Pub Date : 2021-03-28DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2021.1898455
B. Rodgers, Keith Tudor, Anton Ashcroft
ABSTRACT Working therapeutically online can offer a number of challenges, not least to therapists’ ideas about ways of engaging and working with clients, and views of reality, as well as to familiar theories about therapy, including the therapeutic relationship or ways of therapeutic relating. Taking Rogers’ theory of certain necessary and sufficient conditions – of psychotherapeutic change and of constructive personality change – this article considers each condition with regard to different experiences and aspects of online video conferencing therapy. In doing so, the article tests not only the necessity and sufficiency of these six conditions but also, and in keeping with Rogers’ methodology, of the theory itself. As the article was written in a time of a global pandemic, it also offers reflections on the experiences of the authors working therapeutically online in this context.
{"title":"Online video conferencing therapy and the person-centered approach in the context of a global pandemic","authors":"B. Rodgers, Keith Tudor, Anton Ashcroft","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2021.1898455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2021.1898455","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Working therapeutically online can offer a number of challenges, not least to therapists’ ideas about ways of engaging and working with clients, and views of reality, as well as to familiar theories about therapy, including the therapeutic relationship or ways of therapeutic relating. Taking Rogers’ theory of certain necessary and sufficient conditions – of psychotherapeutic change and of constructive personality change – this article considers each condition with regard to different experiences and aspects of online video conferencing therapy. In doing so, the article tests not only the necessity and sufficiency of these six conditions but also, and in keeping with Rogers’ methodology, of the theory itself. As the article was written in a time of a global pandemic, it also offers reflections on the experiences of the authors working therapeutically online in this context.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"37 1","pages":"286 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75391709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-18DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2021.1898456
David Oberreiter
ABSTRACT In Carl Rogers’ written work schizophrenia and psychotic symptoms are mentioned over 2300 times. The use of the terms reflects the theoretical background prevailing at the time as well as the practical experience of Carl Rogers. Over the course of the publications a change in access to psychotic phenomena can be observed. In early years, Rogers viewed psychosis as fundamentally different from neurotic or ‘normal’ conditions. He emphasizes the inability of psychotherapy to treat psychosis. This perspective changes with the theoretical development of the person-centered approach. The concept of the dichotomy of neurosis and psychosis is rejected. Rogers is increasingly distancing himself from diagnostic labeling. He succeeds in presenting psychosis as an understandable process and thereby making it accessible to psychotherapy. The description of possible dangers in the therapeutic relationship are initially emphasized, but are losing importance in favor of a strong sense of confidence in the possibilities of the person-centered approach.
{"title":"Carl Rogers and Schizophrenia. The evolution of Carl Rogers’ thinking on psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature survey","authors":"David Oberreiter","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2021.1898456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2021.1898456","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Carl Rogers’ written work schizophrenia and psychotic symptoms are mentioned over 2300 times. The use of the terms reflects the theoretical background prevailing at the time as well as the practical experience of Carl Rogers. Over the course of the publications a change in access to psychotic phenomena can be observed. In early years, Rogers viewed psychosis as fundamentally different from neurotic or ‘normal’ conditions. He emphasizes the inability of psychotherapy to treat psychosis. This perspective changes with the theoretical development of the person-centered approach. The concept of the dichotomy of neurosis and psychosis is rejected. Rogers is increasingly distancing himself from diagnostic labeling. He succeeds in presenting psychosis as an understandable process and thereby making it accessible to psychotherapy. The description of possible dangers in the therapeutic relationship are initially emphasized, but are losing importance in favor of a strong sense of confidence in the possibilities of the person-centered approach.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"27 1","pages":"152 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82640926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-09DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1846598
K. Takasawa, Yoshimi Ito, Yasuhiro Suetake
ABSTRACT The present study included two experiments to determine whether the implicit association between psychological distance and valence would differ in the context of a structure-bound manner of experiencing. In Experiment 1, participants responded to a questionnaire that assessed individual differences in this manner and completed the proximity–distance Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure the association strength between psychological distance and valence. Specifically, to categorize stimulus words that appeared in the center of the screen, participants were required to hit the right (I) or left (E) key as quickly and accurately as possible. Results showed that higher scores on a questionnaire of structure-bound manner of experiencing were associated with stronger implicit attitudes toward the proximity–negative and distance–positive directions. In Experiment 2, participants in the repetition (i.e., structure-bound) condition repeatedly performed a negative thought task, while those in the non-repetition condition performed a task to distract themselves from repetitive negative thoughts. The post-manipulation implicit attitudes denoting the distance-negative association were stronger in repetition condition than in non-repetition condition. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.
