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Research of Self – Organizing Networks (SON) Algorithms Efficiency Applying on Fourth – Generation Mobile Networks 自组织网络(SON)算法在第四代移动网络中的有效性研究
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0034
A. Solochshenko, Alimjan Baikenov, V. Tikhvinskiy, J. Caiko
Abstract The application of SON algorithms for automating the processes of operating fourth-generation mobile networks based on the networks of operation, administration and management of OAM (Operation and Maintenance) is considered. The features of the tasks at the stages of self-optimization and self-configuration of the network for the various stages of 4G mobile network life cycle are shown. Criteria and approaches to assessing the effectiveness of solving problems by the SON network are proposed. The technical requirements are also formulated for SON algorithms. The experimentally achieved values of the selected performance exponents depending on the duration of the test cluster self-optimization time of the 4G network are shown.
摘要基于运维管理(OAM)网络,研究了应用SON算法实现第四代移动网络运营过程自动化。给出了4G移动网络生命周期各阶段网络自优化和自配置各阶段任务的特点。提出了评估SON网络解决问题有效性的标准和方法。本文还对SON算法提出了技术要求。所选性能指数随4G网络测试簇自优化时间的持续时间的实验实现值。
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引用次数: 3
Artificial Intelligence-Based Network Selection and Optimized Routing in Internet of Vehicles 基于人工智能的车联网网络选择与优化路由
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0030
S. M. Hussain, K. M. Yusof, Shaik Ashfaq Hussain
Abstract Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a network of vehicles communicating with each other by exchanging road traffic information via radio access technologies. Two potential technologies of V2X that have gained attention over the past years are DSRC and cellular networks such as 4G LTE and 5G. DSRC is suitable for low latency communications, however provides a shorter coverage range whereas, 4G LTE offers a wide coverage range but has high transmission time intervals. In contrast, 5G offers higher data rates, low latencies but prone to blockages. Single technology might not fully accommodate the requirements of vehicular communications. Hence, it is required to interwork with more than one radio access network to satisfy the requirements of safety vehicular applications. One issue identified when working with multiple radio access networks is the selection of the most appropriate network for vertical handover. Usually, in the previous works, the network is selected directly or will be connected to the available network due to which the handover had to take place frequently resulting in unnecessary handovers. Hence, in the existing state-of-the-art, the need for handover is not validated. In this paper, we have proposed a dynamic Q-learning algorithm to validate the need for handover, and then, appropriate selection of network would take place by using a fuzzy convolutional neural network. Besides, a modified jellyfish optimization algorithm is proposed to select the shortest paths by forming V2V pairs that take into account channel metrics, vehicle metrics, and vehicle performance metrics. The proposed algorithms are then evaluated using OMNET++ and compared with the existing state-of-the-art concerning mean handover, HO failure, throughput, delay, and packet loss as the performance metrics.
车联网(Internet of Vehicles, IoV)是车辆之间通过无线接入技术交换道路交通信息的网络。过去几年备受关注的两项V2X潜在技术是DSRC和4G LTE、5G等蜂窝网络。DSRC适用于低延迟通信,但覆盖范围较短,而4G LTE覆盖范围广,但传输时间间隔高。相比之下,5G提供更高的数据速率,低延迟,但容易阻塞。单一技术可能无法完全适应车载通信的要求。因此,需要与多个无线接入网互通,以满足安全车载应用的要求。在使用多个无线接入网络时确定的一个问题是为垂直切换选择最合适的网络。通常,在之前的工作中,网络是直接选择的,或者将网络连接到可用的网络上,因此必须频繁进行切换,导致不必要的切换。因此,在现有的技术水平下,对移交的需求没有得到验证。在本文中,我们提出了一种动态q -学习算法来验证切换的必要性,然后使用模糊卷积神经网络进行适当的网络选择。此外,提出了一种改进的水母优化算法,通过形成考虑通道指标、车辆指标和车辆性能指标的V2V对来选择最短路径。然后使用omnet++对所提出的算法进行评估,并将其与现有的最先进的平均切换、HO故障、吞吐量、延迟和数据包丢失作为性能指标进行比较。
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引用次数: 2
Method of Assessing the Efficiency of Electrical Power Circuit Separation with the Power Line Communication for Railway Signs Monitoring 铁路标志监测中电力线通信电路分离效率评估方法
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0031
P. Kiedrowski, Ł. Saganowski
Abstract The article describes a project to use PLC technology in railway light signs. The proposal presents a solution for the separation of supplying circuits with the use of filters. The necessity of separation is a result of long distance data transmission between sign controllers and LED railway signs using PLC modems which work on the same frequency. Problems in the selection of filter parameters are presented due to the fact that there is no specification for the characteristic of the separation filter, there are only requirements for the reliability communication system. To meet these requirements, the circuits separation efficiency must be assessed. The paper presents a quick method to evaluate separation efficiency. Structure of the network, as well as the set of devices which realize this specific kind of wired sensor network for supervising railway LED sign network and maintenance parameters are also presented in this article.
