Studies in History最新文献

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Dharma, Dialogue and Dissent: Is an Inclusive Civilization Possible? Listening to Vidura 佛法、对话与异议:包容的文明可能吗?听维杜拉

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/02576430221091362

K. Roy

Dharma is one of the significant multivalent civilizational concepts that emerged in early India. I explore one strand of the meanings of this term as exemplified by the figure of Vidura in the Mahābhārata. Admittedly a man of low status, he is also regarded as the embodiment of dharma, elucidating it at several points through the text. The definition of dharma that is expounded proves to be relatively expansive, relying on an inclusive understanding of kinship ties as central to the social order. Vidura is also a figure who dissents peacefully and is proved to be sadly accurate in his predictions about the final cataclysm. Apart from his speeches, Vidura’s actions also represent the praxis of his understanding of dharma. Finally, we consider two instances where the figure of Vidura is retrieved to express other ideas of righteous behaviour.

佛法是早期印度出现的重要的多元文明概念之一。我探索了这个词的一种含义，以Mahābhārata中维杜拉的形象为例。诚然，他是一个地位低下的人，但他也被视为佛法的化身，并通过文本在几个点上加以阐明。法的定义被证明是相对广泛的，依赖于对亲属关系作为社会秩序中心的包容性理解。维杜拉也是一个和平持不同意见的人，事实证明，他对最后大灾难的预测非常准确。除了他的言语，毗陀罗的行动也代表了他对佛法的理解的实践。最后，我们考虑两个例子，其中维杜拉的形象被检索来表达正义行为的其他想法。

引用次数: 0

Akbar and His Search for Spiritual Truth 阿克巴和他对精神真理的探索

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/02576430221096407

I. Habib

Akbar is celebrated for his policy of religious toleration, studies of which have also necessarily involved an examination of his own religious views. These led to the proposition, once dominant in scholarly discourse, that he wished to establish a religion of his own, namely Dīn-i Ilāhī or ‘Divine Faith’. This view is now widely discounted, but there still seems to be room for assembling material from various contemporary sources in order to trace the step-by-step evolution of his religious views, taking note of the influences he encountered, and then seeking to establish the final beliefs that he came to hold and promote. The present article draws on various contemporary sources, notably including Akbar’s authoritative spokesman Abū’l Faẓl and the critic but also a close observer Badāūnī, to reconstruct the story of the evolution of Akbar’s beliefs and set them out in a roughly chronological order. Accuracy is sought; definitiveness is not claimed for the result.

阿克巴尔因其宗教宽容政策而闻名，对其的研究也必然涉及对他自己宗教观的审查。这些导致了一度在学术论述中占主导地位的命题，即他希望建立自己的宗教，即Dīn-i Ilāhī或“神圣信仰”。这种观点现在已被广泛否定，但似乎仍有空间从各种当代来源收集材料，以追溯他的宗教观点的逐步演变，注意到他所遇到的影响，然后寻求建立他所持有和提倡的最终信仰。本文借鉴了各种当代资料，尤其是阿克巴尔的权威发言人abu ' l Faẓl和批评家，但也是一位密切的观察者Badāūnī，重建了阿克巴尔信仰演变的故事，并大致按时间顺序排列。追求准确;该结果不要求具有确定性。

引用次数: 1

Archaeologists’ Micro-cultures: A Methodological Critique of Early Indian Archaeology 考古学家的微观文化:早期印度考古学的方法论批判

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/02576430221091354

Rajan Gurukkal

This article is a critical appraisal of archaeologists’ classification and typology of artefacts, which lead them to the construction of micro-cultures in early Indian archaeology. The central argument is that these archaeological micro-cultures in Indian civilization are archaeologists’ constructs, based on artefactual classification and typology in time and place. Arguably, early Indian archaeological micro-cultures based on ceramic typology are inconsistent and dubious and fail to represent the nature of particular cultures, as well as the structure of the total culture. Further, the article maintains that archaeologists’ methodologically flawed construction of micro-cultures is ahistorical. It obfuscates historians’ macro picture of the composite culture in Indian civilization.

本文对考古学家对人工制品的分类和类型学进行了批判性的评价，这些分类和类型学导致他们在早期印度考古学中构建微观文化。核心论点是，印度文明中的这些考古微文化是考古学家根据时间和地点的人工分类和类型学构建的。可以说，基于陶瓷类型学的早期印度考古微文化是不一致和可疑的，不能代表特定文化的性质，也不能代表整体文化的结构。此外，文章认为考古学家在方法论上存在缺陷的微观文化建构是不符合历史的。它模糊了历史学家对印度文明中复合文化的宏观图景。

引用次数: 0

Book review: Jangkhomang Guite, Against State, Against History: Freedom, Resistance, and Statelessness in Upland Northeast India 书评:《反对国家，反对历史:印度东北部高地的自由、抵抗和无国籍状态》

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/02576430221091379

S. Nag

Jangkhomang Guite, Against State, Against History: Freedom, Resistance, and Statelessness in Upland Northeast India, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2019, 302 pp., ₹1095.

