Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.46903/gjms/19.03.1037
Manickam Vasanthi, V. Archana, Ramaswamy Somasekar
Collapse of femoral head due to reduced blood supply and subsequent remodeling of the femoral head is known as Perthes disease. Usual age of presentation is 4 to 10 years. Here we present a child who developed painful limp on the left lower limb on the early days of his third year of life. It was misdiagnosed as synovitis (transient) of the left hip. There was no resolution of the limp, so more investigations were done and he was later found to have Perthes disease.
{"title":"RARE PRESENTATION OF LEGG-CALVÉ-PERTHES DISEASE OF HIP JOINTS","authors":"Manickam Vasanthi, V. Archana, Ramaswamy Somasekar","doi":"10.46903/gjms/19.03.1037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.03.1037","url":null,"abstract":"Collapse of femoral head due to reduced blood supply and subsequent remodeling of the femoral head is known as Perthes disease. Usual age of presentation is 4 to 10 years. Here we present a child who developed painful limp on the left lower limb on the early days of his third year of life. It was misdiagnosed as synovitis (transient) of the left hip. There was no resolution of the limp, so more investigations were done and he was later found to have Perthes disease.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46590951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. A. Naqvi, Shahzil Saeed, A. Rafique, Muhammad Saeed, N. A. Khan, A. U. Khan, Muhammad Ubaidullah, Muhammad Farooq, Hafiz Abdul Hadi Khan, Roohan Ahmad, J. Wajid, Masil Khan Baloch, Aayan Elahi Zaheer, F. Rabbani
Background: Malaria is communicable disease that exists worldwide and is a cause of morbidity and mortality. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence and distribution of malaria by sex, age groups and species in year 2019 in suspected malarial population of District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from October 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020. The data for malaria was retrieved from office of Frontier Primary Healthcare, D.I.Khan for 2019. A sample of 108,849 was calculated from population at risk of 1,306,655, with 0.258154 margin of error, 99% CI and 13.843% assumed prevalence of malaria. Sex, age groups, species and presence of malaria were our four nominal variables. Prevalence and distribution were described by count and percentage with 95% confidence intervals. Four hypotheses for prevalence and distribution were verified by chi-square goodness of fit test.Results: Out of a sample of 108,849 suspected malarial cases, 9,568 (8.79%, 95%CI, 8.62-8.95%) were positive. Out of 9,568 positive cases, 5,406 (4.97%) were men and 4,162 (3.82%) women, 1,062 (0.98%) in age group up to 5 years and 8,506 (7.81%) in age group 5 years and 9,121 (8.38%) were Plasmodium vivax, 437 (0.40%) were Plasmodium falciparum and 10 (0.009%) were mixed malarial infections. Our prevalence of malaria 8.79% was lower to 13.843% expected (p=.00001). Our distribution across sex (p=.00001), age groups (p=.03231) and species (p=.00001) were not similar to expected.Conclusion: The prevalence of malaria in year 2019 in suspected malarial population of District D.I.Khan, Pakistan was 8.79%. The prevalence was lower than expected for our population. The prevalence was higher for men, older age group (5 years) and for Plasmodium vivax. The prevalence for men was higher than expected for men and vice versa for women. The prevalence for age group up to 5 years was higher than expected for age group up to 5 years and vice versa for age group 5 years. The prevalence for Plasmodium vivax was higher than expected for Plasmodium vivax and vice versa for Plasmodium falciparum and mixed cases.
