Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2019.1680419
M. Harrison
ABSTRACT Drawing from Carl Rogers’ theory of interpersonal relationship, a definition of person-centered encounter is offered in terms of attempting what he termed ‘improving relationship’. Within this, facilitation is seen as necessarily integral to encounter, based on his consideration of the facilitation of group tension and conflict. The concept of congruence is examined in the context of encounter rather than therapy. At the same time, the overlap with therapy and the potential for activation of processes involved in personality change are considered. This underpins the integral nature and need for facilitation. Congruence is also considered in terms of a theory of learning which sees a more spontaneous ‘being’ tempered and strengthened by a more consciously considered ‘doing’. A generalized example of group dynamics based on personal experience is given to link theory to practice.
{"title":"Person-centered encounter and its facilitation in terms of fundamental theory","authors":"M. Harrison","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2019.1680419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2019.1680419","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing from Carl Rogers’ theory of interpersonal relationship, a definition of person-centered encounter is offered in terms of attempting what he termed ‘improving relationship’. Within this, facilitation is seen as necessarily integral to encounter, based on his consideration of the facilitation of group tension and conflict. The concept of congruence is examined in the context of encounter rather than therapy. At the same time, the overlap with therapy and the potential for activation of processes involved in personality change are considered. This underpins the integral nature and need for facilitation. Congruence is also considered in terms of a theory of learning which sees a more spontaneous ‘being’ tempered and strengthened by a more consciously considered ‘doing’. A generalized example of group dynamics based on personal experience is given to link theory to practice.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"22 1","pages":"228 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88839424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2019.1667417
Jules Haley, R. Yates
ABSTRACT In the first part of this personal reflective paper we describe setting up the ‘Central London PCA Encounter Group’ in the UK, which has been running monthly for the last two years. We explore the motivation for establishing the group, the ethos of facilitation, the challenges of the role of facilitators, conflict and the attitudinal qualities of the group, and the diversity and growth of the group. In the second part we introduce and look in detail at a short piece of qualitative research carried out with encounter group attendees, examining the five themes which emerged within the research: The Unknown, Connection, Belonging to a Group, Conflict, Self-Development and finally Conclusions.
{"title":"Exploring the value of person-centred encounter groups today - relevance, purpose and importance","authors":"Jules Haley, R. Yates","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2019.1667417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2019.1667417","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the first part of this personal reflective paper we describe setting up the ‘Central London PCA Encounter Group’ in the UK, which has been running monthly for the last two years. We explore the motivation for establishing the group, the ethos of facilitation, the challenges of the role of facilitators, conflict and the attitudinal qualities of the group, and the diversity and growth of the group. In the second part we introduce and look in detail at a short piece of qualitative research carried out with encounter group attendees, examining the five themes which emerged within the research: The Unknown, Connection, Belonging to a Group, Conflict, Self-Development and finally Conclusions.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"9 1","pages":"189 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87815092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2019.1680421
C. Lago, Dot Clark, John Wilson
ABSTRACT A brief introduction is made to a training course in group facilitation run by the authors. This is further illuminated by a set of operational principles and a description of the educational approach and methodology. The core structure of the course is based upon an open group process where participants and facilitators explore whatever emerges within the group setting whilst, from time to time, adopting a meta-reflective position from which to explore the implications for facilitation. This open reflective process is further aided by various resource materials and shared facilitator information and experience. The specific challenges of experiencing this course are considered both for the participants as well as for the facilitators. Moving between the micro processes of the ‘encounter’ and the meta-position inviting reflection on the group process and facilitator competences requires mental resilience and agility. The specific psychological challenges facing the participants are considered within Rogers’ ideas related to growth, fixity and fluidity. The critical importance of facilitator empathy as a counterpoint to the potential of participants experiencing threat and shame is considered.