摘要:本文介绍了PLC技术在铁路轻轨标志中的应用。提出了一种利用滤波器实现供电电路分离的解决方案。标识控制器和LED铁路标识之间使用PLC调制解调器进行长距离数据传输,因此必须进行分离。由于分离滤波器的特性没有规范,只有通信系统的可靠性要求,在滤波器参数的选择上存在问题。为了满足这些要求,必须对电路的分离效率进行评估。本文提出了一种快速评价分离效率的方法。本文还介绍了该网络的结构,以及实现该有线传感器网络监控铁路LED标识网络和维护参数的一套设备。
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引用次数: 1
Predicting the Fatigue Life of a Ball Joint 球接头疲劳寿命预测
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0035
K. Edward, Borucka Anna, Szymczak Tadeusz, Świderski Andrzej, Gil Leszek
Abstract The technical conditions and service life of steering elements of vehicles are an important factor directly affecting road safety. Therefore, high reliability of such kind’s components is required. In the paper, on the basis of the stand test, the fatigue durability of a ball joint of a steering tie rod is determined. It is elaborated together with a prediction for the further number of cycles, enabling to determine the technical state of the tested component containing its service life. The aim of the article is to select an appropriate mathematical model with respect to describing the relationship between the moment of force and the fatigue cycles performed for the ball joint of a steering rod of a vehicle with a GVW above 3.5 tonnes, and identifying the model’s parameters. As a result, the limit number of loading cycles after which the examined joint does not meet safety requirements is estimated.
车辆转向元件的技术状况和使用寿命是直接影响道路安全的重要因素。因此,对此类元件的可靠性提出了较高的要求。本文在台架试验的基础上,确定了转向拉杆球接头的疲劳耐久性。它与对进一步循环次数的预测一起详细阐述,从而能够确定包含其使用寿命的被测部件的技术状态。本文的目的是选择一个合适的数学模型来描述GVW在3.5吨以上的车辆转向杆球节的力矩与疲劳循环之间的关系,并确定模型的参数。结果,估计了被检查节点不满足安全要求的极限加载循环次数。
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引用次数: 2
Urban Travel Behavior and Socio-Spatial Issues in the Mena Region: What Do We Know? 中东和北非地区的城市旅行行为和社会空间问题:我们知道什么?
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0033
Joanna Andraos, Razan Awad, Tony Geagea, Clara Habib, Lydia Koberssi, Jessica Lahoud, Majeed Rabah, Farid Reaidy, Nour Saad Eddine, H. Masoumi
Abstract Unlike literature and studies coming from high-income or Western countries, the existing conducted on the Middle East and North Africa fail to draw a nearly complete image of the characteristics of passenger travel behaviors in the urban areas of the region. This gap necessitates a holistic review of the previous studies and comparing their results of those of the international findings. This paper summarizes the status of urban travel behavior studies on the MENA region under eight categories of socioeconomics, land use, perceptions and attitudes, urban sprawl, neighborhood design, public transportation use, active mobility, and new technologies and concepts. Descriptive literature review and desk research depicts both lack of research results or data and differences between the behaviors in the MENA region and the Western countries. Moreover, based on the background review, this paper provides a list of recommendations for having more sustainable mobility in the MENA region.
与来自高收入国家或西方国家的文献和研究不同,现有的关于中东和北非地区的文献和研究未能几乎完整地描绘出该地区城市地区乘客旅行行为的特征。这一差距需要对以前的研究进行全面审查,并将其结果与国际研究结果进行比较。本文从社会经济、土地利用、观念与态度、城市扩张、邻里设计、公共交通使用、主动出行、新技术与新概念等8个方面综述了中东和北非地区城市出行行为研究的现状。描述性文献综述和案头研究描述了研究结果或数据的缺乏以及中东和北非地区与西方国家行为之间的差异。此外,在背景分析的基础上,提出了中东和北非地区实现可持续交通的建议。
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引用次数: 3
Aviation Profiling Method Based on Deep Learning Technology for Emotion Recognition by Speech Signal 基于深度学习技术的语音信号情感识别航空剖面方法
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0037
К. Koshekov, А. Savostin, B. Seidakhmetov, R. Anayatova, I. Fedorov
Abstract This paper proposes a method of automatic speaker-independent recognition of human psycho-emotional states by analyzing the speech signal based on Deep Learning technology to solve the problems of aviation profiling. For this purpose, an algorithm to classify seven human psycho-emotional states, including anger, joy, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, and neutral state was developed. The algorithm is based on the use of Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and Mel spectrograms as informative features of speech signals audio recordings. These informative features are used to train two deep convolutional neural networks on the generated dataset. The developed classifier testing on a delayed verification dataset showed that the metric for the multiclass fraction of correct answers’ accuracy is 0.93. The solution proposed in the paper can be in demand in human-machine interfaces creation, medicine, marketing, and in the field of air transportation.
