Neurotransmitters are the body's chemical transmitters. Their task is to send nerve cell messages to target cells. The target cells might be found in muscles, glands and other nerves. In order to control many of the processes needed for the brain, it needs neurotransmitters including: heart rate, respiration, circadian rhythms, digestion. The nervous system regulates the organs, psychological and physical operations of the individual. The neurotransmitters of nerve cells, also known as neurons, have a substantial function. The cells of the nerves fire impulses. This is done by the release of neurotransmitters, chemical substances that relay signals to other cells. Each neurotransmitter binds to another receptor — for instance, dopamine molecules attach to the receptors of dopamine. This initiates action in the target cells when they are coupled. The body eliminates or recycles them after neurotransmitters send their messages.
{"title":"NEUROTRANSMITTERS FOR MATH BRAIN: A NEW FINDING","authors":"Taimoor Hassan","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.04.954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.04.954","url":null,"abstract":"Neurotransmitters are the body's chemical transmitters. Their task is to send nerve cell messages to target cells. The target cells might be found in muscles, glands and other nerves. In order to control many of the processes needed for the brain, it needs neurotransmitters including: heart rate, respiration, circadian rhythms, digestion. The nervous system regulates the organs, psychological and physical operations of the individual. The neurotransmitters of nerve cells, also known as neurons, have a substantial function. The cells of the nerves fire impulses. This is done by the release of neurotransmitters, chemical substances that relay signals to other cells. Each neurotransmitter binds to another receptor — for instance, dopamine molecules attach to the receptors of dopamine. This initiates action in the target cells when they are coupled. The body eliminates or recycles them after neurotransmitters send their messages.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42499923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mustafa Yontem, Serap Arslan, B. S. Erdogdu, F. E. Kocak
Background: Overproduction of oxygen-related free radicals and inadequate antioxidant defense are critical in hypothyroidism, as they might lead to future life-threatening diseases. The objectives of this study were to compare serum levels of oxidative stress markers; total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and arylesterase (ARYL) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and overt hypothyroidism (OH) versus healthy controls in population of Kutahya city, Turkey.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya University of Health Sciences, Kutahya, Turkey, from July to December, 2016. Three study groups of 45 each were formed as healthy controls, patients with SH and OH. Serum levels of TOS, TAS, OSI, PON-1, and ARYL were five research variables with ratio scale, but skewed, so described by median and IQR with 95% Cl. Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests were used for hypotheses testing.Results: Serum levels of TOS and OSI were higher in SH group (p-values 0.032; .0001; respectively) and OH group (p-values .0001; .0001, respectively) than healthy controls, while serum levels of TAS, PON-1 and ARYL were lower in SH group (p-values .0001; .0001; .0001, respectively) and OH group (p-values .0001; .0001; .0001, respectively) than control group.Conclusion: Our study showed that serum levels of TOS and OSI were higher in subclinical and overt hypothyroidism than in healthy controls; while serum levels of TAS, PON-1, and ARYL were lower in subclinical and overt hypothyroidism than in healthy controls.