{"title":"On training group facilitators: challenges and dilemmas","authors":"C. Lago, Dot Clark, John Wilson","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2019.1680421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2019.1680421","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A brief introduction is made to a training course in group facilitation run by the authors. This is further illuminated by a set of operational principles and a description of the educational approach and methodology. The core structure of the course is based upon an open group process where participants and facilitators explore whatever emerges within the group setting whilst, from time to time, adopting a meta-reflective position from which to explore the implications for facilitation. This open reflective process is further aided by various resource materials and shared facilitator information and experience. The specific challenges of experiencing this course are considered both for the participants as well as for the facilitators. Moving between the micro processes of the ‘encounter’ and the meta-position inviting reflection on the group process and facilitator competences requires mental resilience and agility. The specific psychological challenges facing the participants are considered within Rogers’ ideas related to growth, fixity and fluidity. The critical importance of facilitator empathy as a counterpoint to the potential of participants experiencing threat and shame is considered.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"23 1","pages":"208 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90524098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2019.1667416
M. Draskóczy
ABSTRACT The main aim of this paper is to present members’ experiences in three long run encounter groups that function as collaboratively facilitated ones without a designated facilitator. Shared experiences of the members outline some themes around the feeling of being in an encounter group with the facilitator in contrast to facilitating it ourselves, such ones as freedom, responsibility, safety, protection, relationships, etc. Apart from that, the author’s views on encounter groups, facilitation and the history of encounter movement in Hungary are presented.
{"title":"Collaborative facilitation of encounter groups","authors":"M. Draskóczy","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2019.1667416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2019.1667416","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The main aim of this paper is to present members’ experiences in three long run encounter groups that function as collaboratively facilitated ones without a designated facilitator. Shared experiences of the members outline some themes around the feeling of being in an encounter group with the facilitator in contrast to facilitating it ourselves, such ones as freedom, responsibility, safety, protection, relationships, etc. Apart from that, the author’s views on encounter groups, facilitation and the history of encounter movement in Hungary are presented.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"1 1","pages":"200 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82958057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1796769
Takashi Oshie
ABSTRACT This paper illustrates how Community Play Therapy (CPT) can be used to facilitate person-to-person encounters in school avoidant and neurodiverse children. CPT provides a psychologically safe space for children who hesitate to go to school or have difficulties with school life due to neurodevelopmental disorders. CPT includes the children, volunteer assistants, and facilitators. The core conditions of person-centered therapy are used by the facilitators to provide such a space for the children. A case illustration provides an example of how facilitators create a safe space and facilitate the person-to-person encounter using CPT. The meaning of such encounters for school avoidant and neurodiverse children are discussed.
{"title":"Community play therapy for encounter with diverse children","authors":"Takashi Oshie","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1796769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1796769","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper illustrates how Community Play Therapy (CPT) can be used to facilitate person-to-person encounters in school avoidant and neurodiverse children. CPT provides a psychologically safe space for children who hesitate to go to school or have difficulties with school life due to neurodevelopmental disorders. CPT includes the children, volunteer assistants, and facilitators. The core conditions of person-centered therapy are used by the facilitators to provide such a space for the children. A case illustration provides an example of how facilitators create a safe space and facilitate the person-to-person encounter using CPT. The meaning of such encounters for school avoidant and neurodiverse children are discussed.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"56 1","pages":"243 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78296144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1790410
Aglaja Przyborski, G. Proctor, R. Fuchs
This is the third and final special issue in facilitating encounter, at least for the time being. We have been delighted by the level of interest in this subject and hope that the scholarship these...
