Pub Date : 2020-07-16DOI: 10.46903/gjms/17.03.2077
M. Marwat
A 40 years old man presented with bilateral mild dimness of vision and mild glare. Diffuse and focal illumination on slit lamp biomicroscopy did not reveal any pathology. Retro-illumination on slit lamp showed faint bilateral spokes like cortical lens opacities. Retro-illumination mode on Auto-Ref/Keratometer (HRK 7000A, Huvitz, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) prominently revealed these insignificant bilateral spokes like cortical opacities (cataracts). Visual acuity was 6/9 in both eyes. No intervention was advisable and the patient was reassured.
男性，40岁，双侧轻度视力模糊，轻度眩光。裂隙灯生物显微镜下的漫射和聚焦照明未见任何病理变化。裂隙灯反照显示双侧微弱辐条样皮质晶状体混浊。Auto-Ref/Keratometer (HRK 7000A, Huvitz, Anyang-si, gyeongki -do, Republic of Korea)上的反向照明模式突出显示了这些不明显的双侧辐状物，如皮质不透明(白内障)。双眼视力均为6/9。不建议进行干预，并使患者放心。
{"title":"CORTICAL SPOKES CATARACT","authors":"M. Marwat","doi":"10.46903/gjms/17.03.2077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/17.03.2077","url":null,"abstract":"A 40 years old man presented with bilateral mild dimness of vision and mild glare. Diffuse and focal illumination on slit lamp biomicroscopy did not reveal any pathology. Retro-illumination on slit lamp showed faint bilateral spokes like cortical lens opacities. Retro-illumination mode on Auto-Ref/Keratometer (HRK 7000A, Huvitz, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) prominently revealed these insignificant bilateral spokes like cortical opacities (cataracts). Visual acuity was 6/9 in both eyes. No intervention was advisable and the patient was reassured.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47840578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Bilal, Imran Ullah, Syed Abdur Rehman Shah, Zahidullah Khan, T. Khan, G. Shaheen
Background: Stroke is a devastating public health problem worldwide, considered as the third leading cause of death in developed countries, and the leading cause of disability among adults . Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), including pulmonary embolism (PE) as a sequel, is a serious complication of various medical conditions including stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine frequency of deep vein thrombosis among patients presented with stroke. Materials and methods: This study was descriptive (cross-sectional) study, conducted in the Department of Neurology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar over 6 months. In the study a total of 196 patients were observed. Base line investigations were done and ultrasound was carried out to diagnose deep vein thrombosis. All the laboratory investigations and ultrasound were done by single experience pathologist and sonologist having minimum of five years of experience respectively. Observation and examination was done by neurologist who was not aware about the study and data was recorded in a predesigned proforma. To control confounders and bias in the study results, strict exclusion criteria had been followed. Results: In this study mean age was 63 years with standard deviation ± 28.34. Forty two percent patients were male and 58% patients were female. More over 8% patients had deep vein thrombosis. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the frequency of deep vein thrombosis was 8% among patients presented with stroke.
