Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.1108/ajb-07-2023-0117
Cari Burke-Kolehmainen, Melissa Intindola
PurposeWithin the context of the nonprofit resiliency framework, the authors use nonprofit functional expenses and contribution revenue to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the ability of nonprofits in different subsectors to carry out their mission, as well as their ability to “pivot” fundraising strategies to integrate social media and digital engagement.Design/methodology/approach The authors use IRS form 990 return data for organizations with a year-end return that includes at least six months of COVID-19 impact (“Wave 1 Effects” period) and also have a prior-year return (“Business as Usual” period). The authors use Wilcoxon signed rank tests to examine whether there are differences in our variables of interest between the two periods.FindingsWhile the majority of nonprofits in most subsectors experienced a significant decrease in program spending, fundraising spending and fundraising efficiency ratios between the two time periods, the authors found variation in the change in contribution revenue and fundraising ratio between the two periods between subsectors. The authors also find that the percentage of nonprofits able to “pivot” their fundraising strategies varies by subsector between 13.33 and 31.23%.Originality/valueThis paper provides new information regarding the pandemic's initial effect on nonprofit program and fundraising spending, the related contribution revenue and the ability of nonprofits to “pivot” fundraising to remote strategies. The authors propose a more robust fundraising efficiency measure and a new measure indicating a nonprofit's “ability to pivot” their fundraising strategy. The authors encourage future researchers to conduct further longitudinal studies to understand how these effects may continue or change.
{"title":"Deep pockets or empty coffers? Functional expenses, contribution revenue and the ability of nonprofits to pivot during COVID-19","authors":"Cari Burke-Kolehmainen, Melissa Intindola","doi":"10.1108/ajb-07-2023-0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ajb-07-2023-0117","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeWithin the context of the nonprofit resiliency framework, the authors use nonprofit functional expenses and contribution revenue to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the ability of nonprofits in different subsectors to carry out their mission, as well as their ability to “pivot” fundraising strategies to integrate social media and digital engagement.Design/methodology/approach The authors use IRS form 990 return data for organizations with a year-end return that includes at least six months of COVID-19 impact (“Wave 1 Effects” period) and also have a prior-year return (“Business as Usual” period). The authors use Wilcoxon signed rank tests to examine whether there are differences in our variables of interest between the two periods.FindingsWhile the majority of nonprofits in most subsectors experienced a significant decrease in program spending, fundraising spending and fundraising efficiency ratios between the two time periods, the authors found variation in the change in contribution revenue and fundraising ratio between the two periods between subsectors. The authors also find that the percentage of nonprofits able to “pivot” their fundraising strategies varies by subsector between 13.33 and 31.23%.Originality/valueThis paper provides new information regarding the pandemic's initial effect on nonprofit program and fundraising spending, the related contribution revenue and the ability of nonprofits to “pivot” fundraising to remote strategies. The authors propose a more robust fundraising efficiency measure and a new measure indicating a nonprofit's “ability to pivot” their fundraising strategy. The authors encourage future researchers to conduct further longitudinal studies to understand how these effects may continue or change.","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"20 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1108/ajb-04-2023-0060
Shuo Li
Purpose The authors examine the role of CEO political ideology in the credit rating process. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a quantitative method with panel data regressions using a sample of 5,211 observations from S&P 500 firms from 2001 to 2012. Findings The authors find that firms run by Republican-leaning CEOs, who tend to have conservative political ideologies, enjoy more favorable credit ratings than firms run by Democratic-leaning CEOs. In addition, the association between CEO political ideology and credit ratings is more pronounced for firms with high operating uncertainty, low capital intensity, high growth potential, weak corporate governance and low financial reporting quality. Finally, the authors find that CEO political ideology affects a firm's cost of debt incremental to credit ratings, consistent with debt investors incorporating CEO political ideology in their pricing decisions. Research limitations/implications Leveraging CEO political ideology, the authors document that credit rating agencies incorporate managerial conservatism in their credit rating decisions. This finding suggests that CEO political ideology serves as a meaningful signal for managerial conservatism. Practical implications The study suggests that credit rating agencies incorporate CEO political ideology in their credit rating process. Other capital market participants such as auditors and retail investors can also use CEO political ideology as a proxy for managerial conservatism when evaluating firms. Social implications The paper carries practical implications for practitioners, firm executives and regulators. The results on the association between CEO political ideology