1% improvement in export sophistication (EXPY). Meanwhile, inward FDI does not seem to improve BRICS’ export sophistication.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79309639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-04DOI: 10.1142/s1793993319500133
Ş. Babuşcu, Adalet Hazar, M. N. Solakoğlu, Cengiz Tunç
We study the effect of sector-level competition on export by utilizing the Exporter Dynamics Database of the World Bank that provides sector-level competition measure along with destination-specific detailed export data. The results of the analysis show a nonlinear effect of sector-level competition on export. While at less competitive sectors, an increase in competition depresses export, at highly competitive sectors, an increase in competition generates a trade-promoting effect on export. The observed nonlinear effect is robust across sectors and countries. Therefore, productivity of peer firms could generate negative effect on a firm’s export performance contrary to the usual positive effect of a firm’s own productivity.
{"title":"Sector-Level Competition and Export: Evidence from Exporter Dynamics Database","authors":"Ş. Babuşcu, Adalet Hazar, M. N. Solakoğlu, Cengiz Tunç","doi":"10.1142/s1793993319500133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793993319500133","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effect of sector-level competition on export by utilizing the Exporter Dynamics Database of the World Bank that provides sector-level competition measure along with destination-specific detailed export data. The results of the analysis show a nonlinear effect of sector-level competition on export. While at less competitive sectors, an increase in competition depresses export, at highly competitive sectors, an increase in competition generates a trade-promoting effect on export. The observed nonlinear effect is robust across sectors and countries. Therefore, productivity of peer firms could generate negative effect on a firm’s export performance contrary to the usual positive effect of a firm’s own productivity.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87991028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-04DOI: 10.1142/S1793993319500121
S. Gnangnon
Using a panel dataset comprising 137 countries (both developed and developing countries) over the period 1970–2010, this paper has examined the effect of export upgrading (i.e., export product diversification and export product quality improvement) on financial development. The findings suggest that export product diversification and export product quality improvement influence positively and significantly financial development in high income countries (HICs) and developing countries alike. However, for least developed countries (LDCs), export product diversification promotes financial development, but export product quality improvement exerts a negative effect on financial development.
{"title":"Effect of Export Upgrading on Financial Development","authors":"S. Gnangnon","doi":"10.1142/S1793993319500121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793993319500121","url":null,"abstract":"Using a panel dataset comprising 137 countries (both developed and developing countries) over the period 1970–2010, this paper has examined the effect of export upgrading (i.e., export product diversification and export product quality improvement) on financial development. The findings suggest that export product diversification and export product quality improvement influence positively and significantly financial development in high income countries (HICs) and developing countries alike. However, for least developed countries (LDCs), export product diversification promotes financial development, but export product quality improvement exerts a negative effect on financial development.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73940685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1142/s1793993319500145
Bin Xia
Starting with explaining the differences between theory and experience, based on various schools of economic theories, this paper sorts out and evaluates different views of Chinese Economists’ theoretical summaries of the “economic miracle” for 40 years since reform and opening-up, and then analyses four fundamental reasons behind the divergence among the economists. The paper expresses the understanding of Chinese Economics, the School of Chinese Economics and the Socialist Political Economy with Chinese Characteristics and puts forward several issues for further improvement on innovations of economic theory.
{"title":"The “China Miracle”: Thinking on Economic Theory Innovation","authors":"Bin Xia","doi":"10.1142/s1793993319500145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793993319500145","url":null,"abstract":"Starting with explaining the differences between theory and experience, based on various schools of economic theories, this paper sorts out and evaluates different views of Chinese Economists’ theoretical summaries of the “economic miracle” for 40 years since reform and opening-up, and then analyses four fundamental reasons behind the divergence among the economists. The paper expresses the understanding of Chinese Economics, the School of Chinese Economics and the Socialist Political Economy with Chinese Characteristics and puts forward several issues for further improvement on innovations of economic theory.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73827160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1142/s1793993319500157
T. Fullerton, A. Walke
Price differentials, among other factors, persuade many residents of Northern Mexico to shop in the Southwestern United States border region. Employment patterns in the latter region are studied using a set of control variables and two indicators that are likely to influence cross-border shopping patterns. The first is a real exchange rate index, which captures changes in relative prices in the United States and Mexico. The second is real per capita gross state product in Mexican states adjacent to the international boundary. Both of these variables are found to impact retail and restaurant employment in the United States border zone, confirming that cross-border shopping influences labor market conditions in that region. Furthermore, the estimated elasticities vary across retail sub-sectors in ways that are generally consistent with prior research. Overall, the results suggest that economic setbacks in Northern Mexico and real peso depreciations are likely to have adverse consequences for important sectors of border economies in the United States.