{"title":"Editorial for facilitating encounter special issue 3: personal, theoretical and empirical approaches","authors":"Aglaja Przyborski, G. Proctor, R. Fuchs","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1790410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1790410","url":null,"abstract":"This is the third and final special issue in facilitating encounter, at least for the time being. We have been delighted by the level of interest in this subject and hope that the scholarship these...","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"18 1","pages":"187 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78507915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1796770
D. Charura
ABSTRACT Despite the available literature on facilitative conditions noted in numerous writings on encounter groups, cofacilitators’ experiences are substantially under-researched. This present study aimed to explore psychotherapists’ experiences co- 10 facilitating encounter groups with two or more co-facilitators. A subsidiary question was: How do therapists who have facilitated large encounter groups make sense of their experience of the encounter process? A large group in this study group is described as 30 to 300 individuals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six psychotherapists who had experience of facilitating large encounter groups. Their accounts were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three main superordinate themes 20 emerged from analyzing the data. (1) Facilitator’s role identity; (2) Importance of managing dynamics between the encounter cofacilitation team members; (3) Working within the encounter group space and process. Future research should investigate the experience of encounter 25 group participants and compare it to that of co-facilitators.
{"title":"Psychotherapists’ experiences of co-facilitating large encounter PCEP groups: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of six interviews","authors":"D. Charura","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1796770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1796770","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite the available literature on facilitative conditions noted in numerous writings on encounter groups, cofacilitators’ experiences are substantially under-researched. This present study aimed to explore psychotherapists’ experiences co- 10 facilitating encounter groups with two or more co-facilitators. A subsidiary question was: How do therapists who have facilitated large encounter groups make sense of their experience of the encounter process? A large group in this study group is described as 30 to 300 individuals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six psychotherapists who had experience of facilitating large encounter groups. Their accounts were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three main superordinate themes 20 emerged from analyzing the data. (1) Facilitator’s role identity; (2) Importance of managing dynamics between the encounter cofacilitation team members; (3) Working within the encounter group space and process. Future research should investigate the experience of encounter 25 group participants and compare it to that of co-facilitators.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"81 1","pages":"251 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90675124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2019.1680424
S. Markowitsch, Leonore Langner, Michaela Zolles
ABSTRACT The article is a summary of our brainstorming and should provide readers with ideas rather than with a full coverage of the theory of person-centered group facilitation. We revolve around the topic by describing encounter as an attempt to improve personal relations and by attributing a central role to the existence of the organism of the group. The facilitator’s role is considered from a practical as well as from a theoretical point of view. Our conclusion: facilitating means to act as a person, to be present. This includes to follow and be part of the processes of the group. Furthermore, the topic of facilitating teams – a group within the group – and the difference between facilitator and ‘regular’ participant is covered. Finally, we respond to some familiar myths about encounter, based on our own experience.
{"title":"Group facilitation – approach to a definition by three women","authors":"S. Markowitsch, Leonore Langner, Michaela Zolles","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2019.1680424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2019.1680424","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article is a summary of our brainstorming and should provide readers with ideas rather than with a full coverage of the theory of person-centered group facilitation. We revolve around the topic by describing encounter as an attempt to improve personal relations and by attributing a central role to the existence of the organism of the group. The facilitator’s role is considered from a practical as well as from a theoretical point of view. Our conclusion: facilitating means to act as a person, to be present. This includes to follow and be part of the processes of the group. Furthermore, the topic of facilitating teams – a group within the group – and the difference between facilitator and ‘regular’ participant is covered. Finally, we respond to some familiar myths about encounter, based on our own experience.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"41 1","pages":"215 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91133713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-19DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1748697
A. Felder, B. Robbins
ABSTRACT Narrow or restricted case formulation considerations can limit therapeutic effectiveness, limit the lived base of evidence guiding psychotherapy, and contribute to psychotherapist microaggressions. Notably, Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) and existential phenomenology have, in combination, actively maintained that the cultural landscapes or interconnected world horizons of historical, contextual, and sociocultural matters are inseparable from lived experience. In what can be understood as mindfulness perspectives in their own right, the non-judgmental and presence-centered emphases of PCT and existential phenomenology are suited for mindful and meditative attunement to socioculturally diverse clients. This article sets out to begin providing a basis for person-world centered case formulation themes that are mindfully and meditatively linked with a psychotherapist’s depthful ontological attunement and cultural or contextual pan-experiential attunement to clients. These interdependent forms of Humanistic Existential Psychotherapy (HEP) attunement can open onto multiculturally informed person-world centered themes that may contribute to experiential restructuring and sociocultural self-actualization. As a way to enhance HEP’s sociocultural sensitivity, existential givens, phenomenological themes, and multicultural worldview values are integratively re-visioned as Sociocultural Lifeworld Themes.