{"title":"PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF MALARIA BY SEX, AGE GROUPS AND SPECIES IN YEAR 2019 IN SUSPECTED MALARIAL POPULATION OF DISTRICT D.I.KHAN, PAKISTAN","authors":"S. A. Naqvi, Shahzil Saeed, A. Rafique, Muhammad Saeed, N. A. Khan, A. U. Khan, Muhammad Ubaidullah, Muhammad Farooq, Hafiz Abdul Hadi Khan, Roohan Ahmad, J. Wajid, Masil Khan Baloch, Aayan Elahi Zaheer, F. Rabbani","doi":"10.46903/GJMS/18.04.938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/GJMS/18.04.938","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Malaria is communicable disease that exists worldwide and is a cause of morbidity and mortality. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence and distribution of malaria by sex, age groups and species in year 2019 in suspected malarial population of District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from October 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020. The data for malaria was retrieved from office of Frontier Primary Healthcare, D.I.Khan for 2019. A sample of 108,849 was calculated from population at risk of 1,306,655, with 0.258154 margin of error, 99% CI and 13.843% assumed prevalence of malaria. Sex, age groups, species and presence of malaria were our four nominal variables. Prevalence and distribution were described by count and percentage with 95% confidence intervals. Four hypotheses for prevalence and distribution were verified by chi-square goodness of fit test.Results: Out of a sample of 108,849 suspected malarial cases, 9,568 (8.79%, 95%CI, 8.62-8.95%) were positive. Out of 9,568 positive cases, 5,406 (4.97%) were men and 4,162 (3.82%) women, 1,062 (0.98%) in age group up to 5 years and 8,506 (7.81%) in age group 5 years and 9,121 (8.38%) were Plasmodium vivax, 437 (0.40%) were Plasmodium falciparum and 10 (0.009%) were mixed malarial infections. Our prevalence of malaria 8.79% was lower to 13.843% expected (p=.00001). Our distribution across sex (p=.00001), age groups (p=.03231) and species (p=.00001) were not similar to expected.Conclusion: The prevalence of malaria in year 2019 in suspected malarial population of District D.I.Khan, Pakistan was 8.79%. The prevalence was lower than expected for our population. The prevalence was higher for men, older age group (5 years) and for Plasmodium vivax. The prevalence for men was higher than expected for men and vice versa for women. The prevalence for age group up to 5 years was higher than expected for age group up to 5 years and vice versa for age group 5 years. The prevalence for Plasmodium vivax was higher than expected for Plasmodium vivax and vice versa for Plasmodium falciparum and mixed cases.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42799031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BRCA1 gene is highly contributed gene developing the breast cancer especially in female. Breast cancer is most prevalent cancer in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries and risk of developing the breast cancer is now increasing rapidly. It was observed that in these countries breast cancer often develops at younger age of 30-45 years. The prevalence and the contribution of BRCA1 variations are totally different among these countries and studies. Due to the difference in genetics and epidemiology, risk factors result from ethnic differences in breast cancer. Variations of BRCA1 gene account for small study samples but the higher contributor variation of BRCA1 gene accounts with strong family history. Three BRCA1 variations (185delAG, 4184del4 and 3889delAG) are well considered in Pakistan and India. The objective of present study was to reveal the contribution of BRCA1 gene among breast cancer patients in SAARC countries. In this review, the data was collected from 8 participating SAARC countries (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan and Afghanistan). Totally 25 articles were selected from these countries. Additionally review articles were also studied for better assessment. The study presents the review on different studies of BRCA1 gene association with breast cancer.
{"title":"ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BRCA1 POLYMORPHISMS AND BREAST CANCER IN SAARC COUNTRIES","authors":"Amna Abid, I. Aziz","doi":"10.46903/gjms/18.04.914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/18.04.914","url":null,"abstract":"BRCA1 gene is highly contributed gene developing the breast cancer especially in female. Breast cancer is most prevalent cancer in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries and risk of developing the breast cancer is now increasing rapidly. It was observed that in these countries breast cancer often develops at younger age of 30-45 years. The prevalence and the contribution of BRCA1 variations are totally different among these countries and studies. Due to the difference in genetics and epidemiology, risk factors result from ethnic differences in breast cancer. Variations of BRCA1 gene account for small study samples but the higher contributor variation of BRCA1 gene accounts with strong family history. Three BRCA1 variations (185delAG, 4184del4 and 3889delAG) are well considered in Pakistan and India. The objective of present study was to reveal the contribution of BRCA1 gene among breast cancer patients in SAARC countries. In this review, the data was collected from 8 participating SAARC countries (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan and Afghanistan). Totally 25 articles were selected from these countries. Additionally review articles were also studied for better assessment. The study presents the review on different studies of BRCA1 gene association with breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48421244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Khurshid, Rabbia Tariq, Javeria Qureshi, F. Shah
