Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.47.1.2020.43-83
Ethan Bushelle
This article considers the sociocultural significance of Kūkai’s understanding of Mt. Kōya as a mandala. Locating the context for his formulation of this understanding in his efforts to found Mt. Kōya in the mid-Kōnin era (809–823), it seeks to elucidate its disclosive function. The interpretation is put forward that Kūkai’s mandalic understanding of the mountains disclosed the possibility of a disembedded form of Buddhist life, one in which the human agent is understood to exist outside the social world of the Heian court and the divine cosmos on which it was believed to be grounded. Particular attention is paid to the sociopolitical effects of this disclosure, suggesting specifically that it contributed to the differentiation of religious authority from political power in Japan. To elucidate this process, Kūkai’s founding of Mt. Kōya is situated in a genealogy of monks who founded mountain temples that operated relatively autonomously vis-à-vis the state. Kūkai’s erstwhile collaborator, Saichō, is given special consideration.
{"title":"The Mountain as Mandala: Kūkai’s Founding of Mt. Kōya","authors":"Ethan Bushelle","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.47.1.2020.43-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.47.1.2020.43-83","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the sociocultural significance of Kūkai’s understanding of Mt. Kōya as a mandala. Locating the context for his formulation of this understanding in his efforts to found Mt. Kōya in the mid-Kōnin era (809–823), it seeks to elucidate its disclosive function. The interpretation is put forward that Kūkai’s mandalic understanding of the mountains disclosed the possibility of a disembedded form of Buddhist life, one in which the human agent is understood to exist outside the social world of the Heian court and the divine cosmos on which it was believed to be grounded. Particular attention is paid to the sociopolitical effects of this disclosure, suggesting specifically that it contributed to the differentiation of religious authority from political power in Japan. To elucidate this process, Kūkai’s founding of Mt. Kōya is situated in a genealogy of monks who founded mountain temples that operated relatively autonomously vis-à-vis the state. Kūkai’s erstwhile collaborator, Saichō, is given special consideration.","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42563805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.47.1.2020.103-133
Gaétan Rappo
In modern studies of esoteric Buddhism in medieval Japan, the so-called Tachikawa lineage has played a central role in defining heretical or heterodox practice. Founded in the early twelfth century, this minor and local lineage of the Shingon school underwent a series of transformations, eventually becoming a model for all heresies in Japan. In medieval Japan, the term “Tachikawa” was irredeemably associated with explicit sexual practices, especially in the writings of the Mt. Kōya monk Yūkai and his successors. These polemical critiques of Tachikawa as a deviant lineage and teaching developed into a tradition of textual study that sought to establish an orthodoxy in the Shingon school. This critique was later applied beyond the Shingon sectarian context to instances of heresy in the Jōdo Shin school and, eventually, Christianity. This heresiological process gradually resulted in a multilayered, “moving concept” of Japanese heresy, which came to fruition during the nineteenth century with the introduction of the Western ideas of religion and heresy.
