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The importance of changing urban scenery in the assessment of citizens’ soundscape perception. On the need for different time-related points of view 城市景观变化在评估市民声景感知中的重要性。关于不同时间相关观点的必要性
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0011
Jerónimo Vida Manzano, José Antonio Almagro Pastor, R. Quesada
Abstract The city of Granada is experimenting a big urban transformation, attending national and international commitments on clean air, energy efficiency and savings linked to greenhouse gases reduction strategies and sustainable development action plans. This situation constitutes a good scenario for new noise control approaches that take into account the sound variable and citizens empowering in urban design, such as the soundscape assessment of urban territory. In this way, soundscape tools have been used in Granada as a complementary method for environmental noise characterisation where traditional noise control techniques are difficult to be carried out or give limited results. After 2016 strategic noise map and in the preparation of the new noise action plan, the city came across a great acoustic challenge in a new area located outskirts characterised by growing urbanisation, still under development, the greatest legal protection because of sensitive teaching and hospital buildings and the greatest noise exposure from nearby ring-way supporting heavy traffic flow. As quiet urban areas are not characterised by the absence of noise but for the presence of the right noise, this research intended to provide the local administration with results and proposals to transform this conflict area in a pleasant or quiet urban place. Main results came from important and significative differences in morning and evening characterisation, as great differences appear in soundscape assessment over the day and along the soundwalk path, indicating the importance of time and local issues to adequately characterised citizens perception to be considered by administration in the development of strategies and effective noise control actions.
格拉纳达市正在进行一项大型城市转型试验,参与国家和国际承诺的清洁空气、能源效率和与温室气体减排战略和可持续发展行动计划相关的储蓄。这种情况为新的噪音控制方法提供了良好的前景,这些方法考虑到声音变量和公民在城市设计中的权力,例如城市领土的声景评估。通过这种方式,声景工具在格拉纳达被用作环境噪声表征的补充方法,传统的噪声控制技术难以实施或效果有限。在2016年战略噪音地图和新的噪音行动计划的准备过程中,城市在一个位于郊区的新区遇到了巨大的声学挑战,这个新区的特点是不断发展的城市化,仍在开发中,由于敏感的教学和医院建筑而受到最大的法律保护,并且附近的环线公路支持繁忙的交通流量,噪音暴露最大。由于安静的城市地区的特点不是没有噪音,而是存在适当的噪音,本研究旨在为地方行政部门提供结果和建议,将这个冲突地区转变为一个愉快或安静的城市地方。主要结果来自早上和晚上特征的重要和显著差异,因为在白天和沿着声道路径的声景观评估中出现了巨大差异,这表明时间和当地问题对于充分表征市民感知的重要性,是行政部门在制定策略和有效的噪音控制行动时考虑的因素。
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引用次数: 6
A Soundwalk in the heart of Poblenou superblock in Barcelona: Preliminary study of the acoustic events 巴塞罗那Poblenou超级街区中心的声道:声学事件的初步研究
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0016
R. Alsina-Pagès, G. Ginovart-Panisello, M. Freixes, Antonella Radicchi
Abstract The Poblenou Superblock, in Barcelona, is a crucial element in the development of the new city-planning within the framework of the Superblock (Superilles) concept, whose principal aim is to recover the cultural, economic and social exchanges once produced in streets and squares. People living in urban areas need a lower traffic density, more green spaces and cleaner air in order to restore the previous uses of public spaces in their day-today lives. The urban actions conducted at this Superblock to change its uses were completed about 3 years ago, and neighbours and workers have already taken over the new spaces. In an interdisciplinary work on urban planning and acoustics, we detail the preliminary results of the acoustic events found in the recordings in a soundwalk in the heart of the Poblenou Superblock. Fifteen people evaluate and record sound fragments with the Hush City App application, in order to establish comparisons between the different points of the route, observe the spaces arranged for people and perceive the soundscape. Meanwhile, several acoustic technicians record 5-min long audios in the different stops designed for the soundwalk. The points chosen to make the recordings are very different from each other, some of them in the middle of gardens and others are on pacific streets and finally, we also wanted to include Superblock borders where the traffic is still very present. The results of our study were promising and have encouraged us to further investigate acoustics events in superblocks and include all the perceptual information provided by the Hush City App.