Jangkhomang Guite，反对国家，反对历史:印度东北部高地的自由，抵抗和无国籍状态，牛津大学出版社，德里，2019,302页，₹1095。

引用次数: 0

Epigraphic Gleanings on Brāhmaṇism in Chamba, c. Eighth to Eighteenth Centuries CE 公元8至18世纪昌巴关于Brāhmaṇism的铭文收集

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.1177/02576430211042141

A. Verma

Chamba region in western Himalayas has attracted the attention of researchers after decipherment of hundreds of inscriptions spanning the period between early eighth to eighteenth century. The present article is a fresh attempt to study the epigraphs to probe into the arrival of the brāhmaṇa community from different parts of the country at different time spans into Chamba. How this arrival in periodical waves affected the political and religious milieu of the region is the focus of the present study. An interaction of pre-existing indigenous elements of polity and religion with the new dominating Brāhmaṇical elements ultimately legitimized the position of the kings within the Brāhmaṇical order, in reciprocity for the land grants these brāhmaṇas received. In epigraphs, we notice the dominance of brāhmaṇa writers with specific indication of their gotra and sometimes Vedic affiliation that has been summarized in this research through tabular data for an easy understanding of their content and context. Our analysis throws light on new information with regard to migration, grants-in-perpetuity and the Brahmanization of the royal house of Chamba between the eighth and eighteenth centuries.

喜马拉雅山脉西部的昌巴地区已经引起了研究人员的注意，在破译了数百个跨越8世纪早期到18世纪的铭文之后。本文通过对铭文的研究，探讨了brāhmaṇa社区在不同时间跨度内从全国不同地区进入昌巴的情况。这种周期性浪潮的到来如何影响该地区的政治和宗教环境是本研究的重点。先前存在的本土政治和宗教因素与新的主导因素Brāhmaṇical的相互作用最终使国王在Brāhmaṇical秩序中的地位合法化，作为对这些brāhmaṇas获得的土地授予的互惠。在铭文中，我们注意到brāhmaṇa作者的主导地位，他们有特定的指示，有时是吠陀的从属关系，在本研究中通过表格数据总结，以便于理解他们的内容和背景。我们的分析揭示了有关移民、永久授予和昌巴王室在8世纪至18世纪之间的婆罗门化的新信息。

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引用次数: 0

Colonization Through Municipalization: The Politics of Sanitation and Municipal Governance in the ‘Mofussils’ of Colonial Bengal, c. 1870–1940s 通过市民化的殖民化:1870 - 1940年间，孟加拉殖民地“莫fussils”的卫生和市政管理政治

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.1177/02576430211042144

Sudipto Basu

How does a state govern a territory which has seen a sudden spurt in population and become the most densely populated regions of the province? How does the state account for the governance of a place which very recently has seen the transition from a rural or a semi-rural tract to a town? And most importantly, how does the state govern a place where the main source of power resides with the proprietors of private enterprises? These were some of the questions which the colonial state had to deal with when it was faced with the prospect of administering some of the most rapidly ‘urbanizing’ or expanding regions of Bengal, that is, the industrial belt or the riparian municipalities of the districts of 24 Parganas and Hooghly and the mining and railway junctions of Ranigunj and Asansol from the last quarter of the nineteenth century. How was their administration going to be any different from the other mofussil municipalities, which also had a semi-rural character? This article will look at these questions and try to understand how through the process of municipalization the colonial state was trying to control the newer territories and how the locals reacted to these attempts. This article will investigate and hence argue that any attempt at improvement in these mofussil municipalities was being throttled due to the lack of understanding, on the part of the provincial government, of the local socio-economic conditions and the ineffectiveness of the local self-government in these towns.