{"title":"“Deviant Teachings”: The Tachikawa Lineage as a Moving Concept in Japanese Buddhism","authors":"Gaétan Rappo","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.47.1.2020.103-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.47.1.2020.103-133","url":null,"abstract":"In modern studies of esoteric Buddhism in medieval Japan, the so-called Tachikawa lineage has played a central role in defining heretical or heterodox practice. Founded in the early twelfth century, this minor and local lineage of the Shingon school underwent a series of transformations, eventually becoming a model for all heresies in Japan. In medieval Japan, the term “Tachikawa” was irredeemably associated with explicit sexual practices, especially in the writings of the Mt. Kōya monk Yūkai and his successors. These polemical critiques of Tachikawa as a deviant lineage and teaching developed into a tradition of textual study that sought to establish an orthodoxy in the Shingon school. This critique was later applied beyond the Shingon sectarian context to instances of heresy in the Jōdo Shin school and, eventually, Christianity. This heresiological process gradually resulted in a multilayered, “moving concept” of Japanese heresy, which came to fruition during the nineteenth century with the introduction of the Western ideas of religion and heresy.","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44845835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.47.1.2020.177-182
S. Trenson
{"title":"Review of: Gaétan Rappo, Rhétoriques de l’hérésie dans le Japon médiéval et moderne: Le moine Monkan (1278–1357) et sa réputation posthume","authors":"S. Trenson","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.47.1.2020.177-182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.47.1.2020.177-182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48060749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.323-325
I. Prohl
{"title":"Review of: Erica Baffelli and Ian Reader, Dynamism and the Ageing of a Japanese ‘New’ Religion: Transformations and the Founder","authors":"I. Prohl","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.323-325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.323-325","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44517974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.173-192
Evan Ingram
{"title":"Chōgen’s Vision of Tōdaiji’s Great Buddha as Both Mahāvairocana and Amitābha","authors":"Evan Ingram","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.173-192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.173-192","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43791187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.247-275
Aihua Zheng
Aihua Zheng is Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Religious Studies and the Department of History at the University of Iowa. This article examines how the Japanese Buddhist delegates to the World’s Parliament of Religions in 1893 prepared in Japan for their task of representing Japanese Buddhism to the West. From the late 1880s to the early 1890s, the Japanese Buddhist community was connected through the popular press, print media, and private organizations, which facilitated their resource sharing. The national network empowered the Japanese to collaborate with Buddhists in South Asia and with supporters in the West and participated in their pan-Asian networking. Through these networks, a group of internationally minded Japanese Buddhists helped the delegates gain information and resources to prepare a version of Japanese Buddhism acceptable to most domestic sects. Moreover, the delegates decided to portray their faith as a Japanese-style Mahāyāna tradition in line with the Western view of Buddhism. Their popularity in Chicago contributed to the globalization and revival of Japanese Buddhism.
{"title":"Buddhist Networks: The Japanese Preparation for the World’s Parliament of Religions, 1892–1893","authors":"Aihua Zheng","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.247-275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.247-275","url":null,"abstract":"Aihua Zheng is Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Religious Studies and the Department of History at the University of Iowa. This article examines how the Japanese Buddhist delegates to the World’s Parliament of Religions in 1893 prepared in Japan for their task of representing Japanese Buddhism to the West. From the late 1880s to the early 1890s, the Japanese Buddhist community was connected through the popular press, print media, and private organizations, which facilitated their resource sharing. The national network empowered the Japanese to collaborate with Buddhists in South Asia and with supporters in the West and participated in their pan-Asian networking. Through these networks, a group of internationally minded Japanese Buddhists helped the delegates gain information and resources to prepare a version of Japanese Buddhism acceptable to most domestic sects. Moreover, the delegates decided to portray their faith as a Japanese-style Mahāyāna tradition in line with the Western view of Buddhism. Their popularity in Chicago contributed to the globalization and revival of Japanese Buddhism.","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45437252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.151-172
Alīse Eishō Donnere
{"title":"Finding a Place for Jizō: A Study of Jizō Statuary in the Buddhist Temples of Sendai","authors":"Alīse Eishō Donnere","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.151-172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.151-172","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45687131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.219-245
F. Clements
Frank Clements is Postdoctoral Research and Teaching Fellow in the Department of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia. This article investigates the significance of Fall Peak austerities in Haguro Shugendo to the professional culture of early modern Haguro shugenja with an emphasis on the centrality of document production. The family archives of the elite Sanada Shichirōzaemon household and those of the village shugenja they administered reveal that, while all Haguro shugenja relied on the Fall Peak to achieve membership in Haguro Shugendo, the experience and requirements of the Fall Peak varied greatly based on the status of the participant’s household. I argue that these stratified experiences were based in a professional culture of document production and preservation that helped to construct and maintain the hierarchies of Haguro’s community and organization. In light of the documentary activities of the Sanada and their village shugenja subordinates, the social and professional aspects of the early modern Fall Peak should be regarded as just as significant as its ritual and doctrinal elements.