摘要:本文提出了一种基于深度学习技术的独立于说话人的人类心理情绪状态自动识别方法,该方法通过对语音信号的分析来解决航空剖面问题。为此,开发了一种算法,对人类七种心理情绪状态进行分类,包括愤怒、喜悦、恐惧、惊讶、厌恶、悲伤和中性状态。该算法基于使用Mel频率倒谱系数和Mel谱图作为语音信号音频记录的信息特征。这些信息特征用于在生成的数据集上训练两个深度卷积神经网络。开发的分类器在延迟验证数据集上的测试表明,正确答案的多类分数准确率度量为0.93。本文提出的解决方案可用于人机界面创建、医药、市场营销和航空运输领域。
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引用次数: 4
Time and Space Discretization in the Digital Twin of the Airport Transport Network 机场交通网络数字孪生中的时空离散化
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0019
Farid Saifutdinov, J. Tolujevs
Abstract The paper describes the concept of a Digital Twin (DT) creation, which could be used as part of a centralized ground traffic control system in the airport’s apron area. The work is focused on the automatic control systems expected in the future, which will completely replace the ground traffic controllers that solve the centralized control’s tasks in our days. It is assumed that the developed DT can be used both at the stage of training the control system and at the stage of its use. A special feature of the proposed DT concept is the clearly formulated principles of the observed process’ time discretization and the space in which the movement of ground vehicles and aircraft occurs. The experimental verification of the developed concept was carried out using a special simulation model designed to generate data streams on the airport’s transport network’s traffic participants’ location.
摘要:本文介绍了数字孪生(DT)创建的概念,该概念可作为机场停机坪区域集中地面交通管制系统的一部分。工作的重点是未来预期的自动控制系统,它将完全取代地面交通管制员,解决我们目前集中控制的任务。假设所开发的DT既可以用于控制系统的训练阶段,也可以用于控制系统的使用阶段。所提出的DT概念的一个特点是明确制定了观察过程的时间离散化原则和地面车辆和飞机运动发生的空间。利用一个特殊的仿真模型对开发的概念进行了实验验证,该模型旨在生成机场运输网络交通参与者位置的数据流。
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引用次数: 3
The Method of Determining the Optimal Transmission Resources Distribution of ICT Networks Modelled by Graphs 图模型下ICT网络传输资源最优分配的确定方法
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0028
S. Bujnowski, B. Marciniak, T. Marciniak, Z. Lutowski
Abstract The paper discusses the method of improvement of transmission properties of ICT networks by setting the correct distribution of transmission resources in order that it is possible to increase the resulting global probability of supporting the calls generated in the nodes included in the network. The method uses some parts of the graph theory. A minimum length path searching algorithm was used which made it possible to calculate the volume of movement transferred by individual edges of the graph describing the network. The coefficient of the distribution of transmission resources was determined and used to calculate the value of the resources in reference to a particular link, both in the case of equal and diverse movement generated in individual network nodes. A piece of software was developed which uses the results of applying the above-mentioned algorithm to prepare the files describing the analyzed structures in order to carry out simulation tests. The views and analyses are illustrated by examples, and the resulting effects of the influence of the introduction of the method of dividing network resources into transmission properties of a network modelled by graphs are shown in the charts included.
