Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1177/09726527231197328
Ajit Dayanandan, Han Donker, Sudershan Kuntluru
World-wide, there is movement toward embracing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues in corporate conduct and performance. These developments have led to movement toward “reimagining capitalism,” and many firms have ridden the wave of investor enthusiasm for firms that prioritize ESG disclosures. The present study examines the role of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in India on ESG and overall ESG reporting. The Indian capital markets regulator, SEBI, had made integrated reporting compulsory for listed firms to disclose information about matters that substantively affect the organization’s ability to create value over the short, medium, and long term at a time. Motivated by this episode, we examine how accounting regulations in the form of IFRS could influence ESG disclosures in India. Based on the ESG scores of 104 non-financial firms in India from 2013 to 2021, the study finds a positive relationship between ESG reporting and IFRS introduction in India. The performance of firms (return on assets) and leverage had a negative impact on ESG disclosures. JEL Codes: G14, K22, L51, M38, M41
{"title":"IFRS and ESG Disclosure in Indian Corporate Sector","authors":"Ajit Dayanandan, Han Donker, Sudershan Kuntluru","doi":"10.1177/09726527231197328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231197328","url":null,"abstract":"World-wide, there is movement toward embracing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues in corporate conduct and performance. These developments have led to movement toward “reimagining capitalism,” and many firms have ridden the wave of investor enthusiasm for firms that prioritize ESG disclosures. The present study examines the role of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in India on ESG and overall ESG reporting. The Indian capital markets regulator, SEBI, had made integrated reporting compulsory for listed firms to disclose information about matters that substantively affect the organization’s ability to create value over the short, medium, and long term at a time. Motivated by this episode, we examine how accounting regulations in the form of IFRS could influence ESG disclosures in India. Based on the ESG scores of 104 non-financial firms in India from 2013 to 2021, the study finds a positive relationship between ESG reporting and IFRS introduction in India. The performance of firms (return on assets) and leverage had a negative impact on ESG disclosures. JEL Codes: G14, K22, L51, M38, M41","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135918040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1177/09726527231196719
Aditya Banerjee, Sayantan Kundu
This study analyses the impact of a weighted measure of public sentiment about firms on their stock price movement using a sample of 5.4 million tweets from the official Twitter handles of the 437 largest Indian firms. This article contributes to the literature by finding that general public discussion about firms and the resulting sentiment impact firms’ stock price movement in India. Moreover, the impact is greater during trading hours than off-market hours due to immediate action by traders in the former. It is also found that negative public sentiment has a more significant impact than positive sentiment on returns and volatility. JEL Codes: G14, G40, G41
{"title":"Does Public Sentiment Impact Stock Price Movements? Evidence from India","authors":"Aditya Banerjee, Sayantan Kundu","doi":"10.1177/09726527231196719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231196719","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses the impact of a weighted measure of public sentiment about firms on their stock price movement using a sample of 5.4 million tweets from the official Twitter handles of the 437 largest Indian firms. This article contributes to the literature by finding that general public discussion about firms and the resulting sentiment impact firms’ stock price movement in India. Moreover, the impact is greater during trading hours than off-market hours due to immediate action by traders in the former. It is also found that negative public sentiment has a more significant impact than positive sentiment on returns and volatility. JEL Codes: G14, G40, G41","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135899440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1177/09726527231182279
Sunaina Kanojia, Bunny Singh Bhatia
The present study examines the signaling effects of a firm’s dividend policy in developing economies (India, Brazil, China, and Taiwan) from 2010 to 2020 in 4,630 companies’ observations. It highlights that the Indian market indicates greater intensity to the signaling model, though no such reactions were recorded in the Brazilian and Taiwanese markets. Further, the Lintner partial adjustment model reveals that companies in India adjust dividends at a slower rate as compared to other emerging markets like China, Brazil, and Taiwan. We found that the Lintner model is the behavioral consequence of the applicability or non-applicability of dividend signaling theory in these emerging economies. JEL Codes: G35, C32, G15
{"title":"Signaling Effect of Dividend on Firm’s Future Performance: A Study of Select Emerging Economies","authors":"Sunaina Kanojia, Bunny Singh Bhatia","doi":"10.1177/09726527231182279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231182279","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines the signaling effects of a firm’s dividend policy in developing economies (India, Brazil, China, and Taiwan) from 2010 to 2020 in 4,630 companies’ observations. It highlights that the Indian market indicates greater intensity to the signaling model, though no such reactions were recorded in the Brazilian and Taiwanese markets. Further, the Lintner partial adjustment model reveals that companies in India adjust dividends at a slower rate as compared to other emerging markets like China, Brazil, and Taiwan. We found that the Lintner model is the behavioral consequence of the applicability or non-applicability of dividend signaling theory in these emerging economies. JEL Codes: G35, C32, G15","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":"22 1","pages":"409 - 436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43387120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1177/09726527231190692