Background: Donor selection is an important step for safe blood transfusion. The objectives of this study were to determine prevalence of blood donor deferral and its distribution by sex, type of deferral and causes in population of Karachi, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Pathology, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan from July 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020. Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi is assumed to cater 1.5 million population. With 1% donors, population at risk was 15,000. With 10% donor deferral, 1.073% margin of error and 95% confidence interval, sample size was calculated as 2,503. The technique was consecutive non-probability. Sex, age in years, weight, temperature, blood pressure and pulse were noted. Tests for CBC, blood grouping, hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, malaria and syphilis were done. Donor selection criteria included age range 18-60 years, weight ≥50 kg, pulse rate 60-100/ min, systolic blood pressure 101-150 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure 60-100 mmHg, temperature ≤99◦F, hemoglobin ≥13.0 g/dl for men and ≥12.5g/dl for women. All categorical variables were analyzed by count and percentage with 80%CI.Results: Out of 2,503 donors, 2,493 (99.7%) were men and 10 (0.3%) women. Frequency of deferral was 139 (5.5533%), including 129 (5.1538%) men and 10 (0.3995%) women and 58 (2.3172%) temporary and 81 (3.2361%) permanent. Causes of temporary deferral were; anemia 33 (1.3184%), low weight 8 (0.3196%), acute infection and on medication each 5 (0.1998%), donation of blood in last 8 weeks 4 (0.1598%) and hypotension 3 (0.1198%) cases. Causes of permanent deferral were; HCV 32 (1.2784%), HBV 30 (1.1985%), syphilis 17 (0.6792%), HIV and diabetes mellitus each one (0.04%) case.Conclusion: Prevalence of blood donor deferral was 5.55% in our study, which is almost half of all the cited studies here from global, regional, national and local populations. Prevalence in men was many times higher than women and prevalence of permanent causes was higher than temporary causes. Anemia and HCV were the two major causes of deferral in our study. Proper donor selection is a key of safe blood transfusion. Appropriate measures are needed to prevent causes of deferral.
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF BLOOD DONOR DEFERRAL AND ITS DISTRIBUTION BY SEX, TYPE OF DEFERRAL AND CAUSES IN POPULATION OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN","authors":"S. Khurshid, Rabbia Tariq, Javeria Qureshi, F. Shah","doi":"10.46903/gjms/18.04.809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/18.04.809","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Donor selection is an important step for safe blood transfusion. The objectives of this study were to determine prevalence of blood donor deferral and its distribution by sex, type of deferral and causes in population of Karachi, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Pathology, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan from July 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020. Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi is assumed to cater 1.5 million population. With 1% donors, population at risk was 15,000. With 10% donor deferral, 1.073% margin of error and 95% confidence interval, sample size was calculated as 2,503. The technique was consecutive non-probability. Sex, age in years, weight, temperature, blood pressure and pulse were noted. Tests for CBC, blood grouping, hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, malaria and syphilis were done. Donor selection criteria included age range 18-60 years, weight ≥50 kg, pulse rate 60-100/ min, systolic blood pressure 101-150 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure 60-100 mmHg, temperature ≤99◦F, hemoglobin ≥13.0 g/dl for men and ≥12.5g/dl for women. All categorical variables were analyzed by count and percentage with 80%CI.Results: Out of 2,503 donors, 2,493 (99.7%) were men and 10 (0.3%) women. Frequency of deferral was 139 (5.5533%), including 129 (5.1538%) men and 10 (0.3995%) women and 58 (2.3172%) temporary and 81 (3.2361%) permanent. Causes of temporary deferral were; anemia 33 (1.3184%), low weight 8 (0.3196%), acute infection and on medication each 5 (0.1998%), donation of blood in last 8 weeks 4 (0.1598%) and hypotension 3 (0.1198%) cases. Causes of permanent deferral were; HCV 32 (1.2784%), HBV 30 (1.1985%), syphilis 17 (0.6792%), HIV and diabetes mellitus each one (0.04%) case.Conclusion: Prevalence of blood donor deferral was 5.55% in our study, which is almost half of all the cited studies here from global, regional, national and local populations. Prevalence in men was many times higher than women and prevalence of permanent causes was higher than temporary causes. Anemia and HCV were the two major causes of deferral in our study. Proper donor selection is a key of safe blood transfusion. Appropriate measures are needed to prevent causes of deferral.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47272412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The women make half of population of Pakistan which should not be neglected in any case. The women of the country are kept backward in our culture, due to which they are unable to participate in various fields of life which also affects their health. The objective of this study was to find the socio-economic, socio-cultural, and religious determinants that contribute to the poor health status of women.Materials Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Department of Pakistan Studies, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan from April to July 2019 through in-depth interviews from middle and lower middle class married women form Saidpur village of Islamabad. The sample size was 32 couples (64 individuals). Results: Major factors that are responsible for the poor health status of women are restrictions on the mobility of women, violence against women, and financial dependence. Women in the Saidpur village are not allowed to avail healthcare opportunities without permission of their male family members, even they are depended on men financially to visit a doctor. Moreover, violence against women including physical, emotional, and mental is another primary cause behind the poor health status of women in Saidpur village.Conclusion: In Pakistan, a large number of women are deprived from quality health. The causes include poverty, lack of food, unavailability of education and violence on women. Moreover, the issue of gender inequality is also uncontrolled element which strongly affects the women’s health. The civil society, media and the government should take their responsibility to remove the problems which are faced by the women of Pakistani society regarding their health.