{"title":"Cross-Border Shopping and Employment Patterns in the Southwestern United States","authors":"T. Fullerton, A. Walke","doi":"10.1142/s1793993319500157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793993319500157","url":null,"abstract":"Price differentials, among other factors, persuade many residents of Northern Mexico to shop in the Southwestern United States border region. Employment patterns in the latter region are studied using a set of control variables and two indicators that are likely to influence cross-border shopping patterns. The first is a real exchange rate index, which captures changes in relative prices in the United States and Mexico. The second is real per capita gross state product in Mexican states adjacent to the international boundary. Both of these variables are found to impact retail and restaurant employment in the United States border zone, confirming that cross-border shopping influences labor market conditions in that region. Furthermore, the estimated elasticities vary across retail sub-sectors in ways that are generally consistent with prior research. Overall, the results suggest that economic setbacks in Northern Mexico and real peso depreciations are likely to have adverse consequences for important sectors of border economies in the United States.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85711048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1142/S1793993319500078
Rui Wang
The Zero Lower Bound (ZLB) on short nominal interest rates has imposed serious constraint on stimulating and stabilizing economy of major central banks. Analysis of monetary policy by Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models under the existence of ZLB has also been an important issue from both practical and academic views for central banks and macroeconomists. However, the nonlinearity of ZLB constraint makes linear solution and estimation techniques of DSGE models unreliable and impractical. In many recent empirical works, it has been proved that the shadow rate can be used as an accurate proxy to represent the stance of unconventional monetary policy in the ZLB environment. We use shadow rate to estimate a medium-scale DSGE model based on the theoretical foundation proposed by Wu and Zhang (2016). A shadow rate New Keynesian model (No. w22856). National Bureau of Economic Research, and conduct counterfactual simulation exercises to quantify the macroeconomic effects of unconventional monetary policy implemented by Bank of Japan (BoJ). Compared with the estimation results of pre-ZLB sub-sample (1980Q1–1998Q4), the structural parameters estimated from full-sample (1980Q1–2016Q3) with the shadow rate still have very reasonable values that are consistent with most related medium-scale DSGE literature. The statistical properties of model dynamics implied by two groups of estimation are also very close. Counterfactual simulation shows that without the unconventional monetary policy, macroeconomic variables would have worse performance than their actual realizations.
{"title":"Unconventional Monetary Policy in Japan: Empirical Evidence from Estimated Shadow Rate DSGE Model","authors":"Rui Wang","doi":"10.1142/S1793993319500078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793993319500078","url":null,"abstract":"The Zero Lower Bound (ZLB) on short nominal interest rates has imposed serious constraint on stimulating and stabilizing economy of major central banks. Analysis of monetary policy by Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models under the existence of ZLB has also been an important issue from both practical and academic views for central banks and macroeconomists. However, the nonlinearity of ZLB constraint makes linear solution and estimation techniques of DSGE models unreliable and impractical. In many recent empirical works, it has been proved that the shadow rate can be used as an accurate proxy to represent the stance of unconventional monetary policy in the ZLB environment. We use shadow rate to estimate a medium-scale DSGE model based on the theoretical foundation proposed by Wu and Zhang (2016). A shadow rate New Keynesian model (No. w22856). National Bureau of Economic Research, and conduct counterfactual simulation exercises to quantify the macroeconomic effects of unconventional monetary policy implemented by Bank of Japan (BoJ). Compared with the estimation results of pre-ZLB sub-sample (1980Q1–1998Q4), the structural parameters estimated from full-sample (1980Q1–2016Q3) with the shadow rate still have very reasonable values that are consistent with most related medium-scale DSGE literature. The statistical properties of model dynamics implied by two groups of estimation are also very close. Counterfactual simulation shows that without the unconventional monetary policy, macroeconomic variables would have worse performance than their actual realizations.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"201 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76987207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1142/S179399331950008X
Sudeshna Ghosh
This study explored the impact of income inequality, household energy consumption, government expenditure, and investment on carbon dioxide emissions at the household level over the period 1970–2015 in the United Kingdom. The study applied Clemente–Montanes–Reyes unit root test to identify structural break in the time series. Further, the cointegrating relationship of the time series observations was explored by applying the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) (linear) bounds test approach along with the nonlinear ARDL for making fruitful comparisons in the long-run relationship among the variables. The paper used Bayer–Hanck combined cointegration method for robustness test in the cointegrating methods. In addition, the causality analysis was explored using the Toda–Yamato (1995) method of Granger causality. The results confirmed the existence of cointegration among the variables.The estimated NARDL results show that in the long run the negative asymmetric impact of the income inequality is stronger than the positive impact. The paper concludes that there is an urgent need to reduce income inequality in the United Kingdom to improve equitable consumption of energy at the household level. Last the causality test shows that there exists unidirectional causality from inequality transmission to carbon emissions.