{"title":"Implicit association between proximity and negative representation in the structure-bound manner","authors":"K. Takasawa, Yoshimi Ito, Yasuhiro Suetake","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1846598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1846598","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present study included two experiments to determine whether the implicit association between psychological distance and valence would differ in the context of a structure-bound manner of experiencing. In Experiment 1, participants responded to a questionnaire that assessed individual differences in this manner and completed the proximity–distance Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure the association strength between psychological distance and valence. Specifically, to categorize stimulus words that appeared in the center of the screen, participants were required to hit the right (I) or left (E) key as quickly and accurately as possible. Results showed that higher scores on a questionnaire of structure-bound manner of experiencing were associated with stronger implicit attitudes toward the proximity–negative and distance–positive directions. In Experiment 2, participants in the repetition (i.e., structure-bound) condition repeatedly performed a negative thought task, while those in the non-repetition condition performed a task to distract themselves from repetitive negative thoughts. The post-manipulation implicit attitudes denoting the distance-negative association were stronger in repetition condition than in non-repetition condition. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"1 1","pages":"64 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89438909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-07DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1846599
R. Cowden, Ian Chapman, Austin Houghtaling, E. Worthington
ABSTRACT This study examined the clinical effects of a brief group experiential therapy treatment centered on psychodrama in a sample of military veterans. The sample (N = 72) comprised male (n = 54) and female (n = 18) United States military veterans (M age = 44.19, SD age = 12.51) who completed the six-day treatment. Self-reported military-related posttraumatic stress (M-PTSD), anxiety, depression, and quality of life were assessed at baseline (T0), end of treatment (T1), three-month follow-up (T2), and six-month follow-up (T3). Prior combat exposure was also measured at T0, and acceptability and user satisfaction ratings were reported at T1. Within-subjects changes on all outcomes from T0 to T1, T2, and T3 were medium to large in effect size. After controlling for relevant demographic characteristics, prior combat exposure, and baseline multimorbidity, the results revealed significant improvements in clinical symptoms and quality of life from T0 to T1, T2, and T3. A majority of the participants who met criteria for M-PTSD, anxiety, or depression caseness at T0 attained recovery status at T1, T2, and T3. Acceptability and satisfaction ratings were high. The findings offer preliminary evidence supporting the efficacy of the group experiential treatment in sustaining reduced psychological symptoms and improving the quality of life of military veterans.
{"title":"Effects of a group experiential therapy program on the psychological health of military veterans: a preliminary investigation","authors":"R. Cowden, Ian Chapman, Austin Houghtaling, E. Worthington","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1846599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1846599","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examined the clinical effects of a brief group experiential therapy treatment centered on psychodrama in a sample of military veterans. The sample (N = 72) comprised male (n = 54) and female (n = 18) United States military veterans (M age = 44.19, SD age = 12.51) who completed the six-day treatment. Self-reported military-related posttraumatic stress (M-PTSD), anxiety, depression, and quality of life were assessed at baseline (T0), end of treatment (T1), three-month follow-up (T2), and six-month follow-up (T3). Prior combat exposure was also measured at T0, and acceptability and user satisfaction ratings were reported at T1. Within-subjects changes on all outcomes from T0 to T1, T2, and T3 were medium to large in effect size. After controlling for relevant demographic characteristics, prior combat exposure, and baseline multimorbidity, the results revealed significant improvements in clinical symptoms and quality of life from T0 to T1, T2, and T3. A majority of the participants who met criteria for M-PTSD, anxiety, or depression caseness at T0 attained recovery status at T1, T2, and T3. Acceptability and satisfaction ratings were high. The findings offer preliminary evidence supporting the efficacy of the group experiential treatment in sustaining reduced psychological symptoms and improving the quality of life of military veterans.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"12 1","pages":"119 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79856130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-26DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1846602
Keith Tudor, B. Rodgers
ABSTRACT This article examines how the person-centered approach (PCA) became established in Aotearoa New Zealand, and draws parallels between how a Western psychology lands and settles and the process of colonization. Utilizing a critical methodology of both written records and oral history, the article documents the process of ‘first contact’ of Rogers’ ideas, followed by the later ‘settlement’ of client- and person-centered influences through churches and ministry, marriage guidance, and relationship counseling, and the tertiary education sector. Drawing on the results of a contemporary survey, the article reflects on the limitations of the current practice of person-centered therapy, and of therapists influenced by the PCA. The article concludes with a challenge to the approach to adapt to be more culturally responsible, relevant, and responsive, particularly to the indigenous Māori people of the land.