一个州如何治理一个人口突然激增并成为该省人口最密集地区的地区?在一个最近刚刚从农村或半农村地区转变为城镇的地方，国家如何对其进行治理?最重要的是，国家如何治理一个权力主要集中在私营企业所有者手中的地方?这些都是殖民国家必须处理的一些问题当它面临着管理孟加拉一些最快速城市化或扩张的地区的前景时，也就是工业区或24 Parganas和Hooghly地区的河岸自治市，以及19世纪最后25年拉尼贡和阿桑索尔的采矿和铁路枢纽。他们的行政管理与其他同样具有半农村特征的莫夫西尔市有何不同?本文将探讨这些问题，并试图了解殖民国家如何通过市民化的过程，试图控制新领土，以及当地人如何回应这些尝试。本文将调查并论证，由于省政府对当地社会经济条件缺乏了解，以及这些城镇的地方自治效率低下，任何改善这些偏远城市的尝试都受到了抑制。

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引用次数: 0

Colonization through Municipalization: The Politics of Sanitation and Municipal Governance in the ‘Mofussils’ of Colonial Bengal, c. 1870–1940s 通过市民化的殖民化:1870 - 1940年间，孟加拉殖民地“莫fussils”的卫生和市政管理政治

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/02576430211069159

S. Basu

How does the state govern a territory which has rapidly grown to become one of the most densely populated regions of the province? How does the state account for the governance of a place which has only recently transitioned from a rural or a semi-rural tract to a town? Most importantly, how does the state govern a region where the main source of power resides with the proprietors of private enterprises? These were some of the questions the colonial state had to deal with when it was faced with the prospect of administering some of the most rapidly ‘urbanizing’ or expanding regions of Bengal. This included the industrial belt—the riparian municipalities of the districts of 24 Parganas and Hooghly—and the mining and railway junctions of Ranigunj and Asansol, which developed from the last quarter of the nineteenth century. How did their administration differ, if at all, from other mofussil municipalities which also had a semi-rural character? This article will examine these questions and try to understand how, through the process of municipalization, the colonial state was trying to control newer territories. It shall also analyse how local communities reacted to these attempts. This paper will argue that any attempt at improvement in these mofussil municipalities was hindered by a lack of understanding, on the part of the provincial government, of the local socio-economic conditions and the ineffectiveness of the local self-government in these towns.

这个国家如何管理这块迅速发展成为该省人口最密集地区之一的地区?在一个刚刚从农村或半农村地区转变为城镇的地方，国家如何对其进行治理?最重要的是，国家如何治理一个主要权力来源为私营企业所有者的地区?这些都是殖民国家在管理孟加拉一些最迅速的“城市化”或扩张地区时必须处理的一些问题。这包括工业带——24 Parganas和hooghi地区的河岸城市——以及从19世纪最后25年发展起来的Ranigunj和Asansol的采矿和铁路枢纽。他们的管理与其他同样具有半农村特征的莫夫西尔市有何不同?本文将研究这些问题，并试图理解，通过城市化的过程，殖民国家是如何试图控制新的领土。它还应分析当地社区对这些尝试的反应。本文将论证，由于省政府对当地社会经济条件缺乏了解，以及这些城镇的地方自治效率低下，阻碍了在这些偏远城市进行改善的任何尝试。

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引用次数: 0

Epigraphic Gleanings on Brāhmaṇism in Chamba 昌巴Brāhmaṇism铭文资料

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/02576430211069158

A. Verma

The Chamba region in the western Himalayas has attracted the attention of researchers after the decipherment of hundreds of inscriptions spanning the period between the early eighth to eighteenth centuries. This article studies the epigraphs to analyse the arrival of the brāhman. a community into Chamba from various parts of the country at different time spans. The study focuses on how this arrival in periodical waves affected the political and religious milieu of the region. Interactions between pre-existing indigenous elements of polity and religion with the new, dominating brahmanical elements ultimately legitimized the position of the kings within the brahmanical order, in exchange for the land-grants these brāhman. as received. In the epigraphs, we notice the dominance of brāhman. a writers with specific indications of their gotra and sometimes their Vedic affiliations, summarized in this article through tabular data for an easy understanding of their content and context. This analysis reveals new information about migration, grants-in-perpetuity, and the brahmanization of the royal house of Chamba between the eighth and eighteenth centuries.

喜马拉雅山脉西部的昌巴地区吸引了研究人员的注意，因为他们破译了数百个跨越8世纪早期到18世纪的铭文。本文通过对碑文的研究来分析brāhman的到来。一个社区在不同的时间跨度从全国各地进入昌巴。这项研究的重点是周期性移民潮的到来如何影响该地区的政治和宗教环境。先前存在的本地政治和宗教元素与新的，占主导地位的婆罗门元素之间的相互作用最终使国王在婆罗门秩序中的地位合法化，以换取土地授予brāhman。收到了。在铭文中，我们注意到brāhman占主导地位。这篇文章通过表格数据进行了总结，以便于理解他们的内容和背景。这一分析揭示了有关8世纪至18世纪间昌巴王室的移民、永久授予和婆罗门化的新信息。

引用次数: 0

Jayaprakash Narayan and Indira Gandhi, 1966–74: Before the Rivalry 贾亚普拉卡什·纳拉扬和英迪拉·甘地，1966-74:竞争之前