摘要位于巴塞罗那的Poblenou超级街区是在超级街区概念框架内制定新城市规划的关键要素,其主要目的是恢复曾经在街道和广场上产生的文化、经济和社会交流。生活在城市地区的人们需要更低的交通密度、更多的绿地和更清洁的空气,才能恢复他们日常生活中对公共空间的使用。在这个超级街区进行的改变用途的城市行动大约在3年前完成,邻居们和工人已经接管了新的空间。在一项关于城市规划和声学的跨学科研究中,我们详细介绍了在Poblenou超级街区中心的一次声音漫步录音中发现的声学事件的初步结果。15人使用Hush City应用程序评估和记录声音片段,以便在路线的不同点之间进行比较,观察为人们安排的空间并感知声景。与此同时,几位声学技术人员在为声音漫步设计的不同站点录制了5分钟长的音频。制作录音的地点彼此非常不同,其中一些位于花园中间,另一些位于太平洋街道上,最后,我们还希望包括交通仍然非常繁忙的Superblock边界。我们的研究结果很有希望,鼓励我们进一步研究超级区块中的声学事件,并包括Hush City应用程序提供的所有感知信息。
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引用次数: 3
On the acoustic transparency of perforated metal plates facing a porous fibrous material 多孔纤维材料表面穿孔金属板的声透明度研究
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0014
D. Borelli, C. Schenone
Abstract Thin impervious layers, cloths or perforated plates are usually utilized with fibrous absorbing materials in order to avoid small particles, coming from deterioration over time or from flow abrasive effect, becoming dislodged and polluting the environment. These protective facings are to be carefully considered and analyzed, since they can affect the acoustical behavior of the “backing” material. This study addresses this issue through an experimental survey and a theoretical analysis using the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM). Experiments have been performed in the frequency range 160–2,500 Hz, analyzing the different behaviors due to multiple combinations of percentage of open area and air gap between perforated facing and absorbing material. Experimental data have shown a marked effect of the percentage of perforation, at least up to a threshold value of 20%, whereas the air gap slightly affected the acoustic behavior of the covered absorbing material. The TMM was applied to the tested faced absorbing system, and experimental and theoretical results were compared, showing the good accuracy of the model. Several geometrical configurations were then modeled through TMM and the possibility of using this method in order to assess the acoustic transparency of perforated metal plates was assessed.
为了避免小颗粒因时间的推移而变质或流动磨蚀作用而产生位移,污染环境,通常采用纤维状吸波材料,采用薄的不透水层、布或穿孔板。这些保护面需要仔细考虑和分析,因为它们会影响“衬底”材料的声学性能。本研究通过实验调查和运用传递矩阵法(TMM)的理论分析来解决这一问题。在160 - 2500 Hz的频率范围内进行了实验,分析了穿孔表面和吸波材料之间的开放面积百分比和气隙的多种组合所导致的不同行为。实验数据表明,穿孔百分比的显著影响,至少达到20%的阈值,而气隙对覆盖吸收材料的声学行为影响较小。将该模型应用于所测试的面吸波系统,并将实验结果与理论结果进行了比较,结果表明该模型具有较好的精度。然后通过TMM模拟了几种几何构型,并评估了使用该方法评估穿孔金属板声透明度的可能性。
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引用次数: 1
Effects of COVID-19 outbreak on the sound environment of the city of Milan, Italy 新冠肺炎疫情对意大利米兰市声环境的影响
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0009
G. Zambon, C. Confalonieri, F. Angelini, R. Benocci
Abstract In this paper, we present the results of the noise monitoring in the urban area of Milan, Italy, associated with COVID-19 outbreak. In order to limit the diffusion of the pandemic, Italy adopted growing levels of restrictive measures, which ended with a 41-day lockdown from March 23 to May 3 2020. This action created a new kind of environment including a remarkable reduction of air, water and soil pollutants, together with a partial recovery of the ecosystems otherwise compromised. The presence of a permanent noise monitoring system made of 24 sensors installed in the city of Milan, allowed capturing the changes in the urban sound environment in a pre, during and post-lockdown period (months from February to June 2020). The comparison of the noise levels in terms of both absolute noise levels (Lden) and hourly noise profiles (median over lockdown period) with the same period of 2019, showed a dramatic reduction of the noise levels of approximately 6 dB. Splitting the contribution of all-non-traffic noises or anomalous noise events (ANE) from the recorded noise levels, we observe a greater contribution of the latter during the lockdown period. The use of DYNAMAP noise prediction system over an extended urban area allowed the evaluation of the population exposure to noise, estimating an increase of 14.9% and 16.4% of the exposed population to noises with Lden below 53 dB(A) and Lnight below 45 dB(A) with respect to 2019.