and credit ratings suggest that other financial institutions could also incorporate CEO political ideology in their evaluation in their evaluation of firms. For example, when evaluating audit risk and determining audit pricing, auditors may add CEO political ideology as a risk factor. For firms, especially those that have Democratic-leaning CEOs, the authors suggest that they could reduce the unfavorable effect of CEO political ideology on credit ratings by improving their corporate governance and financial reporting quality, as demonstrated in the cross-sectional analyses. Finally, this study shows that CEO political ideology, as measured by CEOs' political contributions, is closely related to a firm's credit ratings. This finding may inform regulators that greater transparency for CEOs' political contributions is needed as information on contributions could help capital market participants perform risk analyses for firms. Originality/value Credit rating agencies release their research methodologies for determining corporate credit ratings and identify managerial conservatism as an important factor that affects their risk assessments. The extant literature, however, has not empirically investigated the relation between credit ratings and managerial conservatism, which, ac
{"title":"CEO political ideology and credit risk assessment","authors":"Shuo Li","doi":"10.1108/ajb-04-2023-0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ajb-04-2023-0060","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The authors examine the role of CEO political ideology in the credit rating process. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a quantitative method with panel data regressions using a sample of 5,211 observations from S&P 500 firms from 2001 to 2012. Findings The authors find that firms run by Republican-leaning CEOs, who tend to have conservative political ideologies, enjoy more favorable credit ratings than firms run by Democratic-leaning CEOs. In addition, the association between CEO political ideology and credit ratings is more pronounced for firms with high operating uncertainty, low capital intensity, high growth potential, weak corporate governance and low financial reporting quality. Finally, the authors find that CEO political ideology affects a firm's cost of debt incremental to credit ratings, consistent with debt investors incorporating CEO political ideology in their pricing decisions. Research limitations/implications Leveraging CEO political ideology, the authors document that credit rating agencies incorporate managerial conservatism in their credit rating decisions. This finding suggests that CEO political ideology serves as a meaningful signal for managerial conservatism. Practical implications The study suggests that credit rating agencies incorporate CEO political ideology in their credit rating process. Other capital market participants such as auditors and retail investors can also use CEO political ideology as a proxy for managerial conservatism when evaluating firms. Social implications The paper carries practical implications for practitioners, firm executives and regulators. The results on the association between CEO political ideology and credit ratings suggest that other financial institutions could also incorporate CEO political ideology in their evaluation in their evaluation of firms. For example, when evaluating audit risk and determining audit pricing, auditors may add CEO political ideology as a risk factor. For firms, especially those that have Democratic-leaning CEOs, the authors suggest that they could reduce the unfavorable effect of CEO political ideology on credit ratings by improving their corporate governance and financial reporting quality, as demonstrated in the cross-sectional analyses. Finally, this study shows that CEO political ideology, as measured by CEOs' political contributions, is closely related to a firm's credit ratings. This finding may inform regulators that greater transparency for CEOs' political contributions is needed as information on contributions could help capital market participants perform risk analyses for firms. Originality/value Credit rating agencies release their research methodologies for determining corporate credit ratings and identify managerial conservatism as an important factor that affects their risk assessments. The extant literature, however, has not empirically investigated the relation between credit ratings and managerial conservatism, which, ac","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"10 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136227550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph Mayindo Mayele, Sakurai Takeshi, Emmanuel Joel Saburi
Wildlife tourism plays an important role in the generation of foreign revenues in many developing countries, although its role is becoming increasingly less feasible. This study sought to determine the economics of wildlife tourism between 2009-2014 and the communities’ perception of Nimule National Park (NNP). A randomly collected cross-sectional survey data of 300 participants were used and the descriptive and inferential analyses were done using PAST statistical software program. The results showed total income generated between 2009 and 2014 was 21,548.15 USD, with 2012 earning the largest share (10,319 USD). 92% of tourists who visited NNP were foreigners, majorly for wildlife watching (48%) and photographing. Local communities’ benefits were wild fruits and fuelwood collection. About 60% of respondents opposed park entry charges, although most were subjective. Human-wildlife conflicts (73.8%) and poor infrastructure (66.4%) were the communities’ and park’s challenges. Notwithstanding the unexpected conflict in 2013, the tourism sector can still be promising with genuine peace or security in the country.