摘要本文讨论了通过设置正确的传输资源分配来改善ICT网络传输特性的方法,从而有可能提高网络中节点产生的呼叫的全局支持概率。该方法运用了图论的部分内容。使用最小长度路径搜索算法,可以计算描述网络的图的各个边传递的移动体积。确定传输资源分配系数,用于计算在单个网络节点产生相等和不同运动的情况下,资源相对于特定链路的价值。开发了一个软件,利用上述算法的应用结果,编制了描述分析结构的文件,以便进行仿真试验。通过实例说明了这些观点和分析,并在附图中显示了将网络资源划分为用图形建模的网络的传输属性的方法所产生的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Travel Demand Estimation in Urban Road Networks as Inverse Traffic Assignment Problem 基于交通逆分配问题的城市路网出行需求估计
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0022
A. Krylatov, A. Raevskaya, V. Zakharov
Abstract Nowadays, traffic engineers employ a variety of intelligent tools for decision support in the field of transportation planning and management. However, not a one available tool is useful without precise travel demand information which is actually the key input data in simulation models used for traffic prediction in urban road areas. Thus, it is no wonder that the problem of estimation of travel demand values between intersections in a road network is a challenge of high urgency. The present paper is devoted to this urgent problem and investigates its properties from computational and mathematical perspectives. We rigorously define the travel demand estimation problem as directly inverse to traffic assignment in a form of a bi-level optimization program avoiding usage of any pre-given (a priori) information on trips. The computational study of the obtained optimization program demonstrates that generally it has no clear descent direction, while the mathematical study advances our understanding on rigor existence and uniqueness conditions of its solution. We prove that once a traffic engineer recognizes the travel demand locations, then their values in the road network can be found uniquely. On the contrary, we discover a non-continuous dependence between the travel demand locations and absolute difference of observed and modeled traffic values. Therefore, the results of the present paper reveal that the actual problem to be solved when dealing with travel demand estimation is the problem of recognition of travel demand locations. The obtained findings contribute in the theory of travel demand estimation and give fresh managerial insights for traffic engineers.
目前,交通工程师在交通规划和管理领域采用各种智能工具进行决策支持。然而,如果没有精确的出行需求信息,没有一个可用的工具是有用的,而这些信息实际上是用于城市道路区域交通预测的模拟模型中的关键输入数据。因此,路网中交叉口之间出行需求值的估计问题是一个非常紧迫的挑战。本文致力于这个紧迫的问题,并从计算和数学的角度研究了它的性质。我们严格地将出行需求估计问题定义为与交通分配直接相反的一种双层优化方案的形式,避免使用任何预先给定的出行信息。对所得到的优化方案进行了计算研究,结果表明该优化方案总体上没有明确的下降方向,而数学研究则提高了我们对其解的严密性、存在性和唯一性条件的认识。我们证明,一旦交通工程师识别出出行需求位置,那么它们在路网中的值就可以被唯一地找到。相反,我们发现出行需求位置与观测值和模型交通量的绝对差值之间存在不连续的依赖关系。因此,本文的研究结果表明,在进行出行需求估计时,实际要解决的问题是出行需求位置的识别问题。本文的研究成果为交通需求估算理论提供了理论基础,并为交通工程师提供了新的管理见解。
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引用次数: 0
Mathematical Model of a Tonal Rail Chain without Insulating Joints with Current Receiver in Shunt Mode 无绝缘接头带电流接收器的调性轨链并联数学模型
IF 1.4 Q3 TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0024
R. Aliev
Abstract One of the drawbacks of the currently used tonal rail chains without insulating joints is that when the train approaches the controlled section, the train begins to shunt this section at some distance before entry on him. In connection with the traffic light moves on this distance. But being that this distance depends on many variables, it constantly changes these variables. For eliminate this drawback, instead of the traditional potential receiver it is proposed to use electric current track receiver, which has a clear boundary fixation entry of train on the controlled section. By now developed and used methods for determining the main analytical expressions for analysis and synthesis tonal rail circuits with potential receivers in various operating modes, and the theoretical issues of tonal rail chains with current receivers were practically not considered, in this connection, the article considers the development of mathematical models for determining the absolute shunt sensitivity of tonal rail chains without isolating joints with current receivers and methods for calculating determination of the critical location of the minimum shunt sensitivity. The obtained expressions differ significantly from the known equations of absolute shunt sensitivity and the critical location of the minimum value of the shunt sensitivity and will allow to spend analyzing, synthesis and design of tonal rail chains without isolating joints with current receivers, that will allow to increase the safety of train traffic.
摘要目前使用的无绝缘接头的调性钢轨的缺点之一是,当列车接近控制路段时,列车在进入控制路段前会对控制路段进行一定距离的分流。与交通灯在这段距离上移动有关。但是由于这个距离取决于很多变量,它会不断地改变这些变量。为消除这一缺点,提出采用电流轨道接收机代替传统的电势接收机,使列车在控制路段有明确的边界固定入口。到目前为止,已经开发和使用了确定各种工作模式下具有电位接收器的分析和合成调性轨道电路的主要解析表达式的方法,而实际上没有考虑具有电流接收器的调性轨道链的理论问题。本文讨论了确定带电流接收器的无隔离接头的调性轨链绝对并联灵敏度的数学模型的发展,以及确定最小并联灵敏度临界位置的计算方法。所得到的表达式与已知的绝对并联灵敏度方程和并联灵敏度最小值的临界位置有很大的不同,可以在不隔离带有电流接收器的接头的情况下进行调性轨道链的分析、综合和设计,从而提高列车交通的安全性。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Transport and Telecommunication Journal
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