{"title":"SERUM LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN SUBCLINICAL AND OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM VERSUS CONTROL GROUP IN POPULATION OF KUTAHYA CITY, TURKEY","authors":"Mustafa Yontem, Serap Arslan, B. S. Erdogdu, F. E. Kocak","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.04.935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.04.935","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Overproduction of oxygen-related free radicals and inadequate antioxidant defense are critical in hypothyroidism, as they might lead to future life-threatening diseases. The objectives of this study were to compare serum levels of oxidative stress markers; total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and arylesterase (ARYL) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and overt hypothyroidism (OH) versus healthy controls in population of Kutahya city, Turkey.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya University of Health Sciences, Kutahya, Turkey, from July to December, 2016. Three study groups of 45 each were formed as healthy controls, patients with SH and OH. Serum levels of TOS, TAS, OSI, PON-1, and ARYL were five research variables with ratio scale, but skewed, so described by median and IQR with 95% Cl. Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests were used for hypotheses testing.Results: Serum levels of TOS and OSI were higher in SH group (p-values 0.032; .0001; respectively) and OH group (p-values .0001; .0001, respectively) than healthy controls, while serum levels of TAS, PON-1 and ARYL were lower in SH group (p-values .0001; .0001; .0001, respectively) and OH group (p-values .0001; .0001; .0001, respectively) than control group.Conclusion: Our study showed that serum levels of TOS and OSI were higher in subclinical and overt hypothyroidism than in healthy controls; while serum levels of TAS, PON-1, and ARYL were lower in subclinical and overt hypothyroidism than in healthy controls.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43379032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jahanzeb khan Afridi, R. Karim, Hidayat Gul, Mukhtiar Ahmad Afridi, Muhammad Ibrahim
Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in not an uncommon disease in children. It may lead to symptomatic infection and later on renal damage. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of ASB and its distribution by sex and age groups in children coming for routine immunization in District Peshawar, Pakistan.Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan form March 2017 to August 2017. 146 children presenting for routine immunization were selected. Sex, age groups, age in years and presence of ASB were variables. Sex, age groups and presence of ASB were analyzed by count and percentage with 80%CL. Age in years was analyzed by mean, SD and range with 95%CI.Results: Out of 146 children, 65 (44.52%) were males and 81 (55.48%) females, and 51 (34.93%) in age group ≤3 years, 52 (35.62%) in 3.0-6.50 years and 43 (29.45%) in 6.51-10 years. Mean age of sample was 4.82±2.81 (09-9.50, range 8.60) (95%CI 4.36-5.28) years. ASB was found in 16 (10.96%) cases. Prevalence of ASB was higher 4.11% in boys than 6.856% girls. It was highest 6.85% in age group 3.0-6.50 years, followed by 2.74% in 6.51-10 years and 1.37% in age group ≤3.0 years.Conclusion: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria is quite common in our children. It is a significant health risk especially among females, and we suggest more studies to find out the underlying factors and follow up studies on its complications.
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA AND ITS DISTRIBUTION BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS IN CHILDREN COMING FOR ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION IN DISTRICT PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN","authors":"Jahanzeb khan Afridi, R. Karim, Hidayat Gul, Mukhtiar Ahmad Afridi, Muhammad Ibrahim","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.04.887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.04.887","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in not an uncommon disease in children. It may lead to symptomatic infection and later on renal damage. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of ASB and its distribution by sex and age groups in children coming for routine immunization in District Peshawar, Pakistan.Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan form March 2017 to August 2017. 146 children presenting for routine immunization were selected. Sex, age groups, age in years and presence of ASB were variables. Sex, age groups and presence of ASB were analyzed by count and percentage with 80%CL. Age in years was analyzed by mean, SD and range with 95%CI.Results: Out of 146 children, 65 (44.52%) were males and 81 (55.48%) females, and 51 (34.93%) in age group ≤3 years, 52 (35.62%) in 3.0-6.50 years and 43 (29.45%) in 6.51-10 years. Mean age of sample was 4.82±2.81 (09-9.50, range 8.60) (95%CI 4.36-5.28) years. ASB was found in 16 (10.96%) cases. Prevalence of ASB was higher 4.11% in boys than 6.856% girls. It was highest 6.85% in age group 3.0-6.50 years, followed by 2.74% in 6.51-10 years and 1.37% in age group ≤3.0 years.Conclusion: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria is quite common in our children. It is a significant health risk especially among females, and we suggest more studies to find out the underlying factors and follow up studies on its complications.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43715864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.46903/gjms/19.03.1018
Imran Ullah, Nisar Khan, Z. Khan, Fahimullah Khan, A. Khan, Shafaat Ur Rehman
Background: Untreated hepatitis C virus infection is major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma causing significant morbidity and mortality. Our objectives were to determine distribution of active hepatitis C infected population by sex and age groups in District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at District Health Office, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from 25 April 2021 to 12 May 2021. Data was collected for period from 11 February 2017 to 22 April 2021. 1062 active hepatitis C infected cases were selected from population at risk consecutively. Sex (nominal) and age groups (ordinal) were variables. Distribution was analyzed by count, percentage and confidence intervals for proportion for population. Hypotheses for distribution were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit test.Results: Out of 1062 active hepatitis C infected population, 569 (53.58%) were men 493 (46.42%) women, and 51 (4.80%) in age group 0-20 years, 433 (40.77%) in 21-40, 476 (44.82%) in 41-60 102 (9.61%) in 60 years. Our distribution by sex (p.00001) and age groups (p.00001) was different than expected.Conclusion: In our study, active hepatitis C infection was more common in men than women and most common in age group 41-60 years, followed by 21-40, 60 0-20 years. Our observed prevalence of active hepatitis C infection in men was lower than expected in women it was higher than expected. Our observed prevalence of active hepatitis C infection in the four age groups was not similar to expected.