摘要本文介绍了新冠肺炎疫情期间意大利米兰市区噪声监测结果。为了限制疫情的传播,意大利采取了越来越严格的限制措施,最终于2020年3月23日至5月3日实施了为期41天的封锁。这一行动创造了一种新的环境,包括空气、水和土壤污染物的显著减少,以及原本受到损害的生态系统的部分恢复。米兰市安装了一个由24个传感器组成的永久性噪音监测系统,可以捕捉封锁前、封锁期间和封锁后(2020年2月至6月)城市声音环境的变化。与2019年同期相比,绝对噪声级(Lden)和每小时噪声剖面(封锁期间的中位数)的噪声级显著降低了约6 dB。从记录的噪声水平中分离出所有非交通噪声或异常噪声事件(ANE)的贡献,我们观察到后者在封锁期间的贡献更大。在扩展的城市区域使用DYNAMAP噪声预测系统可以评估暴露在噪声中的人口,估计与2019年相比,暴露在Lden低于53 dB(A)和Lnight低于45 dB(B)的噪声中的人群分别增加了14.9%和16.4%。
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引用次数: 11
Noise complaints during a pandemic: A longitudinal analysis 大流行期间的噪音投诉:一项纵向分析
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0008
Yalcin Yildirim, M. Arefi
Abstract COVID-19 has affected people’s lives in different ways from reduced mobility and staying-at-home orders to other daily life routines. These changes have, in turn, affected the quality of life in urban environments including air quality and noise. The noise aspect, for example, suggests quieter environments due to fewer vehicles on streets, and less human activities. On the other hand, staying at home may cause more activities happening at the building level, i.e., more people in buildings may make more noise for neighbors. In order to understand this nexus, the study examines the noise complaints data in Dallas, USA. To do this, the study first compares the noise complaints after the COVID-19 intercourse and the same data period in 2019. Findings surprisingly show reduced noise complaints during the COVID-19 time frame by about 14% compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. The majority of this reduction occurred in and around the city center. In other words, the noise complaints seem more spatially dispersed at the outskirts of the city. Another finding that directs more detailed analyses, however, considers the massive reduction of ridership, traffic circulation, and building permits. This needs some other techniques for determining the sources for incommensurate noise complaints.
新冠肺炎疫情对人们的生活产生了不同的影响,从行动不便、居家令到其他日常生活习惯。这些变化反过来又影响了城市环境中的生活质量,包括空气质量和噪音。例如,噪音方面,建议更安静的环境,因为街道上的车辆更少,人类活动更少。另一方面,呆在家里可能会导致更多的活动发生在建筑物层面,即建筑物中更多人可能会给邻居带来更多的噪音。为了了解这种联系,本研究调查了美国达拉斯的噪音投诉数据。为此,该研究首先比较了COVID-19性交后的噪音投诉和2019年同一数据期的噪音投诉。调查结果令人惊讶地显示,与COVID-19前相比,COVID-19期间的噪音投诉减少了约14%。这种减少主要发生在市中心及其周边地区。换句话说,噪音投诉似乎更分散在城市的郊区。然而,另一项指导更详细分析的发现是,考虑到客流量、交通流通量和建筑许可证的大幅减少。这需要一些其他技术来确定不相称的噪音投诉的来源。
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引用次数: 18
Road surface influence on electric vehicle noise emission at urban speed 路面对城市速度下电动汽车噪声排放的影响
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0017
J. Cesbron, Simon Bianchetti, M. Pallas, Adrien Le Bellec, V. Gary, P. Klein
Abstract Considering the relative quietness of electric motors, tyre/road interaction has become the prominent source of noise emission from Electric Vehicles (EVs). This study deals with the potential influence of the road surface on EV noise emission, especially in urban area. A pass-by noise measurement campaign has been carried out on a reference test track, involving six different road surfaces and five electric passenger car models in different vehicle segments. The immunity of sound recordings to background noise was considered with care. The overall and spectral pass-by noise levels have been analysed as a function of the vehicle speed for each couple of road surface and EV model. It was found that the type of EV has few influence on the noise classification of the road surfaces at 50 km/h. However, the noise level difference between the quietest and the loudest road surface depends on the EV model, with an average close to 6 dBA, showing the potential effect of the road surface on noise reduction in the context of growing EV fleet in urban area. The perspective based on an average passenger EV in a future French or European electric fleet is addressed.