{"title":"The Fall Peak, Professional Culture, and Document Production in Early Modern Haguro Shugendo","authors":"F. Clements","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.219-245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.219-245","url":null,"abstract":"Frank Clements is Postdoctoral Research and Teaching Fellow in the Department of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia. This article investigates the significance of Fall Peak austerities in Haguro Shugendo to the professional culture of early modern Haguro shugenja with an emphasis on the centrality of document production. The family archives of the elite Sanada Shichirōzaemon household and those of the village shugenja they administered reveal that, while all Haguro shugenja relied on the Fall Peak to achieve membership in Haguro Shugendo, the experience and requirements of the Fall Peak varied greatly based on the status of the participant’s household. I argue that these stratified experiences were based in a professional culture of document production and preservation that helped to construct and maintain the hierarchies of Haguro’s community and organization. In light of the documentary activities of the Sanada and their village shugenja subordinates, the social and professional aspects of the early modern Fall Peak should be regarded as just as significant as its ritual and doctrinal elements.","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46784992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.277-317
R. Torrance
Richard Torrance is Professor of Japanese in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures at Ohio State University. In the Izumo no kuni fudoki, the deity Ōnamochi no mikoto, most commonly known as Ōkuninushi no mikoto, is customarily referred to with the designation “The Great God who Created All Under Heaven.” This study, which is indebted to the research of Kanda Norishiro, examines what the title “The Great God who Created All Under Heaven” signifies. Eighth-century texts, primarily the Izumo no kuni fudoki but also the Kojiki, Nihon shoki, Manyōshū, and Harima no kuni fudoki, establish that Ōnamochi is a deity who attracted a number of divine characteristics over time. The geographical extent of “all under heaven” is first defined as embracing the entire terrestrial realm, not just Izumo. The heroic Ōnamochi, Ōnamochi the god of agriculture, Ōnamochi as the great lover, Onamochi’s transformation into a bird, and Ōnamochi as a god who guards the sea and welcomes deities from beyond the horizon are described. In conclusion, the continued vitality of the god in Izumo is examined.
理查德·托伦斯是俄亥俄州立大学东亚语言文学系的日语教授。在出云书中，神Ōnamochi no mikoto，通常被称为Ōkuninushi no mikoto，通常被称为“创造天下万物的伟大上帝”。本研究得益于神田纪弘的研究，对“创造天下万物的大神”这个题目的含义进行了考察。八世纪的文献，主要是出云书，日本书，Manyōshū和Harima no kuni fudoki，确立了Ōnamochi是一个神，随着时间的推移，他吸引了许多神圣的特征。“天下”的地理范围首先被定义为包括整个陆地领域，而不仅仅是出云。主人公是英勇的Ōnamochi、农业之神Ōnamochi、伟大的恋人Ōnamochi、变成鸟的小野口、守护大海、欢迎远方神灵的Ōnamochi。综上所述，出云神的持续生命力得到了检验。
{"title":"Ōnamochi: The Great God who Created All Under Heaven","authors":"R. Torrance","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.277-317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.277-317","url":null,"abstract":"Richard Torrance is Professor of Japanese in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures at Ohio State University. In the Izumo no kuni fudoki, the deity Ōnamochi no mikoto, most commonly known as Ōkuninushi no mikoto, is customarily referred to with the designation “The Great God who Created All Under Heaven.” This study, which is indebted to the research of Kanda Norishiro, examines what the title “The Great God who Created All Under Heaven” signifies. Eighth-century texts, primarily the Izumo no kuni fudoki but also the Kojiki, Nihon shoki, Manyōshū, and Harima no kuni fudoki, establish that Ōnamochi is a deity who attracted a number of divine characteristics over time. The geographical extent of “all under heaven” is first defined as embracing the entire terrestrial realm, not just Izumo. The heroic Ōnamochi, Ōnamochi the god of agriculture, Ōnamochi as the great lover, Onamochi’s transformation into a bird, and Ōnamochi as a god who guards the sea and welcomes deities from beyond the horizon are described. In conclusion, the continued vitality of the god in Izumo is examined.","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41997722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.319-322
G. Tanabe
{"title":"Review of: Duncan Ryūken Williams, American Sutra: A Story of Faith and Freedom in the Second World War","authors":"G. Tanabe","doi":"10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.319-322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.46.2.2019.319-322","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44102,"journal":{"name":"JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42423319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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