{"title":"DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE HEPATITIS C INFECTED POPULATION BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS IN DISTRICT D.I.KHAN, PAKISTAN","authors":"Imran Ullah, Nisar Khan, Z. Khan, Fahimullah Khan, A. Khan, Shafaat Ur Rehman","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.03.1018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.03.1018","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Untreated hepatitis C virus infection is major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma causing significant morbidity and mortality. Our objectives were to determine distribution of active hepatitis C infected population by sex and age groups in District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at District Health Office, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from 25 April 2021 to 12 May 2021. Data was collected for period from 11 February 2017 to 22 April 2021. 1062 active hepatitis C infected cases were selected from population at risk consecutively. Sex (nominal) and age groups (ordinal) were variables. Distribution was analyzed by count, percentage and confidence intervals for proportion for population. Hypotheses for distribution were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit test.Results: Out of 1062 active hepatitis C infected population, 569 (53.58%) were men 493 (46.42%) women, and 51 (4.80%) in age group 0-20 years, 433 (40.77%) in 21-40, 476 (44.82%) in 41-60 102 (9.61%) in 60 years. Our distribution by sex (p.00001) and age groups (p.00001) was different than expected.Conclusion: In our study, active hepatitis C infection was more common in men than women and most common in age group 41-60 years, followed by 21-40, 60 0-20 years. Our observed prevalence of active hepatitis C infection in men was lower than expected in women it was higher than expected. Our observed prevalence of active hepatitis C infection in the four age groups was not similar to expected.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42286766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aftab Alam, A. Rehman, Dastageer Waheed, Muhammad Hamayun Khan, Waseem Ahmad, Irum Bashir
Background: Acute appendicitis is most frequent cause of acute abdomen in younger population, and surgical site infection (SSI) is commonest complication of appendectomy. The objective of this trial was to compare the efficacy of post-operative oral antibiotics versus placebo in reducing the frequency of surgical site infection (SSI) following appendectomy for non-perforated appendicitis in population of South Waziristan Agency, Pakistan.Materials Methods: The randomized placebo trial was conducted at Agency Headquarter Hospital, Wana, South Waziristan, Pakistan from October 1, 2016 to November 18, 2018. One hundred fifty (150) patients were randomly allocated into two groups, 75 in experimental group, to whom antibiotics were given and 75 in placebo group, to whom antibiotics were not given. Age groups and presence of SSI were two variables, being on nominal scale, were described by count and percentage with CI at 80%CL. McNemar chi-square test was applied to test the hypothesis to see the significance of difference between the experimental and placebo groups in terms of frequency of SSI at alpha .05.Results: SSI was present in nine (12%, 80%CI 7.19-16.80%) out of 75 cases in experimental group and in 12 (16%, 80%CI 10.57-21.42%) out of 75 cases in placebo group. McNemar chi-square test showed no significant difference between the experimental and placebo groups in terms of frequency of SSI (p=.2482).Conclusion: The results are comparable for post-operative oral antibiotics versus placebo in reducing the frequency of surgical site infection (SSI) following appendectomy for non-perforated appendicitis in population of South Waziristan Agency, Pakistan.