{"title":"PREVALENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS IN ADULT INDOOR STROKE POPULATION OF PESHAWAR DIVISION, PAKISTAN","authors":"Muhammad Bilal, Imran Ullah, Syed Abdur Rehman Shah, Zahidullah Khan, T. Khan, G. Shaheen","doi":"10.46903/GJMS/18.02.851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/GJMS/18.02.851","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Stroke is a devastating public health problem worldwide, considered as the third leading cause of death in developed countries, and the leading cause of disability among adults . Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), including pulmonary embolism (PE) as a sequel, is a serious complication of various medical conditions including stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine frequency of deep vein thrombosis among patients presented with stroke. Materials and methods: This study was descriptive (cross-sectional) study, conducted in the Department of Neurology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar over 6 months. In the study a total of 196 patients were observed. Base line investigations were done and ultrasound was carried out to diagnose deep vein thrombosis. All the laboratory investigations and ultrasound were done by single experience pathologist and sonologist having minimum of five years of experience respectively. Observation and examination was done by neurologist who was not aware about the study and data was recorded in a predesigned proforma. To control confounders and bias in the study results, strict exclusion criteria had been followed. Results: In this study mean age was 63 years with standard deviation ± 28.34. Forty two percent patients were male and 58% patients were female. More over 8% patients had deep vein thrombosis. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the frequency of deep vein thrombosis was 8% among patients presented with stroke.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47562724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-25DOI: 10.46903/gjms/17.03.2079
I. Ahmad
Lifestyle is the interest, behavior, opinion, style of living or world outlook of an individual, group, or culture; a combination of tangible factors like demographics and intangible factors like personal values and preferences.1 Recently researchers have more interest in the relationship between life style and health. Millions of people, following unhealthy lifestyle (or risk-factors), are plagued with morbidity, disability and mortality due to non-communicable, communicable diseases & nutritional disorders. Persons having unhealthy behaviors may be called as ‘at risk groups’.2 Although a healthy lifestyle has consistently been shown to decrease mortality, the population prevalence of healthy living remains low.3 The mental health of an individual can be assessed by his behavior and attitude. Common lifestyle variables influencing health include diet, exercise, sleep, smoking, alcohol consumption, substance abuse, stress management, sexual behavior, internet, recreation, etc.4 Besides, weight management, exposure to the sun, social contact, work life balance, leisure activities, screening for cancer etc. make a healthy life style. Healthy ways of living are developed through processes of socialization with parents, friends, relatives and community. However, not all life style factors are harmful. There are many life styles that promote health. For example, adequate nutrition, exercise, meditation, enough sleep etc.5 Modern or slow epidemics of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) e.g. hypertension (HTN), coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, cancer etc. have been increasing in incidence compared to the previous century. With the increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of NCDs is on the rise. About 2 billion people are overweight in developed as well as low to middle income countries.6 Comorbidities of obesity include HTN, CHD, DM, stroke, cancers, gallbladder disease, dyslipidaemia, osteoarthritis, gout and sleep apnoea.7 Obesity is not only preventable but treatable with lifestyle modifications to forestall DM.8 Furthermore, several pathways linking obesity and CHD have been described; in particular coronary atherosclerosis, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation.9 In a study by CDC conducted in late 1970s in US, approximately 48% of all premature deaths prior to age 75 years could be traced to one’s lifestyle or health behavior choices, hence focusing on a personal responsibility model whereas another study accounts for about 63% of all deaths.10 Human behavior is a major obstacle to disease control. Changes in human behavior may prevent most of the world's major health problems & premature deaths at low cost. Public health is defined as ‘the health status of a defined group of people and the governmental actions and conditions at the local, state, and national levels to promote healthy behaviors, prevent spread of disease and injuries, protect against environmental hazards & disasters and assure the curative and rehab
{"title":"LIFE STYLE AND HEALTH EDUCATION","authors":"I. Ahmad","doi":"10.46903/gjms/17.03.2079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/17.03.2079","url":null,"abstract":"Lifestyle is the interest, behavior, opinion, style of living or world outlook of an individual, group, or culture; a combination of tangible factors like demographics and intangible factors like personal values and preferences.1 Recently researchers have more interest in the relationship between life style and health. Millions of people, following unhealthy lifestyle (or risk-factors), are plagued with morbidity, disability and mortality due to non-communicable, communicable diseases & nutritional disorders. Persons having unhealthy behaviors may be called as ‘at risk groups’.2 Although a healthy lifestyle has consistently been shown to decrease mortality, the population prevalence of healthy living remains low.3 The mental health of an individual can be assessed by his behavior and attitude. Common lifestyle