{"title":"Approaching mindful multicultural case formulation: Rogers, Yalom, and existential phenomenology","authors":"A. Felder, B. Robbins","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1748697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1748697","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Narrow or restricted case formulation considerations can limit therapeutic effectiveness, limit the lived base of evidence guiding psychotherapy, and contribute to psychotherapist microaggressions. Notably, Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) and existential phenomenology have, in combination, actively maintained that the cultural landscapes or interconnected world horizons of historical, contextual, and sociocultural matters are inseparable from lived experience. In what can be understood as mindfulness perspectives in their own right, the non-judgmental and presence-centered emphases of PCT and existential phenomenology are suited for mindful and meditative attunement to socioculturally diverse clients. This article sets out to begin providing a basis for person-world centered case formulation themes that are mindfully and meditatively linked with a psychotherapist’s depthful ontological attunement and cultural or contextual pan-experiential attunement to clients. These interdependent forms of Humanistic Existential Psychotherapy (HEP) attunement can open onto multiculturally informed person-world centered themes that may contribute to experiential restructuring and sociocultural self-actualization. As a way to enhance HEP’s sociocultural sensitivity, existential givens, phenomenological themes, and multicultural worldview values are integratively re-visioned as Sociocultural Lifeworld Themes.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"21 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76028787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.1080/14779757.2020.1748694
M. Behr, Gernot Aich, Claudia Scheurenbrand
ABSTRACT Both the person-centered and experiential (PCEP) and the Transactional Analysis (TA) approaches act on the assumption that the counselor would have unconditional positive regard (UPR) or an OK-OK-Position, respectively, and be real and self-disclosing. Thus, they complement each other very well. At times, counselors have to work with offensive, devaluating, passive, and otherwise challenging clients; furthermore, they can face confounded counseling tasks, e.g., having to counsel, control, evaluate or protect at the same time. Merging the central principles of PCEP – the experiential process and the encounter – with the TA focus on dysfunctional communication processes and challenging confrontations, may provide fertile ground for dissolving stuck processes in such counseling situations. Therefore, the paper presents a catalog of fourteen PCEP and TA perspectives, with examples, and unfolds their potential implications. We argue that the two approaches may enrich one another in difficult or confounded counseling situations.
{"title":"Person-centered and experiential psychotherapy and transactional analysis – contributions of two humanistic approaches to challenging or confounded counselling situations","authors":"M. Behr, Gernot Aich, Claudia Scheurenbrand","doi":"10.1080/14779757.2020.1748694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2020.1748694","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Both the person-centered and experiential (PCEP) and the Transactional Analysis (TA) approaches act on the assumption that the counselor would have unconditional positive regard (UPR) or an OK-OK-Position, respectively, and be real and self-disclosing. Thus, they complement each other very well. At times, counselors have to work with offensive, devaluating, passive, and otherwise challenging clients; furthermore, they can face confounded counseling tasks, e.g., having to counsel, control, evaluate or protect at the same time. Merging the central principles of PCEP – the experiential process and the encounter – with the TA focus on dysfunctional communication processes and challenging confrontations, may provide fertile ground for dissolving stuck processes in such counseling situations. Therefore, the paper presents a catalog of fourteen PCEP and TA perspectives, with examples, and unfolds their potential implications. We argue that the two approaches may enrich one another in difficult or confounded counseling situations.","PeriodicalId":44274,"journal":{"name":"Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies","volume":"107 1","pages":"350 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77160447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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