Pub Date : 2014-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2014.905010
J. Valkonen, S. Valkonen
Abstract Sámi culture is said to be characterized by a very close relationship to nature, regardless of time and place. However, the human–nature relation is a complex, multidimensional issue. Before we can make any substantive claims about the Sámi relationship to nature, we need first of all to define the “nature” to which the Sámi relate themselves. We study presentations of the Sámi nature relation and compare them to empirical research. We argue that there are in fact two different nature relations, which we describe as practical and discursive. It seems that on the one hand, the “special” nature relation of the Sámi refers to local habits and areas and therefore is not generalizable. On the other hand, there are political and performative constructions of indigenous Sámi identity that are tied to notions of nature relations.
{"title":"Contesting the Nature Relations of Sámi Culture","authors":"J. Valkonen, S. Valkonen","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2014.905010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2014.905010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sámi culture is said to be characterized by a very close relationship to nature, regardless of time and place. However, the human–nature relation is a complex, multidimensional issue. Before we can make any substantive claims about the Sámi relationship to nature, we need first of all to define the “nature” to which the Sámi relate themselves. We study presentations of the Sámi nature relation and compare them to empirical research. We argue that there are in fact two different nature relations, which we describe as practical and discursive. It seems that on the one hand, the “special” nature relation of the Sámi refers to local habits and areas and therefore is not generalizable. On the other hand, there are political and performative constructions of indigenous Sámi identity that are tied to notions of nature relations.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2014.905010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59542507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2014.904619
Stine Barlindhaug, Jon M. Corbett
Abstract Many indigenous communities are at a crossroads as regards lived experience of traditional livelihoods and members with intimate knowledge of their traditional landscapes. Using case studies from two indigenous communities, this article explores the application of both GIS tools and other geographic multimedia in community-based research projects that document landscape-related knowledge. The study involves a First Nation community in British Columbia, Canada and a Sámi community in Finnmark County, Norway. We discuss how land-use traditions and related knowledge constitute a peoples' identity and explore digital means of transferring this knowledge to support the ongoing transfer of indigenous knowledge between geographically dispersed community members, as well as future generations.
{"title":"Living a Long Way from Home: Communicating Land-related Knowledge in Dispersed Indigenous Communities, an Alternative Approach","authors":"Stine Barlindhaug, Jon M. Corbett","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2014.904619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2014.904619","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many indigenous communities are at a crossroads as regards lived experience of traditional livelihoods and members with intimate knowledge of their traditional landscapes. Using case studies from two indigenous communities, this article explores the application of both GIS tools and other geographic multimedia in community-based research projects that document landscape-related knowledge. The study involves a First Nation community in British Columbia, Canada and a Sámi community in Finnmark County, Norway. We discuss how land-use traditions and related knowledge constitute a peoples' identity and explore digital means of transferring this knowledge to support the ongoing transfer of indigenous knowledge between geographically dispersed community members, as well as future generations.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2014.904619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59542131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2014.904996
Anne Heith
Abstract This article examines the photographic material of the Sámi cultural mobilizer Nils-Aslak Valkeapää's Beaivi áhčážan (The Sun, My Father), published in 1988, with theoretical perspectives from anti- and postcolonial studies. The analysis focuses on how Valkeapää's use of photographs involves that the colonial past is examined from the vantage point of the anti-colonial present of the 1980s. Valkeapää's re-contextualization of photographs from ethnographic collections assembled in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in a book he called a family album of the Sámi is discussed as an example of Sámi counter-history that is part of the decolonization process. When analysed with perspectives from anti- and postcolonial studies, the documentation of the way of life of the Sámi people in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries exemplifies a practice which has constructed the Sámi as the others of modern society. The article discusses how the construction of the Sámi as the others of modernity is deconstructed and challenged in present-day indigenous identity politics.
