We analyze whether editors of top-tier journals bias acceptance decisions due to cultural values that are unrelated to academic merits. Specifically, while editors raised in common law countries tend to base their acceptance decision solely on scientific merits, editors raised in civil law countries may also consider issues of solidarity, which refers to support between various groups and individuals in their country. Our results show the fraction of accepted articles by authors affiliated with a civil law country increases by a third when an editor from that same country serves at the journal. This phenomenon prevails also across civil law countries that are under the EU. Moreover, articles by EU authors that are accepted when an EU editor serves at the journal have a 10% lower impact compared to similar articles. The findings are consistent with the idea that cultural values foster agency behavior and hinder the progress of science.
{"title":"Legal Origin and the Unequal Treatment of Scientific Articles","authors":"Amir Rubin, E. Rubin, D. Segal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3913481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3913481","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze whether editors of top-tier journals bias acceptance decisions due to cultural values that are unrelated to academic merits. Specifically, while editors raised in common law countries tend to base their acceptance decision solely on scientific merits, editors raised in civil law countries may also consider issues of solidarity, which refers to support between various groups and individuals in their country. Our results show the fraction of accepted articles by authors affiliated with a civil law country increases by a third when an editor from that same country serves at the journal. This phenomenon prevails also across civil law countries that are under the EU. Moreover, articles by EU authors that are accepted when an EU editor serves at the journal have a 10% lower impact compared to similar articles. The findings are consistent with the idea that cultural values foster agency behavior and hinder the progress of science.","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130159743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the relationship between economic freedom and poverty rates in 151 countries over a twenty-year period. Using the World Bank’s poverty headcounts of those living on less than $1.90 per day, $3.20 per day, and $5.50 per day, we find evidence that economic freedom, measured by the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom, is associated with lower poverty rates. We also test the effect of various components of the Index of Economic Freedom. We find that a government’s integrity and a country’s trade freedom are associated with lower poverty rates.
{"title":"The Relationship between Economic Freedom and Poverty Rates: Cross Country Evidence","authors":"Colin Doran, Thomas Stratmann","doi":"10.1628/jite-2020-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1628/jite-2020-0042","url":null,"abstract":"We study the relationship between economic freedom and poverty rates in 151 countries over a twenty-year period. Using the World Bank’s poverty headcounts of those living on less than $1.90 per day, $3.20 per day, and $5.50 per day, we find evidence that economic freedom, measured by the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom, is associated with lower poverty rates. We also test the effect of various components of the Index of Economic Freedom. We find that a government’s integrity and a country’s trade freedom are associated with lower poverty rates.","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130915257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I use a quasi-experimental design supplied by bank anti-trust policy to inspect how bank concentration impacts local labor market outcomes. The regulator applies a cutoff rule when dealing with bank mergers such that markets directly below this regulatory cutoff see an increase in bank concentration, while ones directly above this cutoff do not. Markets that are just below the cutoff see an increase in their deposit-HHI as well as a decrease in their small business lending. A rise in county-level deposit-HHI of 142 points leads to a rise in the county's unemployment rate of 0.284 percentage points, a decline in employment of 0.5 percent, and a decline in average wages of 1 percent. The decline in employment is concentrated in tradable and bank dependent industries, suggesting that the employment effect is due to lower small business lending by banks. These employment effects are also concentrated in black neighborhoods, which also see a larger small business lending and entrepreneurship declines relative to other areas in the markets that receive the positive concentration shock. This paper is the first to show that local labor market conditions respond to changes in local bank concentration, and also that lower small business lending and entrepreneurship in black areas lead to disproportionately larger negative employment effects for these areas.