{"title":"Economics of Wildlife Tourism and Its Challenges: A Case Study of Nimule National Park, South Sudan","authors":"Joseph Mayindo Mayele, Sakurai Takeshi, Emmanuel Joel Saburi","doi":"10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6525","url":null,"abstract":"Wildlife tourism plays an important role in the generation of foreign revenues in many developing countries, although its role is becoming increasingly less feasible. This study sought to determine the economics of wildlife tourism between 2009-2014 and the communities’ perception of Nimule National Park (NNP). A randomly collected cross-sectional survey data of 300 participants were used and the descriptive and inferential analyses were done using PAST statistical software program. The results showed total income generated between 2009 and 2014 was 21,548.15 USD, with 2012 earning the largest share (10,319 USD). 92% of tourists who visited NNP were foreigners, majorly for wildlife watching (48%) and photographing. Local communities’ benefits were wild fruits and fuelwood collection. About 60% of respondents opposed park entry charges, although most were subjective. Human-wildlife conflicts (73.8%) and poor infrastructure (66.4%) were the communities’ and park’s challenges. Notwithstanding the unexpected conflict in 2013, the tourism sector can still be promising with genuine peace or security in the country.","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1108/ajb-09-2022-0141
Manuel Lobato, Mario Jordi Maura, Javier Rodriguez, Herminio Romero-Perez
Purpose This study aims to examine investor attention by exploring the trading behavior of investors in US-based exchange traded funds (ETFs) of countries active in the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cups. Design/methodology/approach The present study employs event study methodology to measure abnormal returns and excess trading volume of country-specific ETFs during six FIFA World Cups. The sample of ETFs includes 19 participating countries. Findings Consistent with investor behavior that might be explained by attention effect, the study finds that country-specific ETFs from participating countries do indeed behave differently during FIFA World Cups events. The authors find significant evidence of abnormal trading volume and, albeit weaker, abnormal returns during cups. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on investor behavior, linking investor attention with salient sports events.
{"title":"Investor attention during soccer World Cups","authors":"Manuel Lobato, Mario Jordi Maura, Javier Rodriguez, Herminio Romero-Perez","doi":"10.1108/ajb-09-2022-0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ajb-09-2022-0141","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose This study aims to examine investor attention by exploring the trading behavior of investors in US-based exchange traded funds (ETFs) of countries active in the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cups. Design/methodology/approach The present study employs event study methodology to measure abnormal returns and excess trading volume of country-specific ETFs during six FIFA World Cups. The sample of ETFs includes 19 participating countries. Findings Consistent with investor behavior that might be explained by attention effect, the study finds that country-specific ETFs from participating countries do indeed behave differently during FIFA World Cups events. The authors find significant evidence of abnormal trading volume and, albeit weaker, abnormal returns during cups. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on investor behavior, linking investor attention with salient sports events.","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"IA-9 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135220570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper dives into millennials' role in the workplace, merging generational insights with foundational research. According to Mannheim’s theory, generational distinctions stem from upbringing, societal values, environmental circumstances, and key events. Works by Rescher and Viega underline the importance of value alignment, emphasizing its effect on job satisfaction, behavior, and productivity. Drucker's theory stresses the power of managerial authority on employee retention. As traditional management methods become outdated, emphasis on attraction, selection, turnover, and talent development becomes paramount. Recognizing what drives this key demographic is pivotal for talent retention. Millennials, labeled here as the Hero generation due to their vast numbers, demand recognition and alignment with their values for effective retention. Ignoring this can be financially disastrous for businesses. The insights offered in this paper offer a competitive edge for organizations aiming to harness and retain millennial talent in a dynamic business landscape.