Qida Hu, Md. Borhan Uddin Bhuiyan, M. Houqe
This research examines whether Chief Finance Officer (CFO) demographics (including age, educational background, gender and tenure) impact firm working capital policies. We argue that the personal characteristics of the CFO impact corporate financial policy, such as working capital management. Using a sample of listed companies in the China Stock market over 2000–2021, we find that CFO age, gender, education, and tenure determine firm working capital management. Further, we identified that findings are more pronounced within firms that do not have state ownership, suggesting that private ownership firms are likely to have aggressive working capital management. In terms of economic significance, our results demonstrated that a one-standard-deviation rise in CFO age is associated with a decrease in working capital of 1.09% to 1.39% for the sample firms. This implies that the effect of CFO age on working capital management is economically significant, implying that it considerably impacts the financial situation. JEL Codes: G32, G34, G39
{"title":"CFO Demographics and Working Capital Management in China","authors":"Qida Hu, Md. Borhan Uddin Bhuiyan, M. Houqe","doi":"10.1177/09726527231190692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231190692","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines whether Chief Finance Officer (CFO) demographics (including age, educational background, gender and tenure) impact firm working capital policies. We argue that the personal characteristics of the CFO impact corporate financial policy, such as working capital management. Using a sample of listed companies in the China Stock market over 2000–2021, we find that CFO age, gender, education, and tenure determine firm working capital management. Further, we identified that findings are more pronounced within firms that do not have state ownership, suggesting that private ownership firms are likely to have aggressive working capital management. In terms of economic significance, our results demonstrated that a one-standard-deviation rise in CFO age is associated with a decrease in working capital of 1.09% to 1.39% for the sample firms. This implies that the effect of CFO age on working capital management is economically significant, implying that it considerably impacts the financial situation. JEL Codes: G32, G34, G39","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45246225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.1177/09726527231192143
Sumanjay Dutta, Parthajit Kayal, G. Balasubramnaian
This article investigates the dynamic relationship between cryptocurrencies and metals, examining the existence and direction of volatility spillovers. While previous studies have explored the relationships between different cryptocurrencies and between base metals and gold, there is a notable gap in understanding the volatility spillover nexus among cryptocurrencies. This study makes a significant contribution by employing the Time-Varying-Parameter-Vector-Autoregressive (TVP-VAR) total connectedness measure to assess the strength of association between these assets. Our analysis employs 10-year daily returns data for three cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum) and two metals (Gold and Copper). As we witness major economic events worldwide, this study is particularly relevant, as it provides insights into potential hedging opportunities. To comprehend the risk contagion patterns, various measures of partial and dynamic connectedness are computed, supporting the earlier TVP-VAR analysis. The findings indicate that Litecoin and Ethereum exhibit a high level of connectedness, while Bitcoin remains relatively less connected. Among the metals, Gold and Copper demonstrate similar levels of connectedness in certain cases. Notably, there is a significant risk contagion between Litecoin and metals. These results hold essential implications for policy-makers and portfolio managers with different time horizons, offering valuable insights into risk contagion within the cryptocurrency and metal markets. JEL Codes: C32; G15; G17; G41
{"title":"Volatility Spillover and Directionality in Cryptocurrency and Metal Markets","authors":"Sumanjay Dutta, Parthajit Kayal, G. Balasubramnaian","doi":"10.1177/09726527231192143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231192143","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the dynamic relationship between cryptocurrencies and metals, examining the existence and direction of volatility spillovers. While previous studies have explored the relationships between different cryptocurrencies and between base metals and gold, there is a notable gap in understanding the volatility spillover nexus among cryptocurrencies. This study makes a significant contribution by employing the Time-Varying-Parameter-Vector-Autoregressive (TVP-VAR) total connectedness measure to assess the strength of association between these assets. Our analysis employs 10-year daily returns data for three cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum) and two metals (Gold and Copper). As we witness major economic events worldwide, this study is particularly relevant, as it provides insights into potential hedging opportunities. To comprehend the risk contagion patterns, various measures of partial and dynamic connectedness are computed, supporting the earlier TVP-VAR analysis. The findings indicate that Litecoin and Ethereum exhibit a high level of connectedness, while Bitcoin remains relatively less connected. Among the metals, Gold and Copper demonstrate similar levels of connectedness in certain cases. Notably, there is a significant risk contagion between Litecoin and metals. These results hold essential implications for policy-makers and portfolio managers with different time horizons, offering valuable insights into risk contagion within the cryptocurrency and metal markets. JEL Codes: C32; G15; G17; G41","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":"22 1","pages":"464 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48186506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1177/09726527231183015