{"title":"POST-OPERATIVE ORAL ANTIBIOTICS IN REDUCING FREQUENCY OF SURGICAL SITE INFECTION FOLLOWING NON-PERFORATED APPENDECTOMY IN POPULATION OF SOUTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY, PAKISTAN","authors":"Aftab Alam, A. Rehman, Dastageer Waheed, Muhammad Hamayun Khan, Waseem Ahmad, Irum Bashir","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.02.936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.02.936","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acute appendicitis is most frequent cause of acute abdomen in younger population, and surgical site infection (SSI) is commonest complication of appendectomy. The objective of this trial was to compare the efficacy of post-operative oral antibiotics versus placebo in reducing the frequency of surgical site infection (SSI) following appendectomy for non-perforated appendicitis in population of South Waziristan Agency, Pakistan.Materials Methods: The randomized placebo trial was conducted at Agency Headquarter Hospital, Wana, South Waziristan, Pakistan from October 1, 2016 to November 18, 2018. One hundred fifty (150) patients were randomly allocated into two groups, 75 in experimental group, to whom antibiotics were given and 75 in placebo group, to whom antibiotics were not given. Age groups and presence of SSI were two variables, being on nominal scale, were described by count and percentage with CI at 80%CL. McNemar chi-square test was applied to test the hypothesis to see the significance of difference between the experimental and placebo groups in terms of frequency of SSI at alpha .05.Results: SSI was present in nine (12%, 80%CI 7.19-16.80%) out of 75 cases in experimental group and in 12 (16%, 80%CI 10.57-21.42%) out of 75 cases in placebo group. McNemar chi-square test showed no significant difference between the experimental and placebo groups in terms of frequency of SSI (p=.2482).Conclusion: The results are comparable for post-operative oral antibiotics versus placebo in reducing the frequency of surgical site infection (SSI) following appendectomy for non-perforated appendicitis in population of South Waziristan Agency, Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42308819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.46903/gjms/19.03.1010
Taimoor Hassan
Stem cell biology is a fast-developing field of research that has made significant contributions to a wide range of scientific specialties, from developmental biology to regenerative medicine. One of the most promising implications of stem cell biology in recent years has been drug development. Stem cells are rapidly being employed in novel ways to enhance the drug development processes with applications ranging from academia to biotech start-ups to big pharmaceutical businesses.
{"title":"HOW STEM CELLS ARE SHAPING OUR DRUG DISCOVERY TECHNIQUES?","authors":"Taimoor Hassan","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.03.1010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.03.1010","url":null,"abstract":"Stem cell biology is a fast-developing field of research that has made significant contributions to a wide range of scientific specialties, from developmental biology to regenerative medicine. One of the most promising implications of stem cell biology in recent years has been drug development. Stem cells are rapidly being employed in novel ways to enhance the drug development processes with applications ranging from academia to biotech start-ups to big pharmaceutical businesses.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45836003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.46903/gjms/19.03.1029
M. Aamir, Waleed Ahmad, B. Ahmad, A. R. Khan, Muhammad Fawad, Muhammad Abdullah
Background: COVID-19 has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of mortality and its distribution by sex and age groups in indoor COVID-19 patients in D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan. A sample of 438 patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR was selected. Sex age-groups were two demographic and presence of mortality was a research variable. The data type for all variables was nominal, except ordinal age groups. Prevalence distribution were described by count and percentage with 95%CI. The hypotheses were tested by chi-square goodness of fit test.Results: Out of 438 COVID-19 patients, mortality was 43 (9.82%), including 34 (7.76%) men and nine (2.06%) women. The mortality was 0% for 0-19 years, four (0.92%) for 20-39 years, 12 (2.74%) for 40-59 years and 27 (6.16%) ≥60 years. Our mortality 9.82% was lower than expected 20.95% (p=.001). It was higher in men than women (p=.001). It was highest in age group ≥60 years, while 0% in 0-19 years. It was similar to expected by sex (p=.070) and age group (p=.207).Conclusion: Our study showed 9.82% mortality in indoor COVID-19 patients. The mortality was lower than expected. The mortality was higher in men than women. It was highest in elderly, while zero in children and adolescents. It was similar to expected by sex and age group.