{"title":"Millennials, the Last Standing Heroes of the Workforce: A Comprehensive Literature Review on Synching Millennials’ Values With Organizational Culture to Boost Retention Rates","authors":"DeQuindre Spencer, Maria Kalyvaki","doi":"10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6526","url":null,"abstract":"This paper dives into millennials' role in the workplace, merging generational insights with foundational research. According to Mannheim’s theory, generational distinctions stem from upbringing, societal values, environmental circumstances, and key events. Works by Rescher and Viega underline the importance of value alignment, emphasizing its effect on job satisfaction, behavior, and productivity. Drucker's theory stresses the power of managerial authority on employee retention. As traditional management methods become outdated, emphasis on attraction, selection, turnover, and talent development becomes paramount. Recognizing what drives this key demographic is pivotal for talent retention. Millennials, labeled here as the Hero generation due to their vast numbers, demand recognition and alignment with their values for effective retention. Ignoring this can be financially disastrous for businesses. The insights offered in this paper offer a competitive edge for organizations aiming to harness and retain millennial talent in a dynamic business landscape.","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"59 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Operations Strategy (OS) gained a new perspective after the introduction of the Malcolm Baldrige Model for Business Excellence (MBM), in 1987. Many companies adopted the MBM framework, along with Balanced Score Cards (BSC) and the Annual Quality Improvement Plans (AQUIP) methodology, to achieve world class performance through the creation of ‘integrated organisations’ using Quality Operations Strategy (QOS) as a key driver. With the advent of Industry 4.0 (I 4.0), the possibility of creating a truly integrated organisation appears to have gained momentum. Quality Operations Strategy 4.0 (QOS 4.0) is expected to drive Business Excellence (BE) in digitalised companies in the near future, by creating integrated organisations using MBM and I 4.0 techniques. This paper traces the evolution of the QOS, and its possible evolution in the era of I 4.0.
{"title":"Operations Strategy 4.0 – What Will It Be Like and How Will It Lead to the Ideal of an Integrated Organisation?","authors":"R. Jayaraman","doi":"10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6527","url":null,"abstract":"Operations Strategy (OS) gained a new perspective after the introduction of the Malcolm Baldrige Model for Business Excellence (MBM), in 1987. Many companies adopted the MBM framework, along with Balanced Score Cards (BSC) and the Annual Quality Improvement Plans (AQUIP) methodology, to achieve world class performance through the creation of ‘integrated organisations’ using Quality Operations Strategy (QOS) as a key driver. With the advent of Industry 4.0 (I 4.0), the possibility of creating a truly integrated organisation appears to have gained momentum. Quality Operations Strategy 4.0 (QOS 4.0) is expected to drive Business Excellence (BE) in digitalised companies in the near future, by creating integrated organisations using MBM and I 4.0 techniques. This paper traces the evolution of the QOS, and its possible evolution in the era of I 4.0.","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"26 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bryan L. Rogers, James M. Vardaman, Peyton M. Berry
Transgenerational succession is a primary aim of family businesses. The succession event often has consequences for the employees of the firm. A particular risk is employee turnover in the aftermath of transgenerational succession. Understanding the factors that retain employees in the wake of a succession event is of vital importance. The model presented here offers insight into the importance of successor characteristics and the trust that they evoke in fostering family business employee retention. This work has significant implications for how to maintain efficiency after a succession event for family business scholars and managers alike.
{"title":"Post-Succession Turnover in Family-Owned Businesses: A Theoretical Framework","authors":"Bryan L. Rogers, James M. Vardaman, Peyton M. Berry","doi":"10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6523","url":null,"abstract":"Transgenerational succession is a primary aim of family businesses. The succession event often has consequences for the employees of the firm. A particular risk is employee turnover in the aftermath of transgenerational succession. Understanding the factors that retain employees in the wake of a succession event is of vital importance. The model presented here offers insight into the importance of successor characteristics and the trust that they evoke in fostering family business employee retention. This work has significant implications for how to maintain efficiency after a succession event for family business scholars and managers alike.","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"97 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The workplace reintegration of employees that have recovered from longer-term injury or illness is usually legally required and often challenging to complete. This article pertains to disability management policies, managerial behaviours, and return-to-work outcomes of such reintegration activities. Previous research has neglected the intermediary role of managers in the return-to-work process. To remedy this gap, descriptions and categorizations of pertinent disability management policies, manager behaviours, and outcomes, as well as theoretical explanations for the connections between these constructs, are presented. The central nature of managerial behaviours is noted. Consequently, the article provides structure to support additional research on the relationship between policies, behaviours, and outcomes. Further, the presented logical model offers pathway guidance for diagnostic and initiative actions for the reintegration of employees to the workplace.