Anjali Sain, Smita Kashiramka
The aim of this study is to examine the role of disciplinary tools, that is, capital adequacy requirement and market discipline in maintaining the banks’ performance and financial stability. The study employs a panel dataset of 600 commercial banks from BRICS economies for the period ranging from 2005 to 2020 using the panel regression. The robustness of the results is validated using the system GMM (generalized method of moments). The study reveals that, in a linear model, capital adequacy ratio has a positive influence on performance and stability, and market discipline has a negative influence on performance and stability. In a non-linear model, capital adequacy ratio has a concave relationship. Further, the study discusses the critical determinants of profitability and stability. JEL Classification: G21, G28, G32
{"title":"Role of Disciplinary Tools in Maintaining Bank Performance and Financial Stability: Evidence from Emerging Economies","authors":"Anjali Sain, Smita Kashiramka","doi":"10.1177/09726527231183015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231183015","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to examine the role of disciplinary tools, that is, capital adequacy requirement and market discipline in maintaining the banks’ performance and financial stability. The study employs a panel dataset of 600 commercial banks from BRICS economies for the period ranging from 2005 to 2020 using the panel regression. The robustness of the results is validated using the system GMM (generalized method of moments). The study reveals that, in a linear model, capital adequacy ratio has a positive influence on performance and stability, and market discipline has a negative influence on performance and stability. In a non-linear model, capital adequacy ratio has a concave relationship. Further, the study discusses the critical determinants of profitability and stability. JEL Classification: G21, G28, G32","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49419394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-21DOI: 10.1177/09726527231189558
Muneer Shaik
Using a time-varying parameter-structural vector autoregressive (TVP-SVAR) model, this study investigates the dynamic impact of uncertainty caused by worldwide pandemics on industrial productivity growth. We discover that the coronavirus has a negative influence on industrial production growth rates across economic blocs (i.e., United States, Developed, and Emerging nations). We also discover that, since 2016, there has been a considerable rise in the comovement of industrial production growth rates. We also employ the dynamic volatility connectedness methodology and find that the industrial productivity growth of Emerging nations economic bloc, and DPUI is observed to be net transmitters of volatility, whereas the industrial productivity growth of United States and other developed nations economic blocs are found to be net recipients of volatility throughout the sample periods. Furthermore, we find that the dynamic total connectedness among the variables under study is observed to be very strong and time-varying. JEL Codes: C15, C58, G15
{"title":"The Dynamic Effect of Pandemics on Industrial Production Growth","authors":"Muneer Shaik","doi":"10.1177/09726527231189558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231189558","url":null,"abstract":"Using a time-varying parameter-structural vector autoregressive (TVP-SVAR) model, this study investigates the dynamic impact of uncertainty caused by worldwide pandemics on industrial productivity growth. We discover that the coronavirus has a negative influence on industrial production growth rates across economic blocs (i.e., United States, Developed, and Emerging nations). We also discover that, since 2016, there has been a considerable rise in the comovement of industrial production growth rates. We also employ the dynamic volatility connectedness methodology and find that the industrial productivity growth of Emerging nations economic bloc, and DPUI is observed to be net transmitters of volatility, whereas the industrial productivity growth of United States and other developed nations economic blocs are found to be net recipients of volatility throughout the sample periods. Furthermore, we find that the dynamic total connectedness among the variables under study is observed to be very strong and time-varying. JEL Codes: C15, C58, G15","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":"22 1","pages":"486 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42390976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1177/09726527231183014
Swechha Chada, Sumit Banerjee