variables influencing health include diet, exercise, sleep, smoking, alcohol consumption, substance abuse, stress management, sexual behavior, internet, recreation, etc.4 Besides, weight management, exposure to the sun, social contact, work life balance, leisure activities, screening for cancer etc. make a healthy life style. Healthy ways of living are developed through processes of socialization with parents, friends, relatives and community. However, not all life style factors are harmful. There are many life styles that promote health. For example, adequate nutrition, exercise, meditation, enough sleep etc.5 Modern or slow epidemics of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) e.g. hypertension (HTN), coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, cancer etc. have been increasing in incidence compared to the previous century. With the increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of NCDs is on the rise. About 2 billion people are overweight in developed as well as low to middle income countries.6 Comorbidities of obesity include HTN, CHD, DM, stroke, cancers, gallbladder disease, dyslipidaemia, osteoarthritis, gout and sleep apnoea.7 Obesity is not only preventable but treatable with lifestyle modifications to forestall DM.8 Furthermore, several pathways linking obesity and CHD have been described; in particular coronary atherosclerosis, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation.9 In a study by CDC conducted in late 1970s in US, approximately 48% of all premature deaths prior to age 75 years could be traced to one’s lifestyle or health behavior choices, hence focusing on a personal responsibility model whereas another study accounts for about 63% of all deaths.10 Human behavior is a major obstacle to disease control. Changes in human behavior may prevent most of the world's major health problems & premature deaths at low cost. Public health is defined as ‘the health status of a defined group of people and the governmental actions and conditions at the local, state, and national levels to promote healthy behaviors, prevent spread of disease and injuries, protect against environmental hazards & disasters and assure the curative and rehab","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47120381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-10DOI: 10.46903/gjms/17.03.2021
N. Kiran, N. Aslam, T. Tabassum, Saadia Kanwal, T. Zia
Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a principal cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The placenta, as a vector for maternal-fetal nutrient and oxygen exchange has major influence on birthweight. The objectives of this study were to compare the placental weight (grams), number of syncytial knots and number of blood vessels in villi of IUGR placentas versus normal placentas. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Rai Medical College, Sargodha, Pakistan in collaboration with Zainab Memorial Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from December 2016 to November 2018. Study group included 45 IUGR placentas and control group included 25 normal placentas. Placental weight in grams, number of syncytial knots and number of blood vessels in villi of placentas were three research variables. These were described by mean, minimum, maximum, range and standard deviation for each group separately and were compared between the two groups through independent-samples t-test. Results: Descriptively the mean placental weight in grams in IUGR group (423.35±64.13g) was lower than control group placentas (535.92±44.57g). The number of syncytial knots in IUGR group placentas (22.04±5.21) was more than control group placentas (13.84±4.41). The number of blood vessels in IUGR placentas was lower than control group placentas. All three null hypothesis for research variables between the two groups were rejected (p=
{"title":"MORPHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION (IUGR) PLACENTAS VERSUS NORMAL PLACENTAS IN PREGNANT WOMEN OF DISTRICT RAWALPINDI, PAKISTAN","authors":"N. Kiran, N. Aslam, T. Tabassum, Saadia Kanwal, T. Zia","doi":"10.46903/gjms/17.03.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/17.03.2021","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a principal cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The placenta, as a vector for maternal-fetal nutrient and oxygen exchange has major influence on birthweight. The objectives of this study were to compare the placental weight (grams), number of syncytial knots and number of blood vessels in villi of IUGR placentas versus normal placentas. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Rai Medical College, Sargodha, Pakistan in collaboration with Zainab Memorial Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from December 2016 to November 2018. Study group included 45 IUGR placentas and control group included 25 normal placentas. Placental weight in grams, number of syncytial knots and number of blood vessels in villi of placentas were three research variables. These were described by mean, minimum, maximum, range and standard deviation for each group separately and were compared between the two groups through independent-samples t-test. Results: Descriptively the mean placental weight in grams in IUGR group (423.35±64.13g) was lower than control group placentas (535.92±44.57g). The number of syncytial knots in IUGR group placentas (22.04±5.21) was more than control group placentas (13.84±4.41). The number of blood vessels in IUGR placentas was lower than control group placentas. All three null hypothesis for research variables between the two groups were rejected (p=","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46710597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-31DOI: 10.46903/gjms/18.01.2131
I. Ahmad
Non-communicable diseases (NCDS) have risen to become a major menace to health worldwide. NCDs include cardiovascular, nervous, renal, mental, chronic lung diseases, permanent results of accidents, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, obesity, senility and blindness etc.