{"title":"The person-centred approach in Aotearoa New Zealand: a critical examination of a settler psychology","authors":"Keith Tudor, B. Rodgers","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1846602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1846602","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines how the person-centered approach (PCA) became established in Aotearoa New Zealand, and draws parallels between how a Western psychology lands and settles and the process of colonization. Utilizing a critical methodology of both written records and oral history, the article documents the process of ‘first contact’ of Rogers’ ideas, followed by the later ‘settlement’ of client- and person-centered influences through churches and ministry, marriage guidance, and relationship counseling, and the tertiary education sector. Drawing on the results of a contemporary survey, the article reflects on the limitations of the current practice of person-centered therapy, and of therapists influenced by the PCA. The article concludes with a challenge to the approach to adapt to be more culturally responsible, relevant, and responsive, particularly to the indigenous Māori people of the land.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"3 1 1","pages":"84 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85588320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1846601
Keith Tudor
ABSTRACT This paper explores aspects of the past, present, and future of person-centered and experiential (PCE) therapies through a number of emotions that PCE practitioners may have about its theory, practice, location, and reception. Drawing on Jaak Panksepp’s work on affective neuroscience, the article applies his seven emotional systems – SEEKING, RAGE, FEAR, PANIC/GRIEF, PLAY, LUST, and CARE – to how PCE therapies and their practitioners engage emotionally with and in the world.
{"title":"Person-centred approaches in the context of emotions","authors":"Keith Tudor","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1846601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1846601","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores aspects of the past, present, and future of person-centered and experiential (PCE) therapies through a number of emotions that PCE practitioners may have about its theory, practice, location, and reception. Drawing on Jaak Panksepp’s work on affective neuroscience, the article applies his seven emotional systems – SEEKING, RAGE, FEAR, PANIC/GRIEF, PLAY, LUST, and CARE – to how PCE therapies and their practitioners engage emotionally with and in the world.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"50 1","pages":"103 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80719760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-10DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1846600
Awa Sabrina Ottiger, S. Joseph
ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the empirical validity of Carl Rogers’ vision of the authentic person to be ecologically minded. 238 participants were asked to complete the Authenticity Scale, the Connectedness to Nature Scale, the Love and Care for Nature Scale, the Ethically Minded Consumer Behavior Scale, and the Brief Social Desirability Scale. It was found that higher scores on authenticity were associated with higher scores on feelings of connection to nature, love and care for nature, and ethically minded consumer choices. Associations remained statistically significant even controlling for social desirability effects. This is the first study to provide empirical support for Rogers’ hypothesis that more congruent individuals will be more environmentally aware and concerned.