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF MORTALITY AND ITS DISTRIBUTION BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS IN INDOOR COVID-19 PATIENTS IN D.I.KHAN DIVISION, PAKISTAN","authors":"M. Aamir, Waleed Ahmad, B. Ahmad, A. R. Khan, Muhammad Fawad, Muhammad Abdullah","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.03.1029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.03.1029","url":null,"abstract":"Background: COVID-19 has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of mortality and its distribution by sex and age groups in indoor COVID-19 patients in D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan. A sample of 438 patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR was selected. Sex age-groups were two demographic and presence of mortality was a research variable. The data type for all variables was nominal, except ordinal age groups. Prevalence distribution were described by count and percentage with 95%CI. The hypotheses were tested by chi-square goodness of fit test.Results: Out of 438 COVID-19 patients, mortality was 43 (9.82%), including 34 (7.76%) men and nine (2.06%) women. The mortality was 0% for 0-19 years, four (0.92%) for 20-39 years, 12 (2.74%) for 40-59 years and 27 (6.16%) ≥60 years. Our mortality 9.82% was lower than expected 20.95% (p=.001). It was higher in men than women (p=.001). It was highest in age group ≥60 years, while 0% in 0-19 years. It was similar to expected by sex (p=.070) and age group (p=.207).Conclusion: Our study showed 9.82% mortality in indoor COVID-19 patients. The mortality was lower than expected. The mortality was higher in men than women. It was highest in elderly, while zero in children and adolescents. It was similar to expected by sex and age group.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44968487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Writing the first research article is always considered a difficult task. With experience, the difficulty level decreases but still it’s not less than a nightmare for most of our medical community. Faculty, consultants and students are generally found struggling with their research projects. They are engaged in research, including basic science research, public health/ social science research, medical education research or clinical research. Research is conducted for one or more of the three reasons including identifying magnitude of the problem, cause of the problem or actual solution of the problem.
{"title":"ADDRESSING MYTHS OF OUR MEDICAL COMMUNITY REGARDING RESEARCH","authors":"I. Ahmad","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.02.955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.02.955","url":null,"abstract":"Writing the first research article is always considered a difficult task. With experience, the difficulty level decreases but still it’s not less than a nightmare for most of our medical community. Faculty, consultants and students are generally found struggling with their research projects. They are engaged in research, including basic science research, public health/ social science research, medical education research or clinical research. Research is conducted for one or more of the three reasons including identifying magnitude of the problem, cause of the problem or actual solution of the problem.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43987384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-24DOI: 10.46903/gjms/19.02.1017
Imran Ullah, Nisar Khan, F. Shah, E. Ahmad, A. Saeed
Background: Significant morbidity and mortality is caused by untreated hepatitis B virus infection through cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The objectives of our study were to determine distribution of hepatitis B infected population by sex and age groups in District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was done at District Health Office, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from January 30, 2021 to February 15, 2021. Data was collected for period from March 14, 2013 to January 28, 2021 for 2368 hepatitis B infected cases from population at risk consecutively. Sex and age groups were demographic variables. Data type was nominal for sex and ordinal for age groups. Distribution was analyzed by count, percentage and confidence intervals for proportion for population. Hypotheses for distribution were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit test.Results: Out of 2368 hepatitis B infected population, 1670 (70.52%) were men 698(29.48%) women, and 562 (23.73%) were in age group 0-20 years, 1266 (53.46%) in 21-40 years, 462 (19.51%) in 41-60 years 78 (3.30%) in 60 years. Our distribution by sex (p.00001) and age groups (p.00001) were different than expected respectively.Conclusion: In our study, hepatitis B infection was more common in men than women and most common in age group 21-40 years, followed by 0-20 years, 41-60 years and 60 years. Our observed prevalence of hepatitis B infection in men was higher than expected in women it was lower than expected. Our observed prevalence in the four age groups was not similar to expected.