{"title":"Environmental Pollution, Income Inequality, and Household Energy Consumption: Evidence from the United Kingdom","authors":"Sudeshna Ghosh","doi":"10.1142/S179399331950008X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S179399331950008X","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the impact of income inequality, household energy consumption, government expenditure, and investment on carbon dioxide emissions at the household level over the period 1970–2015 in the United Kingdom. The study applied Clemente–Montanes–Reyes unit root test to identify structural break in the time series. Further, the cointegrating relationship of the time series observations was explored by applying the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) (linear) bounds test approach along with the nonlinear ARDL for making fruitful comparisons in the long-run relationship among the variables. The paper used Bayer–Hanck combined cointegration method for robustness test in the cointegrating methods. In addition, the causality analysis was explored using the Toda–Yamato (1995) method of Granger causality. The results confirmed the existence of cointegration among the variables.The estimated NARDL results show that in the long run the negative asymmetric impact of the income inequality is stronger than the positive impact. The paper concludes that there is an urgent need to reduce income inequality in the United Kingdom to improve equitable consumption of energy at the household level. Last the causality test shows that there exists unidirectional causality from inequality transmission to carbon emissions.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85392695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1142/S179399331950011X
Suhal Kusairi, S. Muhamad, M. Musdholifah, Shu-Chen Chang
An overwhelming increase in household debt in the last decade has stirred researchers to explore the determinants of this phenomena, especially the role of the labor market. This paper comes to identify these determinants using the macro panel data from Asia Pacific countries for 1994–2016 and dynamic heterogeneous panel data analysis. The empirical results found that household consumption, housing price index, and labor force have a long-run positive relationship with household debt. In contrast, the unemployment rate and dependency ratio have a long-run negative relationship with household debt. This implies that when consumption, housing price, and labor force increase, then the household debt will increase, and when the unemployment rate and dependency ratio increase, the household debt will decrease. Also, in the short-run, public debt does affect private consumption, and it is not different among countries. The labor market, as represented by the unemployment rate, dependency ratio, and labor force, has a strong effect on the household debt in the long-run. Based on these findings, the government should pay more attention to the household debt related to property and commodity markets because they expose the short-run volatility and create problems for the long-term.
{"title":"Labor Market and Household Debt in Asia Pacific Countries: Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Data Analysis","authors":"Suhal Kusairi, S. Muhamad, M. Musdholifah, Shu-Chen Chang","doi":"10.1142/S179399331950011X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S179399331950011X","url":null,"abstract":"An overwhelming increase in household debt in the last decade has stirred researchers to explore the determinants of this phenomena, especially the role of the labor market. This paper comes to identify these determinants using the macro panel data from Asia Pacific countries for 1994–2016 and dynamic heterogeneous panel data analysis. The empirical results found that household consumption, housing price index, and labor force have a long-run positive relationship with household debt. In contrast, the unemployment rate and dependency ratio have a long-run negative relationship with household debt. This implies that when consumption, housing price, and labor force increase, then the household debt will increase, and when the unemployment rate and dependency ratio increase, the household debt will decrease. Also, in the short-run, public debt does affect private consumption, and it is not different among countries. The labor market, as represented by the unemployment rate, dependency ratio, and labor force, has a strong effect on the household debt in the long-run. Based on these findings, the government should pay more attention to the household debt related to property and commodity markets because they expose the short-run volatility and create problems for the long-term.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79635955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1142/S1793993319500108
Jacob M. Meyer, Nicholas R. Jenkins
Shocks to global interest rates or risk cause capital outflows for countries outside the core of the global financial system. These outflows lead to downward pressure on exchange rates and financial sector stress, in addition to having general contractionary effects. To defend the exchange rate, the appropriate internal response is a fiscal/monetary contraction. To maintain full employment and financial stability, the appropriate internal response is fiscal/monetary expansion. The contradiction in these policy responses implies policymakers prioritize hitting either internal or external targets after these shocks; but how do they decide? Using a fixed effects model and data from 100 emerging market and developing economies from 1990 to 2012, we show that the relative sensitivity of interest groups to these policy responses influences which response occurs. We find some evidence that this effect is stronger in the presence of more political-institutional constraints. Using a strategic probit model, we also find some evidence that this policy response influences the relative likelihood of banking crises versus currency crashes after these global shocks.
{"title":"Interest Groups, Policy Responses to Global Shocks, and the Relative Likelihood of Currency Crashes Versus Banking Crises","authors":"Jacob M. Meyer, Nicholas R. Jenkins","doi":"10.1142/S1793993319500108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793993319500108","url":null,"abstract":"Shocks to global interest rates or risk cause capital outflows for countries outside the core of the global financial system. These outflows lead to downward pressure on exchange rates and financial sector stress, in addition to having general contractionary effects. To defend the exchange rate, the appropriate internal response is a fiscal/monetary contraction. To maintain full employment and financial stability, the appropriate internal response is fiscal/monetary expansion. The contradiction in these policy responses implies policymakers prioritize hitting either internal or external targets after these shocks; but how do they decide? Using a fixed effects model and data from 100 emerging market and developing economies from 1990 to 2012, we show that the relative sensitivity of interest groups to these policy responses influences which response occurs. We find some evidence that this effect is stronger in the presence of more political-institutional constraints. Using a strategic probit model, we also find some evidence that this policy response influences the relative likelihood of banking crises versus currency crashes after these global shocks.","PeriodicalId":44073,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74213833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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