{"title":"Valkeapää's Use of Photographs in Beaivi áhčážan: Indigenous Counter-History versus Documentation in the Age of Photography","authors":"Anne Heith","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2014.904996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2014.904996","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the photographic material of the Sámi cultural mobilizer Nils-Aslak Valkeapää's Beaivi áhčážan (The Sun, My Father), published in 1988, with theoretical perspectives from anti- and postcolonial studies. The analysis focuses on how Valkeapää's use of photographs involves that the colonial past is examined from the vantage point of the anti-colonial present of the 1980s. Valkeapää's re-contextualization of photographs from ethnographic collections assembled in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in a book he called a family album of the Sámi is discussed as an example of Sámi counter-history that is part of the decolonization process. When analysed with perspectives from anti- and postcolonial studies, the documentation of the way of life of the Sámi people in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries exemplifies a practice which has constructed the Sámi as the others of modern society. The article discusses how the construction of the Sámi as the others of modernity is deconstructed and challenged in present-day indigenous identity politics.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2014.904996","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59542168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2014.905008
M. Salo
Abstract The Oulu region in Northern Finland has witnessed a remarkable growth of ICT industries since the 1980s. A town near the Arctic Circle with only 140,000 people (2012) created a high-tech business that employed at its best nearly 16,000 people in the region at the millennium. This article investigates the historical background of this phenomenon, which is not so much an imitation of Silicon Valley, but rather a result of special Finnish and northern characteristics. The most important contributing factors were the University of Oulu, governmental support and the success of the Nokia Corporation. Oulu's strength was the early clustering of the focal actors. Oulu established the first Technology Park in the Nordic countries in 1982. The northern mental environment, Oulu's traditions and many exceptionally active persons also contributed to the phenomenon. The case of Oulu is presented in a larger international context with the help of studies on regional high-tech clusters and the development of the information society. Present and future challenges are also addressed.
{"title":"High-Tech Centre in the Periphery: The Political, Economic and Cultural Factors behind the Emergence and Development of the Oulu ICT Phenomenon in Northern Finland","authors":"M. Salo","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2014.905008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2014.905008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Oulu region in Northern Finland has witnessed a remarkable growth of ICT industries since the 1980s. A town near the Arctic Circle with only 140,000 people (2012) created a high-tech business that employed at its best nearly 16,000 people in the region at the millennium. This article investigates the historical background of this phenomenon, which is not so much an imitation of Silicon Valley, but rather a result of special Finnish and northern characteristics. The most important contributing factors were the University of Oulu, governmental support and the success of the Nokia Corporation. Oulu's strength was the early clustering of the focal actors. Oulu established the first Technology Park in the Nordic countries in 1982. The northern mental environment, Oulu's traditions and many exceptionally active persons also contributed to the phenomenon. The case of Oulu is presented in a larger international context with the help of studies on regional high-tech clusters and the development of the information society. Present and future challenges are also addressed.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2014.905008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59542242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-02DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2014.905004
Hans Låndqvist
Abstract The present study in the research field of literary multilingualism and literary codeswitching is based on Mikael Niemi's novel Mannen som dog som en lax (2006) [The man who died like a salmon]. The novel is set mainly in Tornedalen, a widely bilingual area in Sweden where many people speak both Swedish and Meänkieli, a national minority language in Sweden since 2000. All instances of codeswitching in the material studied were identified and an analysis, based on Eriksson and Haapamäki's model designed to analyse literary multilingualism and literary codeswitching, was performed. The model consists of three main components: (1) the communicative context of the analysed work; (2) the form of codeswitching in the analysed work; and (3) the possible literary functions of codeswitching in the analysed work. The sender, Mikael Niemi, does not consider himself bilingual and most intended receivers are not bilingual either, even though linguistic conditions are central to the theme of the novel. Swedish is the base language of the novel, while elements of Meänkieli/Finnish, varieties of Swedish, and other languages represent a small fraction of the entire text. Implicit literary codeswitching predominates in the material in the form of metalinguistic comments and contextualization cues. By far the most common type of explicit literary codeswitching is between Swedish and Meänkieli/Finnish. The novel contains examples of literary codeswitching used in attempts to reproduce authentic usage and depict an authentic linguistic setting. In other examples, Tornedalen, Tornedalians and Meänkieli/Finnish are depicted as exotic phenomena compared with the majority society. Likewise, there are examples of how certain passages in the novel may include or exclude readers, depending on their understanding of Meänkieli/Finnish. Certain elements of Meänkieli can be interpreted as expressions of linguistic emancipation and the liberation of identity that empowers speakers of Meänkieli and the community of these speakers.