{"title":"DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATITIS B INFECTED POPULATION BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS IN DISTRICT D.I.KHAN, PAKISTAN","authors":"Imran Ullah, Nisar Khan, F. Shah, E. Ahmad, A. Saeed","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.02.1017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.02.1017","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Significant morbidity and mortality is caused by untreated hepatitis B virus infection through cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The objectives of our study were to determine distribution of hepatitis B infected population by sex and age groups in District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was done at District Health Office, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from January 30, 2021 to February 15, 2021. Data was collected for period from March 14, 2013 to January 28, 2021 for 2368 hepatitis B infected cases from population at risk consecutively. Sex and age groups were demographic variables. Data type was nominal for sex and ordinal for age groups. Distribution was analyzed by count, percentage and confidence intervals for proportion for population. Hypotheses for distribution were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit test.Results: Out of 2368 hepatitis B infected population, 1670 (70.52%) were men 698(29.48%) women, and 562 (23.73%) were in age group 0-20 years, 1266 (53.46%) in 21-40 years, 462 (19.51%) in 41-60 years 78 (3.30%) in 60 years. Our distribution by sex (p.00001) and age groups (p.00001) were different than expected respectively.Conclusion: In our study, hepatitis B infection was more common in men than women and most common in age group 21-40 years, followed by 0-20 years, 41-60 years and 60 years. Our observed prevalence of hepatitis B infection in men was higher than expected in women it was lower than expected. Our observed prevalence in the four age groups was not similar to expected.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46371773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Maternal near-miss (MNM) and maternal mortality (MM) are indicators for quality of health care system. The objectives of our study were to determine prevalence of MNM and MM and their distribution by gestation and gravidity and their causes in women with live births population of District Peshawar, Pakistan.Material Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from January 2017 to June 2017. From assumed population of 185,676 pregnant women in District Peshawar, 10% prevalence of MNM, 1.0448% margin of error and 95%CL, sample size was calculated 3,115. All women with live birth were eligible. Presence of MNM and MM, causes of MNM and MM, gestational age and gravidity were six variables. Being nominal, all were analysed by count and ratio or percentage with 80%CI. MNM Ratio was calculated per 1,000 live births and MM Ratio per 100,000 live births.Results: Out of 3,115 women with live births, MNM cases were 494 with MNMR 158.59/1,000 (80%CI 150.19-166.97) and MM cases were 16 with MMR 513.64/100,000 population (95%CI 349.50-677.78). There were 232 MNM cases in ≤28 weeks and 262 in 28 weeks gestational age with similar MNMR between these groups. There were 244 MNM cases in primigravida and 250 in multigravida with similar MNMR between these groups. There were five MM cases in ≤28 weeks and 11 in 28 weeks gestational age with similar MMR between these groups. There were five MM cases in primigravida and 11 in multigravida with similar MMR between these groups as their CIs are overlapping. Haemorrhage was most common cause for MNM in 365 (11.7175%) cases and for MM in 8 (0.2568%) cases.Conclusion: The maternal near-miss ratio (MNMR) and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) are relatively higher in population of District, Peshawar, Pakistan. MNMR and MMR both have similar prevalence in ≤28 weeks and in 28 weeks gestational age groups and also similar in primigravida and in multigravida groups. Haemorrhage (antepartum and postpartum) was most common cause both for maternal near-miss (MNM) and maternal mortality (MM).
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF MATERNAL NEAR-MISS AND MATERNAL MORTALITY, THEIR DISTRIBUTION BY GESTATION AND GRAVIDITY AND CAUSES IN WOMEN WITH LIVE BIRTHS IN DISTRICT PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN","authors":"Sonia Rafiq, Sumaira Yasmin, Nazia Liaqat, Ghazala Shams","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.02.844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.02.844","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Maternal near-miss (MNM) and maternal mortality (MM) are indicators for quality of health care system. The objectives of our study were to determine prevalence of MNM and MM and their distribution by gestation and gravidity and their causes in women with live births population of District Peshawar, Pakistan.Material Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from January 2017 to June 2017. From assumed population of 185,676 pregnant women in District Peshawar, 10% prevalence of MNM, 1.0448% margin of error and 95%CL, sample size was calculated 3,115. All women with live birth were eligible. Presence of MNM and MM, causes of MNM and MM, gestational age and gravidity were six variables. Being nominal, all were analysed by count and ratio or percentage with 80%CI. MNM Ratio was calculated per 1,000 live births and MM Ratio per 100,000 live births.Results: Out of 3,115 women with live births, MNM cases were 494 with MNMR 158.59/1,000 (80%CI 150.19-166.97) and MM cases were 16 with MMR 513.64/100,000 population (95%CI 349.50-677.78). There were 232 MNM cases in ≤28 weeks and 262 in 28 weeks gestational age with similar MNMR between these groups. There were 244 MNM cases in primigravida and 250 in multigravida with similar MNMR between these groups. There were five MM cases in ≤28 weeks and 11 in 28 weeks gestational age with similar MMR between these groups. There were five MM cases in primigravida and 11 in multigravida with similar MMR between these groups as their CIs are overlapping. Haemorrhage was most common cause for MNM in 365 (11.7175%) cases and for MM in 8 (0.2568%) cases.Conclusion: The maternal near-miss ratio (MNMR) and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) are relatively higher in population of District, Peshawar, Pakistan. MNMR and MMR both have similar prevalence in ≤28 weeks and in 28 weeks gestational age groups and also similar in primigravida and in multigravida groups. Haemorrhage (antepartum and postpartum) was most common cause both for maternal near-miss (MNM) and maternal mortality (MM).","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41445772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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