{"title":"NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: A RISING PROBLEM","authors":"I. Ahmad","doi":"10.46903/gjms/18.01.2131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/18.01.2131","url":null,"abstract":"Non-communicable diseases (NCDS) have risen to become a major menace to health worldwide. NCDs include cardiovascular, nervous, renal, mental, chronic lung diseases, permanent results of accidents, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, obesity, senility and blindness etc.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45316963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-31DOI: 10.46903/gjms/18.01.2067
M. Khan, H. Shah, K. Javed
Background: FNAC is usually considered as a reliable, easily performed and inexpensive test for diagnosing palpable lesions of breasts with a high degree of accuracy. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) versus open biopsy in carcinoma breast in adult palpable female breast lesions in population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Pathology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019. Sixty (60) FNAC reports of palpable breast lesions in definitive categories {(C2 (benign) and C5 (malignant)} with respective open biopsy reports were included in the study. Nine (9) FNAC reports of inconclusive categories (C1, C3 & C4) were excluded. Age in years was a single demographic variable. The data for “presence of carcinoma breast” for both the open biopsy and FNAC were placed in two-by-two table. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC were determined as percentages with confidence intervals at 95% confidence level. Results: The mean age of the sample was 37 ± 17 (17-70, range 53) years. Out of 60 cases on open biopsy, 14 (23.33%) were confirmed as having and 46 (76.67%) as not having carcinoma breast and on FNAC, 12 (20%) were positive and 48 (80%) were negative for carcinoma breast. Two-by-two table showed 12 true positive (TP), 46 true negative (TN), two false negative (FN) and zero false positive (FP) cases. The sensitivity of FNAC was 85.71%, specificity 100%, PPV 100%, NPV 95.83% and accuracy was 96.67%. Conclusion: FNAC is a reliable method in diagnosing carcinoma breast in adult palpable female breast lesions in population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
{"title":"DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF FNAC VERSUS OPEN BIOPSY IN DIAGNOSING CARCINOMA BREAST IN PALPABLE ADULT FEMALE BREAST LESIONS IN POPULATION OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN","authors":"M. Khan, H. Shah, K. Javed","doi":"10.46903/gjms/18.01.2067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/18.01.2067","url":null,"abstract":"Background: FNAC is usually considered as a reliable, easily performed and inexpensive test for diagnosing palpable lesions of breasts with a high degree of accuracy. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) versus open biopsy in carcinoma breast in adult palpable female breast lesions in population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. \u0000Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Pathology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019. Sixty (60) FNAC reports of palpable breast lesions in definitive categories {(C2 (benign) and C5 (malignant)} with respective open biopsy reports were included in the study. Nine (9) FNAC reports of inconclusive categories (C1, C3 & C4) were excluded. Age in years was a single demographic variable. The data for “presence of carcinoma breast” for both the open biopsy and FNAC were placed in two-by-two table. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC were determined as percentages with confidence intervals at 95% confidence level. \u0000Results: The mean age of the sample was 37 ± 17 (17-70, range 53) years. Out of 60 cases on open biopsy, 14 (23.33%) were confirmed as having and 46 (76.67%) as not having carcinoma breast and on FNAC, 12 (20%) were positive and 48 (80%) were negative for carcinoma breast. Two-by-two table showed 12 true positive (TP), 46 true negative (TN), two false negative (FN) and zero false positive (FP) cases. The sensitivity of FNAC was 85.71%, specificity 100%, PPV 100%, NPV 95.83% and accuracy was 96.67%. \u0000Conclusion: FNAC is a reliable method in diagnosing carcinoma breast in adult palpable female breast lesions in population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41814543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-31DOI: 10.46903/gjms/18.01.2108
Muhammad Sharjeel, Farooq ul Abidin
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a term that describes the spectrum of abnormal growth of atypical squamous epithelial cells of the conjunctiva, cornea, and sclera. It is more common in people working for long in sun-exposed areas. It resembles other common ocular surface conditions such as pterygium, pinguecula, atopic conjunctivitis, diffuse episcleritis, chronic blepharoconjunctivitis which may result in the wrong diagnosis of the entity. Here we report a case of OSSN in a 25 years old man which was referred to us as a case of pterygium. An excisional biopsy revealed clusters of dysplastic squamous epithelial cells.