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/02576430211069160

R. Ankit

When the Gandhian Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) gave the clarion call of Total Revolution, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi responded heavy-handedly by imposing the Emergency in India in 1974–5. This all-encompassing duel has dominated politics and political scholarship since. Their domestic clash has established many analytical prisms for the contemporary public sphere in India, particularly personality politics versus people’s power, single party versus coalition grouping, electoral democracy versus authoritarian dictatorship, and student/youth movements versus generational status quo. Simultaneously, it has also highlighted their differences in a way that has served to bury their affinities and agreements—not only on obscure matters. This article seeks to soften this dichotomy on the basis of their correspondence, and complemented by other primary material, to sketch their consensus in an earlier period. It shows that before their break, the socialist JP and the statist Indira Gandhi exhibited complementary stands on national issues regarding Nagaland, Kashmir and Bangladesh. This national nearness complicates their later adversarial politics on domestic issues, adds dimension to our understanding of the mid-1960s and mid-1970s, and contributes to contemporary understandings of their respective places in narratives of the state against society in India.

当甘地主义者贾亚普拉卡什·纳拉扬(JP)发出全面革命的号角时，英迪拉·甘地总理在1974年至1975年在印度实施了紧急状态。这场包罗万象的决斗从此主宰了政治和政治学术。他们的国内冲突为印度当代公共领域建立了许多分析棱镜，特别是个人政治与人民权力，一党与联盟组织，选举民主与专制独裁，学生/青年运动与代际现状。与此同时，这也凸显了他们之间的分歧，这种分歧掩盖了他们之间的亲密关系和共识——不仅仅是在一些模糊的问题上。本文试图在他们通信的基础上软化这种二分法，并辅以其他主要材料，勾勒出他们在早期的共识。这表明，在他们分手之前，社会主义的JP和中央集权的英迪拉·甘地在有关那加兰邦、克什米尔和孟加拉国的国家问题上表现出互补的立场。这种民族上的亲近使他们后来在国内问题上的敌对政治变得复杂，增加了我们对20世纪60年代中期和70年代中期的理解，并有助于当代对他们各自在印度国家与社会叙事中的位置的理解。

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引用次数: 0

The Customs of Conquest: Legal Primitivism and British Paramountcy in Northeast India 征服的习俗:印度东北部的法律原始主义与英国至上主义

IF 0.5 Q2 HISTORY

Studies in History

Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/02576430211042143

S. Misra

The discourse around indigeneity, customary rights of possession and claims to political autonomy in Northeast India conventionally traces the postcolonial protectionist legislation for ‘tribes’ to various acts passed under the late colonial state, the most significant precursor being seen as the Government of India Act, 1935. This article will argue that one can in fact trace the ‘original moment’ in the idea of customary law for ‘tribes’ much further back in history, to the early decades of the nineteenth century. This historical moment was anchored in the beginnings of the East India Company’s conquest of the Garo hills in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, in the appropriation of the land and revenue of the Garos and in the ethnogenesis of the ‘hill Garo’. The article will explore the ways in which the beginning of the invention of customary law and traditional authority in Northeast India under East India Company rule was impelled by the Company’s demands for revenue and was shielded and secured by the deployment of military power across the hills. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the strategies of imperial control first introduced in the region were reproduced across the rest of Northeast India, underscoring the significance of the Garo hills as the first ‘laboratory’ of colonial rule in the region as well as sharpening our understanding of the character of the early colonial state. The article thus takes as its task the historicization of the categories of ‘customary law’, ‘traditional/indigenous authority’ and the ‘hill tribe’, all of which form the basis of late colonial and postcolonial legislation on the ‘tribe’.

围绕印度东北部的土著、传统的占有权利和政治自治权的论述，通常将“部落”的后殖民保护主义立法追溯到殖民后期国家通过的各种法案，最重要的先驱被视为1935年的《印度政府法案》。本文将论证，事实上，人们可以将“部落”习惯法概念的“原始时刻”追溯到更早的历史时期，即19世纪初的几十年。这一历史时刻始于18世纪末和19世纪初东印度公司对加罗山的征服，侵占了加罗山的土地和收入，并形成了“加罗山”的民族起源。本文将探讨在东印度公司统治下的印度东北部，习惯法和传统权威的发明是如何在公司对收入的需求的推动下开始的，并通过在山区部署军事力量来保护和确保。在19世纪的过程中，在该地区首次引入的帝国控制策略在印度东北部的其他地区得到了复制，强调了加罗山作为该地区殖民统治的第一个“实验室”的重要性，同时也加深了我们对早期殖民国家特征的理解。因此，本文的任务是将“习惯法”、“传统/土著权威”和“山地部落”等范畴的历史化，所有这些都构成了殖民后期和后殖民时期关于“部落”的立法的基础。

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