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Opening the Curtains on Popular Practice: <em>Kaichō</em> in the Meiji and Taisho Periods 揭开流行习俗的帷幕&lt;em&gt;Kaichō&lt;/em&gt;在明治和大正时期
3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.50.1.2023.79-104
Matthew Mitchell
In this article I discuss the continuity and changes of displays of temple and shrine treasures (kaichō) in the Meiji and Taisho periods. I estimate the number and features of kaichō in these periods primarily using articles in the Yomiuri shinbun and Shinano mainichi shinbun newspapers. I discuss the ways that these displays intersected with aspects of the Meiji period, including changing laws and the expansion of a convenient transportation network. The newspaper articles are also an excellent source of information regarding the practice of these displays, including the functions of confraternities, continued attraction of sideshows (misemono), and use of these displays to pray for victory in Japan’s modern wars and the repose of its war dead.
在这篇文章中,我将讨论明治和大正时期寺庙和神社珍宝展示的连续性和变化(<em>kaichō</em>)。我估计<em>kaichō</em>在这些时期主要使用《读卖新闻》</em><em>日本每日新闻</em>报纸。我讨论了这些展示与明治时期的交叉方式,包括法律的变化和便利交通网络的扩展。报纸上的文章也是关于这些展示的实践的一个很好的信息来源,包括兄弟会的功能,持续吸引的附带表演(<em>misemono</em>),以及使用这些展示来祈祷日本现代战争的胜利和战争死者的安息。
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引用次数: 0
Review of: Paul Groner, <em>Precepts, Ordinations, and Practice in Medieval Japanese Tendai</em> 回顾:保罗·格罗纳:《中世纪日本风俗中的戒律、受戒和实践》&lt;/em&gt;
3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.50.1.2023.112-114
Thomas Newhall
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引用次数: 0
On the Verge of Damnation and Buddhahood: Motherhood, Female Corporeality, and Koan Exegesis 在诅咒与佛性的边缘:母性、女性肉体与公案解经
3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.50.1.2023.1-47
Marta Sanvido
Buddhist scriptures depict the female body according to two contrasting models. On the one hand, female flesh is the epitome of defilement that hinders proper salvation. Yet, on the other hand, the gestational body is employed as a metaphor and a model to depict the highest spiritual perfection of the Buddhist clergy. By investigating these two seemingly incompatible approaches, this article shows how these contrasting models coexisted within the same doctrinal framework in early modern Sōtō Zen secret sources. In particular, it explores a Sōtō Zen secret document from the early modern period entitled Ise niji kirigami, which provides the doctrinal foundation for salvific rituals directed to women who died during parturition. The peculiarity of this document is the combination of conceptualizations typically associated with female pollution with a wide range of theorizations mainly derived from esoteric discourse on the kami, the Lotus Sūtra, and Zen koan interpretations. Therefore, through the investigation of the affinities with koan exegesis, Buddhist scriptures, and kami-related theories, this article aims to broaden our understanding of the tools used by early modern Zen monks to theorize the female body and contribute to the ongoing debate on the representation of the female spiritual and corporeal condition in Buddhist sources.
佛教经典根据两种截然不同的模式来描绘女性的身体。一方面,女性肉体是阻碍正确救赎的污秽的缩影。然而,另一方面,怀孕的身体被用作隐喻和模型来描绘佛教僧侣的最高精神境界。通过研究这两种看似不相容的方法,本文展示了这些截然不同的模型如何在早期现代Sōtō禅宗秘密来源的同一教义框架内共存。特别地,它探索了一份来自现代早期的Sōtō禅宗秘密文件,题为<em>Ise niji kirigami</em>,它为在分娩期间死亡的妇女提供了救赎仪式的教义基础。这份文件的独特之处在于,它结合了与女性污染相关的典型概念,以及广泛的理论,这些理论主要来自于对神的深奥论述,莲花Sūtra</em>和禅宗公案的解释。因此,通过对公案解经、佛经和神性相关理论的调查,本文旨在拓宽我们对早期现代禅宗僧人将女性身体理论化的工具的理解,并有助于对佛教文献中女性精神和身体状况的表现的持续辩论。
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引用次数: 0
Japanese Buddhist War Support and the <em>Kanchō</em> System 日本佛教对战争的支持&lt;em&gt;Kanchō&lt;/em&gt;系统
3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.50.1.2023.49-77
Jeff Schroeder
When Jōdo Shin Buddhist leaders gathered for a conference in early 1941 to formulate their sect’s wartime response, they did so at the bidding of their sect’s kanchō, or administrative head. To explain organizational dynamics that contributed to patterns of war support by Japanese Buddhists, this article details the state’s imposition of a kanchō system of governance on Buddhist organizations from 1884 to 1945. While Buddhist organizations had leeway in determining the selection process, term length, and specific powers of their kanchō, in all cases extraordinary authority was concentrated in a single individual. This article details how the kanchō system was implemented in major Zen, Jōdo Shin, Jōdo, Shingon, Nichiren, and Tendai organizations; examines the pro-war activities of kanchō prior to and during the Fifteen Years’ War period (1931–1945); and uses the case of the 1941 Shin Doctrinal Studies Conference to illustrate how the autocratic kanchō organizational structure amplified a sect’s most pro-war voices.