考虑到电动机的相对安静性,轮胎与道路的相互作用已成为电动汽车噪声排放的主要来源。本文研究了路面对电动汽车噪声排放的潜在影响,特别是在城市地区。在参考测试轨道上进行了一项行车噪音测量活动,涉及六个不同的路面和五种不同车型的电动乘用车。录音制品对背景噪声的抗扰性是经过仔细考虑的。对每一对路面和电动汽车模型的总体和频谱通过噪声水平进行了分析,作为车辆速度的函数。研究发现,在50km /h时,电动汽车类型对路面噪声分类影响较小。然而,最安静和最响亮的路面之间的噪音水平差异取决于电动汽车的车型,平均接近6 dBA,这表明在城市地区电动汽车数量不断增长的背景下,路面对降噪的潜在影响。以未来法国或欧洲电动车队的普通乘用电动汽车为基础进行了展望。
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引用次数: 11
Multiobjective optimisation of flight paths for noise level mitigation and sound quality improvement 多目标优化飞行路径以降低噪音水平和改善音质
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0022
F. Centracchio, L. Burghignoli, U. Iemma
Abstract The present work deals with the multiobjective, multidisciplinary optimisation of takeoff and approach operations of a commercial aircraft aimed at the mitigation of the impact of aviation noise on the population. The innovative approach used here couples the minimisation of the aircraft noise level at the certification points with the improvement of the sound quality. The latter objective represents the main novelty of the present work and is addressed using a spectral–matching approach to make the aircraft noise as close as possible to a target sound. The rationale underlying the research is the development of a community–oriented approach to the assessment airport operations in view of the complete redefinition of the future airport scenarios. Indeed, the air traffic growth, the rapid expansion of urban areas around airports, and the expected advent of urban air mobility, are transforming the aviation noise into a serious hazard to the sustainable development of society. The sound–quality–based objective imposes a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach also in the procedural optimisation, due to the detail required to estimate the noise spectrum composition. Two merit factors are minimised, specifically the EPNL at the noise certification points and the Lp–norm of the difference between the noise produced by the configuration under analysis and a target sound. The target sounds are obtained by using sound engineering techniques aimed at the sound quality improvement, on the basis of the results of the psychometric tests campaigns performed within the projects SEFA and COSMA. The minimisation is achieved adopting a global evolution method, and the results are presented in terms of approximated Pareto frontiers for a single–aisle aircraft in both takeoff and landing conditions.
摘要本工作涉及商用飞机起飞和进近操作的多目标、多学科优化,旨在减轻航空噪声对人群的影响。这里使用的创新方法将认证点的飞机噪音水平降至最低,同时提高了音质。后一个目标代表了本工作的主要新颖性,并使用频谱匹配方法来解决,以使飞机噪声尽可能接近目标声音。该研究的基本原理是,鉴于未来机场情景的完全重新定义,开发一种以社区为导向的方法来评估机场运营。事实上,航空交通的增长、机场周围城市区域的快速扩张以及城市空气流动性的预期出现,正在将航空噪音转化为对社会可持续发展的严重危害。由于估计噪声频谱组成所需的细节,基于音质的目标在程序优化中也采用了全面的多学科方法。两个优点因素被最小化,特别是噪声认证点的EPNL和分析中的配置产生的噪声与目标声音之间差异的Lp–范数。根据SEFA和COSMA项目中进行的心理测量测试活动的结果,通过使用旨在提高音质的声音工程技术来获得目标声音。采用全局进化方法实现了最小化,结果以单通道飞机在起飞和降落条件下的近似Pareto边界表示。
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引用次数: 6
The Quiet Project – UK Acoustic Community’s response to COVID19 during the easing of lockdown 安静项目-英国声学社区在解除封锁期间对covid - 19的反应
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0003
S. Dance, Lindsay McIntyre
Abstract The COVID-19 lockdown created a new kind of environment both in the UK and globally, never experienced before or likely to occur again. A vital and time-critical working group was formed with the aim of gathering crowd-source high quality baseline noise levels and other supporting information across the UK during the lock-down and subsequent periods. The acoustic community were mobilised through existing networks engaging private companies, public organisations and academics to gather data in accessible places. In addition, pre-existing on-going measurements from major infrastructure projects, airport, and planning applications were gathered to create the largest possible databank. A website was designed and developed to advertise the project, provide instructions and to formalise the uploading of noise data, observations and soundscape feedback. Two case studies gathered in the latter stage of full lockdown are presented in the paper to illustrate the changes in the environmental noise conditions relative to transport activity. Ultimately the databank will be used to establish the relation to other impacts such as air quality, air traffic, economic, and health and wellbeing. As publicly funded research the databank will be made publicly available to assist future research.