{"title":"HEALTH STATUS OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN: A RESEARCH STUDY FROM SAIDPUR VILLAGE OF FEDERAL CAPITAL AREA OF ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN","authors":"K. Mahmood, Hufsa Farooq","doi":"10.46903/gjms.18.04.911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms.18.04.911","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The women make half of population of Pakistan which should not be neglected in any case. The women of the country are kept backward in our culture, due to which they are unable to participate in various fields of life which also affects their health. The objective of this study was to find the socio-economic, socio-cultural, and religious determinants that contribute to the poor health status of women.Materials Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Department of Pakistan Studies, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan from April to July 2019 through in-depth interviews from middle and lower middle class married women form Saidpur village of Islamabad. The sample size was 32 couples (64 individuals). Results: Major factors that are responsible for the poor health status of women are restrictions on the mobility of women, violence against women, and financial dependence. Women in the Saidpur village are not allowed to avail healthcare opportunities without permission of their male family members, even they are depended on men financially to visit a doctor. Moreover, violence against women including physical, emotional, and mental is another primary cause behind the poor health status of women in Saidpur village.Conclusion: In Pakistan, a large number of women are deprived from quality health. The causes include poverty, lack of food, unavailability of education and violence on women. Moreover, the issue of gender inequality is also uncontrolled element which strongly affects the women’s health. The civil society, media and the government should take their responsibility to remove the problems which are faced by the women of Pakistani society regarding their health. ","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44040803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shehla Aman, S. Arif, Amir A. Amanullah, Jamshed Khan, Sarah Yunus, Usman Ullah
Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) adversely affects the development of placenta and growth of fetus. The objectives of this study were to compare the placental diameter, placental thickness and number of cotyledons in mild PIH and severe PIH women versus normotensive women of District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.Material Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from January to October 2014. Three samples were selected; each of size 50, group 1 normotensive/ control, group 2 with mild PIH and group 3 with severe PIH. Three research variables; placental diameter (cm), thickness (mm) and number of cotyledons were measured on ratio scale for three groups. Descriptive analysis included mean± SD with 95% confidence intervals for each group separately. With three groups on ratio data, one way-ANOVA test was applied to see significance of difference between three groups. Post hoc Dunnett’s t test was applied at alpha 0.05 to see difference of mild PIH group 2 to normotensive/ control group 1 and of severe PIH group 3 to normotensive/ control group 1separately.Results: Mean placental diameter was 18.28±2.15, 16.57±1.94 and 16.18±1.75 cm and mean placental thickness was 19.33 ±3.70, 19.18±2.78 and 17.60±3.52 mm in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Mean number of cotyledons was 14.42±2.25, 14.08±2.30 and 13.16±2.15 in group 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Placental diameter was statistically significantly lower in group 2 (p=.00001) and 3 (p=.00001) than group 1. Placental thickness in group 2 (p=.957) was similar to group 1, while in group 3 (p=.019) it was lower than group 1. Number of cotyledons in group 2 (p=.666) was similar to group 1, while in group 3 (p=.011) it was lower than group 1.Conclusion: In mild pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), placental diameter was lower than normotensives, while placental thickness and number of cotyledons were similar to normotensives. In severe PIH, placental diameter, placental thickness and number of cotyledons were all lower than normotensives. It is concluded that in mild PIH, the development of placenta is mildly affected, while in severe PIH, the development of placenta is severely affected.