{"title":"Constructs and Theoretical Connections of Disability Management Policies, Managerial Behaviours, and Return-To-Work Outcomes","authors":"Mike Annett","doi":"10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6524","url":null,"abstract":"The workplace reintegration of employees that have recovered from longer-term injury or illness is usually legally required and often challenging to complete. This article pertains to disability management policies, managerial behaviours, and return-to-work outcomes of such reintegration activities. Previous research has neglected the intermediary role of managers in the return-to-work process. To remedy this gap, descriptions and categorizations of pertinent disability management policies, manager behaviours, and outcomes, as well as theoretical explanations for the connections between these constructs, are presented. The central nature of managerial behaviours is noted. Consequently, the article provides structure to support additional research on the relationship between policies, behaviours, and outcomes. Further, the presented logical model offers pathway guidance for diagnostic and initiative actions for the reintegration of employees to the workplace.","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Writing performance appraisals and letters of recommendation is a difficult and timely task for some. This paper provides direction to writers about choosing applicable words for those being evaluated. This is accomplished by providing a list of words useful in describing characteristics of those under consideration.
This paper considers Mentality, Presence, Disposition, Character, Knowledge, Application, and Results regarding the person under evaluation. For each characteristic noted, a list of words is provided to reflect the appropriate word/words to describe the individual. The paper also provides a template useful for getting started in the writing of performance appraisals and Letters of Recommendation.
{"title":"A Practical Guide to Writing Performance Appraisals and Letters of Recommendation","authors":"W. Terry Dancer","doi":"10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6494","url":null,"abstract":"Writing performance appraisals and letters of recommendation is a difficult and timely task for some. This paper provides direction to writers about choosing applicable words for those being evaluated. This is accomplished by providing a list of words useful in describing characteristics of those under consideration.
 This paper considers Mentality, Presence, Disposition, Character, Knowledge, Application, and Results regarding the person under evaluation. For each characteristic noted, a list of words is provided to reflect the appropriate word/words to describe the individual. The paper also provides a template useful for getting started in the writing of performance appraisals and Letters of Recommendation.","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"59 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unpaid caregiving is a worldwide phenomenon. 42% of women cannot secure jobs because they are responsible for caregiving. Women and girls undertake more than 75% of unpaid care work in the world. The UN Sustainable Development Goals 5 and target 5.4 aim to promote the rights and well-being of women and care providers but will remain unattainable if the rising trend in unpaid care work is ‘unchecked’. To interrogate present developments in unpaid care work, this article critically examines the trend in three countries: the United Kingdom, Nigeria, and Ghana. This study is important because, despite years of awareness, there appears to be an uneven change in the situation of unpaid care work globally. Gender stereotypes continue to be a cultural concern. This paper leveraged the Altercasting Theory and textual content analysis method. The study concludes that there is still a need to improve the situation of unpaid care work as it is not adequately indexed in the national economic indicators of some countries.
{"title":"Current Trend in Gender Stereotypes and Unpaid Care Work: Evidence From Three Countries, the UK, Nigeria, and Ghana","authors":"Charles-Monwuba Ifeoma","doi":"10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33423/ajm.v23i4.6493","url":null,"abstract":"Unpaid caregiving is a worldwide phenomenon. 42% of women cannot secure jobs because they are responsible for caregiving. Women and girls undertake more than 75% of unpaid care work in the world. The UN Sustainable Development Goals 5 and target 5.4 aim to promote the rights and well-being of women and care providers but will remain unattainable if the rising trend in unpaid care work is ‘unchecked’. To interrogate present developments in unpaid care work, this article critically examines the trend in three countries: the United Kingdom, Nigeria, and Ghana. This study is important because, despite years of awareness, there appears to be an uneven change in the situation of unpaid care work globally. Gender stereotypes continue to be a cultural concern. This paper leveraged the Altercasting Theory and textual content analysis method. The study concludes that there is still a need to improve the situation of unpaid care work as it is not adequately indexed in the national economic indicators of some countries.","PeriodicalId":44116,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Business","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：