{"title":"From ego-centred to eco-centred: an investigation of the association between authenticity and ecological sensitivity","authors":"Awa Sabrina Ottiger, S. Joseph","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1846600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1846600","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the empirical validity of Carl Rogers’ vision of the authentic person to be ecologically minded. 238 participants were asked to complete the Authenticity Scale, the Connectedness to Nature Scale, the Love and Care for Nature Scale, the Ethically Minded Consumer Behavior Scale, and the Brief Social Desirability Scale. It was found that higher scores on authenticity were associated with higher scores on feelings of connection to nature, love and care for nature, and ethically minded consumer choices. Associations remained statistically significant even controlling for social desirability effects. This is the first study to provide empirical support for Rogers’ hypothesis that more congruent individuals will be more environmentally aware and concerned.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"39 1","pages":"139 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81005616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-04DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1796771
Laurent Berthoud, Thomas Noyer
ABSTRACT The counselor’s emotional response to clients plays a crucial role in psychotherapy. It can have a profound influence on the client’s experience, on the therapeutic relationship, and on therapeutic outcomes. This article will focus on the therapist’s experience of anger. Research on how the therapist can express that particular emotion in a productive way is quite limited. We will also discuss possible reasons for why humanistic practitioners find it difficult to accept and/or express their feeling of anger toward the client. Addressing therapist anger may be a pivotal therapeutic resource, namely allowing the experience of greater personal congruence for the therapist. Implications for clinical practice and training will be discussed in three stages: refining one’s anger within oneself, expressing one’s anger to the client, and maintaining contact with the client afterward. This will hopefully encourage counselors to welcome and assimilate their anger in a therapeutic and productive way, ultimately through greater therapist congruence.
{"title":"Therapist anger: from being a therapeutic barrier to becoming a resource in the development of congruence","authors":"Laurent Berthoud, Thomas Noyer","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1796771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1796771","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The counselor’s emotional response to clients plays a crucial role in psychotherapy. It can have a profound influence on the client’s experience, on the therapeutic relationship, and on therapeutic outcomes. This article will focus on the therapist’s experience of anger. Research on how the therapist can express that particular emotion in a productive way is quite limited. We will also discuss possible reasons for why humanistic practitioners find it difficult to accept and/or express their feeling of anger toward the client. Addressing therapist anger may be a pivotal therapeutic resource, namely allowing the experience of greater personal congruence for the therapist. Implications for clinical practice and training will be discussed in three stages: refining one’s anger within oneself, expressing one’s anger to the client, and maintaining contact with the client afterward. This will hopefully encourage counselors to welcome and assimilate their anger in a therapeutic and productive way, ultimately through greater therapist congruence.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"107 1","pages":"34 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77449769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-27DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1796772
R. Crisp
ABSTRACT Four aspects of Barbara Temaner Brodley’s practice of ‘classical’ client-centered therapy (CCT) are appraised in ways to suggest a rapprochement with the process-guiding experiential therapies that she opposed. First, I discuss her affinity with, and alienation from, these therapies particularly in relation to her conceptions of the ‘empathic understanding response process’ and ‘presence.’ Second, her therapeutic work is analyzed utilizing Gendlin’s process model, particularly in terms of Gendlin’s ‘interaction first’ principle and his process conception of embodied time. Third, I discuss her scientific attitude in relation to her extensive empirical analysis of Rogers’ verbalized empathic responses that informed her distinctive CCT perspective and opposition to Gendlin. Finally, I focus upon the paradox of Brodley’s self-disclosure and therapist-frame responses when she responded to a client’s questions or requests for advice. I conclude that Brodley worked effectively with her clients at a deeper relational level than her theoretical exposition suggests.
Barbara Temaner Brodley的“经典”以客户为中心的治疗(CCT)实践的四个方面进行了评估，以建议与她所反对的过程导向体验疗法的和解。首先，我讨论了她对这些疗法的亲近感和疏离感，特别是与她的“共情理解反应过程”和“在场”的概念有关。其次，利用Gendlin的过程模型，特别是根据Gendlin的“互动第一”原则和他的体现时间的过程概念，分析了她的治疗工作。第三，我讨论了她的科学态度，与她对罗杰斯语言化共情反应的广泛实证分析有关，这些分析表明了她独特的有条件条件下治疗的观点和对詹德林的反对。最后，我将重点放在布罗德利在回答客户的问题或咨询请求时的自我表露和治疗师框架反应之间的矛盾。我的结论是，布罗德利与她的客户在更深层次的关系上的合作比她的理论阐述所表明的更有效。
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