{"title":"OCULAR SURFACE SQUAMOUS CELL NEOPLASIA IN A 25 YEARS MAN FROM D.I.KHAN, PAKISTAN","authors":"Muhammad Sharjeel, Farooq ul Abidin","doi":"10.46903/gjms/18.01.2108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/18.01.2108","url":null,"abstract":"Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a term that describes the spectrum of abnormal growth of atypical squamous epithelial cells of the conjunctiva, cornea, and sclera. It is more common in people working for long in sun-exposed areas. It resembles other common ocular surface conditions such as pterygium, pinguecula, atopic conjunctivitis, diffuse episcleritis, chronic blepharoconjunctivitis which may result in the wrong diagnosis of the entity. Here we report a case of OSSN in a 25 years old man which was referred to us as a case of pterygium. An excisional biopsy revealed clusters of dysplastic squamous epithelial cells.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"37-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48845500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The women from non-Muslim community of Karachi have to face several issues regarding their health. The objective of this study was to find out the issues regarding the women health in non-Muslim community of Karachi and to provide suggestions in this context. Materials & Methods: This qualitative survey was conducted at Pakistan Study Center, University of Karachi, Pakistan from July 2011 to December 2011. Eleven Non-Muslim populated areas of Karachi were selected. The primary data was collected through structured interview schedule, including 15 open ended questions. One doctor from each cluster of the eleven minority populations was interviewed. The responses were noted on a notebook. The theme was to understand the health issues faced by women around fourteen concepts; provision of food to boys and girls, health of girls before marriage, health of girls after marriage, side effects of early age marriages, women’s health during pregnancy, role of midwife, presence of non-qualified practitioners, problems during maternity, concept of family planning, health facility during emergency, weight of children at the time of birth, mother feed for the children, role of dirty and polluted atmosphere, and diseases due to reserved professions. Results: There was a lack of awareness in the non-Muslim families of Karachi regarding provision of equal food to their children on the basis of sex. The physical health of girls before marriage was not good in these families. After marriage they are also at risk of mental illness due to poverty, illiteracy, uncomfortable residential units and having limited access to the lady doctors. The overcrowded houses and polluted atmosphere also affects badly their physical health. Conclusion: The non-Muslim women are deprived from health facilities due to socio-economic problems. It is the dire need to provide health education to the non-Muslim women in their settlements. Moreover, Health care facilities may be provided by establishing Basic Health Units, Rural Health Centers, Maternal & Child Health centers in these areas as per population density.