{"title":"PLACENTAL DIAMETER AND THICKNESS AND NUMBER OF COTYLEDONS IN MILD AND SEVERE PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSIVE WOMEN VERSUS NORMOTENSIVE WOMEN OF DISTRICT D.I.KHAN, PAKISTAN","authors":"Shehla Aman, S. Arif, Amir A. Amanullah, Jamshed Khan, Sarah Yunus, Usman Ullah","doi":"10.46903/GJMS/18.04.839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/GJMS/18.04.839","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) adversely affects the development of placenta and growth of fetus. The objectives of this study were to compare the placental diameter, placental thickness and number of cotyledons in mild PIH and severe PIH women versus normotensive women of District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.Material Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from January to October 2014. Three samples were selected; each of size 50, group 1 normotensive/ control, group 2 with mild PIH and group 3 with severe PIH. Three research variables; placental diameter (cm), thickness (mm) and number of cotyledons were measured on ratio scale for three groups. Descriptive analysis included mean± SD with 95% confidence intervals for each group separately. With three groups on ratio data, one way-ANOVA test was applied to see significance of difference between three groups. Post hoc Dunnett’s t test was applied at alpha 0.05 to see difference of mild PIH group 2 to normotensive/ control group 1 and of severe PIH group 3 to normotensive/ control group 1separately.Results: Mean placental diameter was 18.28±2.15, 16.57±1.94 and 16.18±1.75 cm and mean placental thickness was 19.33 ±3.70, 19.18±2.78 and 17.60±3.52 mm in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Mean number of cotyledons was 14.42±2.25, 14.08±2.30 and 13.16±2.15 in group 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Placental diameter was statistically significantly lower in group 2 (p=.00001) and 3 (p=.00001) than group 1. Placental thickness in group 2 (p=.957) was similar to group 1, while in group 3 (p=.019) it was lower than group 1. Number of cotyledons in group 2 (p=.666) was similar to group 1, while in group 3 (p=.011) it was lower than group 1.Conclusion: In mild pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), placental diameter was lower than normotensives, while placental thickness and number of cotyledons were similar to normotensives. In severe PIH, placental diameter, placental thickness and number of cotyledons were all lower than normotensives. It is concluded that in mild PIH, the development of placenta is mildly affected, while in severe PIH, the development of placenta is severely affected.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47465467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1910, Flexner report was published accusing the incompetent American, apprenticeship-based, medical education system. This system was producing low-grade physicians, with poor teaching and training standards in medical schools. The post-Flexnarian, discipline-based system transformed the structure of medical education in US, Canada and UK, by establishing the gold standard; the biomedical model of medical training. It became one of the most important revelations in the history of medicine and a foundation for the upcoming problem-based and clinical presentation based models of medical curricula.
{"title":"MEDICAL EDUCATION IS CHANGING IN PAKISTAN","authors":"I. Ahmad","doi":"10.46903/gjms/18.04.906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/18.04.906","url":null,"abstract":"In 1910, Flexner report was published accusing the incompetent American, apprenticeship-based, medical education system. This system was producing low-grade physicians, with poor teaching and training standards in medical schools. The post-Flexnarian, discipline-based system transformed the structure of medical education in US, Canada and UK, by establishing the gold standard; the biomedical model of medical training. It became one of the most important revelations in the history of medicine and a foundation for the upcoming problem-based and clinical presentation based models of medical curricula.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42288006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.46903/gjms/18.01.2080
H. Alkwai, Shimaa Mohammad Aboelnaga, R. Hussain, F. Khatoon
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an important component of pulmonary innate immunity. It is mainly produced by type 2 alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells, but is also found in extra pulmonary tissues and blood. It acts as a primary host defense against inhaled microorganisms. It also enhances adaptive immunity by activating T cells. SP-D deficiency can lead to upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions in both adults and children and is associated with numerous co-morbidities and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes & obesity are highly associated with recurrent pulmonary & extra pulmonary infections. The primary objective of this study was to determine the association of serum surfactant protein D levels with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
{"title":"SURFACTANT PROTEIN D LEVELS WITH OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS","authors":"H. Alkwai, Shimaa Mohammad Aboelnaga, R. Hussain, F. Khatoon","doi":"10.46903/gjms/18.01.2080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/18.01.2080","url":null,"abstract":"Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an important component of pulmonary innate immunity. It is mainly produced by type 2 alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells, but is also found in extra pulmonary tissues and blood. It acts as a primary host defense against inhaled microorganisms. It also enhances adaptive immunity by activating T cells. SP-D deficiency can lead to upper and lower respiratory tract infections. \u0000Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions in both adults and children and is associated with numerous co-morbidities and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes & obesity are highly associated with recurrent pulmonary & extra pulmonary infections. \u0000The primary objective of this study was to determine the association of serum surfactant protein D levels with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"39-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43281603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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