本文以米凯尔·涅米的小说《像鲑鱼一样死去的人》(Mannen som dog som en lax, 2006)为研究对象，对文学多语化和文学语码转换进行了研究。小说主要发生在Tornedalen，这是瑞典一个广泛使用双语的地区，许多人会说瑞典语和Meänkieli，这是瑞典自2000年以来的一种少数民族语言。在所研究的材料中识别出所有代码转换的实例，并根据埃里克森和Haapamäki的模型进行分析，该模型旨在分析文学多语言和文学代码转换。该模型由三个主要部分组成:(1)所分析作品的交际语境;(2)分析作品中代码转换的形式;(3)语码转换在分析作品中可能具有的文学功能。寄件人Mikael Niemi并不认为自己会说两种语言，大多数收件人也不是双语者，尽管语言条件是小说主题的核心。瑞典语是小说的基础语言，而Meänkieli/芬兰语、瑞典语的变体和其他语言的元素只占整个文本的一小部分。隐性文学语码转换以元语言评论和语境化线索的形式在材料中占主导地位。到目前为止，最常见的显性文学代码转换类型是瑞典语和Meänkieli/芬兰语之间的代码转换。这部小说包含了文学代码转换的例子，试图再现真实的用法，描绘真实的语言环境。在其他例子中，与大多数社会相比，托尼达伦人、托尼达伦人和Meänkieli/芬兰人被描绘成异域现象。同样，也有一些例子表明，小说中的某些段落可能包括读者，也可能不包括读者，这取决于他们对Meänkieli/芬兰语的理解。Meänkieli的某些元素可以被解释为语言解放和身份解放的表达，赋予Meänkieli的使用者和这些使用者的社区权力。
{"title":"“‘Ruottiksi’, translated Paul Muotka patiently. ‘Kiitos.’” Mikael Niemi, Meänkieli and Readers Inside and Outside Tornedalen","authors":"Hans Låndqvist","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2014.905004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2014.905004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study in the research field of literary multilingualism and literary codeswitching is based on Mikael Niemi's novel Mannen som dog som en lax (2006) [The man who died like a salmon]. The novel is set mainly in Tornedalen, a widely bilingual area in Sweden where many people speak both Swedish and Meänkieli, a national minority language in Sweden since 2000. All instances of codeswitching in the material studied were identified and an analysis, based on Eriksson and Haapamäki's model designed to analyse literary multilingualism and literary codeswitching, was performed. The model consists of three main components: (1) the communicative context of the analysed work; (2) the form of codeswitching in the analysed work; and (3) the possible literary functions of codeswitching in the analysed work. The sender, Mikael Niemi, does not consider himself bilingual and most intended receivers are not bilingual either, even though linguistic conditions are central to the theme of the novel. Swedish is the base language of the novel, while elements of Meänkieli/Finnish, varieties of Swedish, and other languages represent a small fraction of the entire text. Implicit literary codeswitching predominates in the material in the form of metalinguistic comments and contextualization cues. By far the most common type of explicit literary codeswitching is between Swedish and Meänkieli/Finnish. The novel contains examples of literary codeswitching used in attempts to reproduce authentic usage and depict an authentic linguistic setting. In other examples, Tornedalen, Tornedalians and Meänkieli/Finnish are depicted as exotic phenomena compared with the majority society. Likewise, there are examples of how certain passages in the novel may include or exclude readers, depending on their understanding of Meänkieli/Finnish. Certain elements of Meänkieli can be interpreted as expressions of linguistic emancipation and the liberation of identity that empowers speakers of Meänkieli and the community of these speakers.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2014.905004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59542179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-12DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2013.844422
Trude Fonneland
Abstract The tourism industry provides an important insight into cultural heritage production and marketing. Therefore, it is also important to look at what elements and components are selected to represent a chosen culture in the context of tourism, where some cultural elements are placed at the forefront while others are silenced. There is an increasing tendency to highlight religious symbols and conceptions in the marketing of a tourist destination and many major tourist sites have developed largely as a result of their connections to sacred people, places and events. One of these sites is analysed, namely the location Sápmi as it is marketed on the tourism web portal www.samitour.no, where New Age spirituality in conjunction with local indigenous traditions are highlighted to promote Sápmi as a tourist site. The focus is on the signposting of religious symbols as a resource in a tourism context and the challenges connected with the merger of spiritual and commercial values.