This study investigates the effect of various firm-level corporate governance mechanisms on the likelihood of financial distress in India. We analyze the competing hypotheses of interest alignment and agency theory, examining how controlling shareholders affect the probability of financial distress. Additionally, we assess the potential impact of institutional investor shareholding and bank-appointed directors on the likelihood of financial distress. Our findings suggest that increasing controlling shareholder ownership decreases the probability of distress. However, the effects of institutional investors and bank-appointed directors vary and also depend on the quantum of shareholding of institutional investors and affiliation with business groups. Our results offer insights into improving governance in economies with higher ownership concentration, weaker institutional frameworks, and greater bank participation in credit facilitation. JEL Codes: G32, G33, G34
{"title":"Stretch or Suppress: Role of Owners and Nominee Directors in Financial Distress","authors":"Swechha Chada, Sumit Banerjee","doi":"10.1177/09726527231183014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231183014","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effect of various firm-level corporate governance mechanisms on the likelihood of financial distress in India. We analyze the competing hypotheses of interest alignment and agency theory, examining how controlling shareholders affect the probability of financial distress. Additionally, we assess the potential impact of institutional investor shareholding and bank-appointed directors on the likelihood of financial distress. Our findings suggest that increasing controlling shareholder ownership decreases the probability of distress. However, the effects of institutional investors and bank-appointed directors vary and also depend on the quantum of shareholding of institutional investors and affiliation with business groups. Our results offer insights into improving governance in economies with higher ownership concentration, weaker institutional frameworks, and greater bank participation in credit facilitation. JEL Codes: G32, G33, G34","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":"22 1","pages":"382 - 408"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45789130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1177/09726527231190690
Akshita Arora
Our study examines the impact of dual leadership on the company’s performance. We also investigate the moderating effects of board independence on duality and firm-performance relationship. The article uses a panel data framework, and the estimation has been carried out using system-generalized methods of moments. The results of our study postulate that dual leadership negatively influences firm performance; however, when the moderator, board independence, is introduced in the empirical model, it affects firm performance positively. We submit that the extensive and complete abolition of CEO duality by Indian regulators may require caution for Indian markets. JEL Codes: G34, L25, C33
{"title":"Board Leadership Structure and Firm Performance: Moderating Effects of Board Independence","authors":"Akshita Arora","doi":"10.1177/09726527231190690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231190690","url":null,"abstract":"Our study examines the impact of dual leadership on the company’s performance. We also investigate the moderating effects of board independence on duality and firm-performance relationship. The article uses a panel data framework, and the estimation has been carried out using system-generalized methods of moments. The results of our study postulate that dual leadership negatively influences firm performance; however, when the moderator, board independence, is introduced in the empirical model, it affects firm performance positively. We submit that the extensive and complete abolition of CEO duality by Indian regulators may require caution for Indian markets. JEL Codes: G34, L25, C33","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44708419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.1177/09726527231165365
Jains P. Chacko, Lakshmi Padmakumari
The majority of Indian firms have a promoter and family-owner-dominated ownership structure; therefore, the agency problem prevailing in such a setting would be the conflict of interest between the majority and minority shareholders. This motivated us to examine the adverse effect of not investing at the level implied by the firms’ characteristics, termed investment inefficiency, on the ex-ante measure of expected returns, the implied cost of capital. Our study finds a positive relationship between investment inefficiency and expected returns in the baseline results estimated using pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and the robustness results estimated using a two-step generalized method of moments (GMM). The sample of the study consists of listed firms in India from 2016 to 2021. JEL Codes: G11, G31
{"title":"The Effect of Investment Inefficiency on Expected Returns","authors":"Jains P. Chacko, Lakshmi Padmakumari","doi":"10.1177/09726527231165365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09726527231165365","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of Indian firms have a promoter and family-owner-dominated ownership structure; therefore, the agency problem prevailing in such a setting would be the conflict of interest between the majority and minority shareholders. This motivated us to examine the adverse effect of not investing at the level implied by the firms’ characteristics, termed investment inefficiency, on the ex-ante measure of expected returns, the implied cost of capital. Our study finds a positive relationship between investment inefficiency and expected returns in the baseline results estimated using pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and the robustness results estimated using a two-step generalized method of moments (GMM). The sample of the study consists of listed firms in India from 2016 to 2021. JEL Codes: G11, G31","PeriodicalId":44100,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emerging Market Finance","volume":"22 1","pages":"272 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42042002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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