摘要新冠肺炎封锁在英国和全球创造了一种新的环境,以前从未经历过,也很可能再次发生。成立了一个至关重要的、时间紧迫的工作组,目的是在封锁期间和随后的时期收集英国各地人群源的高质量基线噪音水平和其他支持信息。声学社区通过现有的网络动员起来,让私营公司、公共组织和学者在无障碍的地方收集数据。此外,还收集了来自主要基础设施项目、机场和规划应用程序的预先存在的正在进行的测量,以创建尽可能大的数据库。设计和开发了一个网站,为该项目做广告,提供说明,并正式上传噪音数据、观测结果和声景反馈。本文介绍了在全面封锁后期收集的两个案例研究,以说明环境噪声条件相对于运输活动的变化。最终,该数据库将用于建立与其他影响的关系,如空气质量、空中交通、经济、健康和福祉。作为公共资助的研究,该数据库将公开提供,以协助未来的研究。
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引用次数: 4
Rio de Janeiro noise mapping during the COVID-19 pandemic period 里约热内卢de Janeiro在COVID-19大流行期间的噪声制图
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0012
Nayara Gevú, B. Carvalho, Guilherme C. Fagerlande, M. Niemeyer, Marina Medeiros Cortês, J. Torres
Abstract This paper presents a comparison between the acoustic scenario at the Rio de Janeiro city center, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Undergoing one of the most important pandemics of the recent history, the social isolation led to a new acoustic scenario for Rio de Janeiro. The study was realized at the city center, an area of historical, economic and cultural relevance. The comparison consisted of analyzing measured data and noise maps produced for the city center area. The maps were created according to measured and collected data of the respective time periods. The acoustic scenario prior to the pandemic time was reconstructed based on previous measurements and data collection, while the pandemic one was built with data survey during the highest social isolation index on July 2020. The comparative analysis showed a considerable noise reduction, between 10 and 15 dB, for areas where the traffic noise was not intense and where the human activities were predominant on the streets. However, there was no substantial noise decrease for the areas around the major avenues. This occurred due to the traffic intensity drop to 50% during the pandemic, which meant a noise reduction between 3 and 5 dB.
摘要本文对新冠肺炎大流行之前和期间里约热内卢市中心的声学场景进行了比较。经历了近代史上最重要的流行病之一,社会隔离为里约热内卢带来了一个新的声学场景。这项研究是在市中心进行的,这是一个具有历史、经济和文化意义的地区。比较包括分析测量数据和为市中心地区制作的噪音图。这些地图是根据测量和收集的各个时间段的数据创建的。根据之前的测量和数据收集重建了疫情前的声学场景,而疫情场景是在2020年7月最高社会隔离指数期间通过数据调查构建的。对比分析显示,在交通噪音不强烈且街道上人类活动占主导地位的地区,噪音显著降低,在10至15分贝之间。然而,主要街道周围的噪音并没有显著下降。这是由于疫情期间交通强度下降到50%,这意味着噪音降低了3到5分贝。
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引用次数: 18
A survey on the soundscape perception before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy 意大利COVID-19大流行前和期间的音景感知调查
IF 2.8 Q2 ACOUSTICS Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/noise-2021-0005
Chiara Bartalucci, Raffaella Bellomini, S. Luzzi, Paola Pulella, Giulia Torelli
Abstract At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of lockdown measures highlights changes in terms of sounds and noises present in the everyday life. The present paper deals with this peculiar and unexpected scenario as studied by means of an online survey consisting of 18 questions and distributed to residents in the Italian territory. For studying the unprecedented effect of the pandemic, participants were asked to fill the questionnaire, providing personal data, describing context and characteristics of the house in which they live and making a comparison of the lockdown soundscape with the pre-lockdown one. About four hundred questionnaires have been collected and analysed in order to define correlations between personal and perception variables. Using logistic regression models, changes have been studied during the two abovementioned periods. It has been observed that the perception of traffic noise has increased for people over 35 years old and the noise produced by the neighbourhood has been more statistically significant for employed respondents. Future outlook might provide the spread of the questionnaire in other countries for a global evaluation of the data, to be also acquired with reference to the after-lockdown period.
摘要在新冠肺炎大流行期间,封锁措施的影响凸显了日常生活中声音和噪音的变化。本文通过一项由18个问题组成的在线调查来研究这种特殊而意外的情况,并将其分发给意大利境内的居民。为了研究疫情带来的前所未有的影响,参与者被要求填写问卷,提供个人数据,描述他们居住的房子的背景和特征,并将封锁前的声景与封锁前的进行比较。为了确定个人变量和感知变量之间的相关性,已经收集并分析了大约400份问卷。使用逻辑回归模型,研究了上述两个时期的变化。据观察,35岁以上的人对交通噪音的感知有所增加,而对就业受访者来说,社区产生的噪音在统计上更为显著。未来展望可能会提供问卷在其他国家的分布情况,以便对数据进行全球评估,也将参考封锁后的时期进行获取。
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引用次数: 26
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Noise Mapping
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