{"title":"Sami Tourism and the Signposting of Spirituality. The Case of Sami Tour: a Spiritual Entrepreneur in the Contemporary Experience Economy","authors":"Trude Fonneland","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2013.844422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2013.844422","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The tourism industry provides an important insight into cultural heritage production and marketing. Therefore, it is also important to look at what elements and components are selected to represent a chosen culture in the context of tourism, where some cultural elements are placed at the forefront while others are silenced. There is an increasing tendency to highlight religious symbols and conceptions in the marketing of a tourist destination and many major tourist sites have developed largely as a result of their connections to sacred people, places and events. One of these sites is analysed, namely the location Sápmi as it is marketed on the tourism web portal www.samitour.no, where New Age spirituality in conjunction with local indigenous traditions are highlighted to promote Sápmi as a tourist site. The focus is on the signposting of religious symbols as a resource in a tourism context and the challenges connected with the merger of spiritual and commercial values.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2013.844422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59542087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-12DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2013.847676
Ivar Bjørklund
Abstract A recurrent topic in ethnographic, historical and archaeological research has been the origins of Sámi reindeer pastoralism. The article discusses how prevailing theories have been influenced by general conceptual schemes, apriori constructed models and an extensive use of taxonomies. The debate has centered around how and when domestication took place, presupposing a paradigmatic change from hunting to pastoralism. However, there has probably never been an abrupt change; hunting and herding have both been parts of a multifaceted adaption existing up to the nineteenth century. What did change was the social organization of herding when a pastoral economy became the norm at that time. Such a change also had qualitative consequences in terms of new values and economic strategies.
{"title":"Domestication, Reindeer Husbandry and the Development of Sámi Pastoralism","authors":"Ivar Bjørklund","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2013.847676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2013.847676","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A recurrent topic in ethnographic, historical and archaeological research has been the origins of Sámi reindeer pastoralism. The article discusses how prevailing theories have been influenced by general conceptual schemes, apriori constructed models and an extensive use of taxonomies. The debate has centered around how and when domestication took place, presupposing a paradigmatic change from hunting to pastoralism. However, there has probably never been an abrupt change; hunting and herding have both been parts of a multifaceted adaption existing up to the nineteenth century. What did change was the social organization of herding when a pastoral economy became the norm at that time. Such a change also had qualitative consequences in terms of new values and economic strategies.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2013.847676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59542123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-12DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2013.843308
F. Sejersen
{"title":"The Indigenous Space and Marginalized Peoples in the United Nations","authors":"F. Sejersen","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2013.843308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2013.843308","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2013.843308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59542032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-12DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2013.813779
Roald E. Kristiansen
Abstract The so-called Black Books (grimoires) contain collections of conjurations and charms which provide instructions on how to make magical objects such as protective amulets and talismans. Two such Black Book manuscripts were recently rediscovered in the archives. They were part of the source material used by Bishop Anton Chr. Bang, who published excerpts from them in his book on magic formulas from Norwegian folk tradition. The two manuscripts are from ca. 1760 and 1800, and derive from the parishes of Trondenes and Bø in Vesterålen, respectively. This article will examine the two manuscripts with regard to their content and how they differ from each other. The use of grimoires is then discussed in order to clarify how we might interpret such books in their historical and social context in which Christian norms were taken for granted as the foundation of society.
{"title":"Two Northern Grimoires: The Trondenes and Vesterålen Black Books","authors":"Roald E. Kristiansen","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2013.813779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2013.813779","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The so-called Black Books (grimoires) contain collections of conjurations and charms which provide instructions on how to make magical objects such as protective amulets and talismans. Two such Black Book manuscripts were recently rediscovered in the archives. They were part of the source material used by Bishop Anton Chr. Bang, who published excerpts from them in his book on magic formulas from Norwegian folk tradition. The two manuscripts are from ca. 1760 and 1800, and derive from the parishes of Trondenes and Bø in Vesterålen, respectively. This article will examine the two manuscripts with regard to their content and how they differ from each other. The use of grimoires is then discussed in order to clarify how we might interpret such books in their historical and social context in which Christian norms were taken for granted as the foundation of society.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2013.813779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59542006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：