1941年初,当Jōdo信教领袖们聚集在一起召开会议,制定他们教派的战时对策时,他们是在他们教派的行政首长<em>kanchō</em>的命令下这样做的。为了解释导致日本佛教徒支持战争模式的组织动力学,本文详细介绍了国家强加的<em>kanchō</em>1884年至1945年对佛教组织的治理制度。虽然佛教组织在决定选择过程、任期长短和具体权力方面有一定的余地,但在所有情况下,非凡的权力都集中在一个人身上。本文详细介绍了<em>kanchō</em>在主要的禅宗、Jōdo Shin、Jōdo、信教、日连、天台组织实施了该制度;审查<em>kanchō</em>在十五年战争之前和期间(1931-1945);并以1941年的Shin教义研究会议为例,说明了专制的政府如何<em>kanchō</em>组织结构放大了一个教派最支持战争的声音。
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引用次数: 0
Review of: Timothy O. Benedict, <em>Spiritual Ends: Religion and the Heart of Dying in Japan</em> 书评:蒂莫西·o·本尼迪克特,&lt;em&gt;精神目的:宗教与日本死亡之心&lt;/em&gt;
3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.50.1.2023.105-111
Ioannis Gaitanidis
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引用次数: 0
Revealing the Miraculous: Objects Placed inside the Statue of the Kōfukuji Nan’endō Fukūkenjaku Kannon 揭示奇迹:放置在关农国王雕像内的物品
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.49.1.2022.45-88
Y. Chan
The use of relics and gorintō (five-element pagodas) as objects placed in Buddhist statues gained currency in the late twelfth century. This article examines the deposits (nōnyūhin) placed by Fujiwara no Kanezane (1149–1207) in 1189 within the statue of Fukūkenjaku Kannon in the Nan’endō at Kōfukuji in Nara, one of the earliest examples to contain both relics and gorintō. The article unravels the intricate relationship between the contents of the inserted objects, the meaning of the statue, and the motives behind the placing of the deposits. On the one hand, the deposits in this statue were carefully selected to manifest Kanezane’s conception of the sacred. On the other, they were intended to evoke a response from Fukūkenjaku Kannon to generate rebirth in Amida’s pure land. The relic deposit was enshrined because of its connection to Pure Land rebirth and was to transform the statue into a shōjinbutsu (living buddha) that assumed an array of meanings: an icon containing relics, a nexus for salvation, and a miraculous manifestation of the deity. It is also suggested that Pure Land belief was a driving force behind the increase in using relics as nōnyūhin in the late twelfth century.