{"title":"ISSUES OF WOMEN HEALTH IN NON-MUSLIM COMMUNITY OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN: A QUALITATIVE SURVEY","authors":"Khalid Mahmood","doi":"10.46903/GJMS/18.03.852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/GJMS/18.03.852","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The women from non-Muslim community of Karachi have to face several issues regarding their health. The objective of this study was to find out the issues regarding the women health in non-Muslim community of Karachi and to provide suggestions in this context. Materials & Methods: This qualitative survey was conducted at Pakistan Study Center, University of Karachi, Pakistan from July 2011 to December 2011. Eleven Non-Muslim populated areas of Karachi were selected. The primary data was collected through structured interview schedule, including 15 open ended questions. One doctor from each cluster of the eleven minority populations was interviewed. The responses were noted on a notebook. The theme was to understand the health issues faced by women around fourteen concepts; provision of food to boys and girls, health of girls before marriage, health of girls after marriage, side effects of early age marriages, women’s health during pregnancy, role of midwife, presence of non-qualified practitioners, problems during maternity, concept of family planning, health facility during emergency, weight of children at the time of birth, mother feed for the children, role of dirty and polluted atmosphere, and diseases due to reserved professions. Results: There was a lack of awareness in the non-Muslim families of Karachi regarding provision of equal food to their children on the basis of sex. The physical health of girls before marriage was not good in these families. After marriage they are also at risk of mental illness due to poverty, illiteracy, uncomfortable residential units and having limited access to the lady doctors. The overcrowded houses and polluted atmosphere also affects badly their physical health. Conclusion: The non-Muslim women are deprived from health facilities due to socio-economic problems. It is the dire need to provide health education to the non-Muslim women in their settlements. Moreover, Health care facilities may be provided by establishing Basic Health Units, Rural Health Centers, Maternal & Child Health centers in these areas as per population density.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"93-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vitamin D exerts its well-known effects on bone health and calcium-phosphate homeostasis primarily through the vitamin D receptor signaling pathway. Vitamin D also has several extra-skeletal actions and its deficiency is not only implicated in musculoskeletal disorders, but also cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neurodegenerative conditions and cancers. There is a growing body of research highlighting the link of vitamin D deficiency and alterations in vitamin D signaling with certain infections and autoimmune disorders although the evidence is inconsistent and inconclusive. Vitamin D has been suggested to play a fundamental role in curbing infections and mitigating autoimmune disease processes. The present review was undertaken to explore the promise of vitamin D as a protective agent and a clinically useful therapeutic adjunct against infections and autoimmune diseases and identify knowledge gaps and limitations of the available data for informing future work. An exhaustive search was conducted in established databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Springer for articles published on vitamin D, immunity, infection and autoimmune disorders. All relevant articles published in the English language between the year 200 and 2020 were retrieved for writing the review. Although a considerable body of evidence highlighting the potential clinical benefits of vitamin D against the development of various autoimmune conditions and for the prevention of infections has emerged over the last decade, the findings are limited by the lack of appropriately designed randomized controlled trials which are needed to formulate precise clinical recommendations.
{"title":"IMMUNOMODULATORY ROLE OF VITAMIN D: CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IN INFECTIONS AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS","authors":"F. K. Alswailmi, S. I. Shah, Haleema Nawaz","doi":"10.46903/GJMS/18.03.841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46903/GJMS/18.03.841","url":null,"abstract":"Vitamin D exerts its well-known effects on bone health and calcium-phosphate homeostasis primarily through the vitamin D receptor signaling pathway. Vitamin D also has several extra-skeletal actions and its deficiency is not only implicated in musculoskeletal disorders, but also cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neurodegenerative conditions and cancers. There is a growing body of research highlighting the link of vitamin D deficiency and alterations in vitamin D signaling with certain infections and autoimmune disorders although the evidence is inconsistent and inconclusive. Vitamin D has been suggested to play a fundamental role in curbing infections and mitigating autoimmune disease processes. The present review was undertaken to explore the promise of vitamin D as a protective agent and a clinically useful therapeutic adjunct against infections and autoimmune diseases and identify knowledge gaps and limitations of the available data for informing future work. An exhaustive search was conducted in established databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Springer for articles published on vitamin D, immunity, infection and autoimmune disorders. All relevant articles published in the English language between the year 200 and 2020 were retrieved for writing the review. Although a considerable body of evidence highlighting the potential clinical benefits of vitamin D against the development of various autoimmune conditions and for the prevention of infections has emerged over the last decade, the findings are limited by the lack of appropriately designed randomized controlled trials which are needed to formulate precise clinical recommendations.","PeriodicalId":44174,"journal":{"name":"Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"132-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70654330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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