在12世纪后期,使用圣物和五行宝塔作为放置在佛像中的物品开始流行。这篇文章研究了1189年由藤原无金泽(1149-1207)在奈良南端馆Kōfukuji的Fukūkenjaku观音像内放置的沉积物(nōnyūhin),这是最早的同时包含文物和政府的例子之一。本文揭示了插入物品的内容,雕像的意义以及放置沉积物背后的动机之间的复杂关系。一方面,这座雕像中的沉积物是精心挑选的,以体现金泽的神圣概念。另一方面,它们是为了唤起Fukūkenjaku观音的回应,在阿弥陀佛的净土上产生重生。由于它与净土重生有关,因此被供奉起来,并将雕像转变为shōjinbutsu(活佛),承担了一系列含义:包含遗物的图标,救赎的纽带,以及神的奇迹表现。也有人认为,净土信仰是12世纪后期越来越多地使用文物nōnyūhin的驱动力。
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引用次数: 0
Reconstructing the Grand Narrative: The Pure Land of Madoka Magica 重建宏大叙事:马多卡魔法的净土
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.49.1.2022.21-44
Barbara Greene
Since its premiere, the 2011 anime series Puella Magi Madoka Magica has been widely regarded by both critics and consumers as a groundbreaking work. While contemporary otaku culture typically eschews the notion of a grand narrative, this does not mean that otaku lack a longing for the transcendent, which is often projected onto a young girl whose limitless potential triggers an intense reaction with otaku who have an affinity for the fictional over the mundane. However, Madoka Magica harkens back to an even older model of the transcendent. Within the series, through powers gained from multiple, self-sacrificial incarnations, the lead character Madoka is able to break free from her reality and into a paradise in which her fellow magical girls can attain absolute peace. This article explores the ways in which the discourse of Pure Land Buddhism have been integrated into Madoka Magica and, thereby, offers otaku a postmodern Pure Land.
自2011年上映以来,这部动画系列《魔法精灵》被评论家和消费者广泛认为是一部开创性的作品。虽然当代御宅族文化通常回避宏大叙事的概念,但这并不意味着御宅族缺乏对超越的渴望,这种渴望经常被投射到一个年轻女孩身上,她无限的潜力引发了与那些喜欢虚构而不是世俗的御宅族的强烈反应。然而,《魔道》让人回想起一个更古老的超然模式。在这个系列中,通过从多个自我牺牲的化身中获得的力量,主角小圆能够从她的现实中解脱出来,进入一个天堂,在那里她的魔法女孩们可以获得绝对的和平。本文探讨了净土佛教的话语如何融入到《麻冈魔法》中,从而为宅男们提供了一个后现代的净土。
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引用次数: 0
Review Discussion: Religion, Politics, and the Law in Postwar Japan 论战后日本的宗教、政治与法律
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.49.1.2022.115-146
Mark R. Mullins, J. Thomas, M. Mcmullen
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking the Interdependence of Buddhism and the State in Late Edo and Meiji Japan 重新思考江户晚期和明治日本佛教与国家的相互依存关系
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.49.1.2022.89-113
C. Kleine
This article asks how the Buddhist paradigm of the interdependence between the Buddha’s law and the ruler’s law was modified over the centuries and reinterpreted by nineteenth-century authors in the face of rapid political, social, and epistemic changes. An analysis of relevant texts reveals continuities as well as discontinuities. While the paradigm’s basic function of guaranteeing autonomy and protection to Buddhist institutions remained largely unchanged, remarkable transformations in the argumentation are evident. Despite, or because of, the precarious position of Buddhism in the early Meiji period, Buddhist authors from this era choose an apologetic strategy. With some slight differences, they emphasize almost exclusively the intramundane benefits of Buddhism and thus defend themselves against the accusation that Buddhism is solely relevant to otherworldly matters. The most radical innovation, however, is the assertion that all secular norms and rules of governance are ultimately Buddhist in origin.
这篇文章询问,面对快速的政治、社会和认识论变化,佛教关于佛陀律法和统治者律法之间相互依存的范式是如何在几个世纪里被修改和重新解释的。对相关文本的分析揭示了连续性和不连续性。尽管该范式保障佛教机构自主权和保护的基本功能在很大程度上保持不变,但论证中的显著转变是显而易见的。尽管或因为佛教在明治初期的不稳定地位,这个时代的佛教作家还是选择了道歉的策略。虽然有一些细微的差异,但他们几乎完全强调佛教的内在利益,从而为自己辩护,反对佛教只与超凡脱俗的事物有关的指责。然而,最激进的创新是断言所有世俗规范和治理规则最终都源自佛教。
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引用次数: 1
Review of: John C. Maraldo, The Saga of Zen History & the Power of Legend 书评:约翰C.马拉尔多,《禅宗历史的传奇与传奇的力量》
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.18874/jjrs.49.1.2022.147-150
Rossa Ó Muireartaigh
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引用次数: 1
期刊
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES
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