{"title":"Bank Concentration and Local Labor Markets","authors":"Roberta F. Mann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3908346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3908346","url":null,"abstract":"I use a quasi-experimental design supplied by bank anti-trust policy to inspect how bank concentration impacts local labor market outcomes. The regulator applies a cutoff rule when dealing with bank mergers such that markets directly below this regulatory cutoff see an increase in bank concentration, while ones directly above this cutoff do not. Markets that are just below the cutoff see an increase in their deposit-HHI as well as a decrease in their small business lending. A rise in county-level deposit-HHI of 142 points leads to a rise in the county's unemployment rate of 0.284 percentage points, a decline in employment of 0.5 percent, and a decline in average wages of 1 percent. The decline in employment is concentrated in tradable and bank dependent industries, suggesting that the employment effect is due to lower small business lending by banks. These employment effects are also concentrated in black neighborhoods, which also see a larger small business lending and entrepreneurship declines relative to other areas in the markets that receive the positive concentration shock. This paper is the first to show that local labor market conditions respond to changes in local bank concentration, and also that lower small business lending and entrepreneurship in black areas lead to disproportionately larger negative employment effects for these areas.","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131709212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As in many developing countries, mobile money was justified as a significant tool of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study attempts to identify the factors motivating Rwandans to use the mobile money using the FinScope 2016 survey data collected from a random sample of 12,480 individuals. Considering that adopting and using mobile money is optional, the maximum likelihood method was used to estimate an endogenous switching regression model to account for sample selection and endogeneity. The results put forward the role of socioeconomic factors, wealth and productive assets on saving promotion. Mobile money contributes significantly on saving promotion; it is thus a factor to boost the financial inclusion and a leverage point of socioeconomic development through the enhancement of inclusive growth. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that exploring the mechanisms and strategies to put in place a cashless economic system would improve the socioeconomic transformation in Rwanda. [enter Abstract Body]
{"title":"Mobile Money for Financial Inclusion in Rwanda: Application of Endogenous Switching Regression Model","authors":"A. Maniriho","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3904897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3904897","url":null,"abstract":"As in many developing countries, mobile money was justified as a significant tool of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study attempts to identify the factors motivating Rwandans to use the mobile money using the FinScope 2016 survey data collected from a random sample of 12,480 individuals. Considering that adopting and using mobile money is optional, the maximum likelihood method was used to estimate an endogenous switching regression model to account for sample selection and endogeneity. The results put forward the role of socioeconomic factors, wealth and productive assets on saving promotion. Mobile money contributes significantly on saving promotion; it is thus a factor to boost the financial inclusion and a leverage point of socioeconomic development through the enhancement of inclusive growth. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that exploring the mechanisms and strategies to put in place a cashless economic system would improve the socioeconomic transformation in Rwanda. [enter Abstract Body]","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132314735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We survey the recent economics and history literature on the Chinese state to investigate its role in China's long-term socioeconomic development. We highlight three insights. First, unlike in Europe, where interstate competition helped give rise to capitalist states with high capacity, the Chinese state emerged from a different historical context. Second, the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Chinese state does not fit into the mold of a strong and extractive Oriental despotic state as once commonly believed. By conventional measures, early modern China had a weak state. Third, state building and center-local relations are two useful dimensions to understand development and change in China's recent history and political economy. To adapt China to a changing world, Chinese state builders embarked on a long process of state building from the late-nineteenth century through the Republican and Communist eras. Facilitated partly by regional decentralization, the process now sees the Chinese state playing a substantially larger role in the economy and everyday life than any previous time in history.
{"title":"The State in Chinese Economic History","authors":"Jiwei Qian, Tuan-Hwee Sng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3903988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3903988","url":null,"abstract":"We survey the recent economics and history literature on the Chinese state to investigate its role in China's long-term socioeconomic development. We highlight three insights. First, unlike in Europe, where interstate competition helped give rise to capitalist states with high capacity, the Chinese state emerged from a different historical context. Second, the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Chinese state does not fit into the mold of a strong and extractive Oriental despotic state as once commonly believed. By conventional measures, early modern China had a weak state. Third, state building and center-local relations are two useful dimensions to understand development and change in China's recent history and political economy. To adapt China to a changing world, Chinese state builders embarked on a long process of state building from the late-nineteenth century through the Republican and Communist eras. Facilitated partly by regional decentralization, the process now sees the Chinese state playing a substantially larger role in the economy and everyday life than any previous time in history.","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128912526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates capital ratio targets announced by large banks in the euro area. It provides the following key lessons. First, those targets are affected by capital requirements and procyclical behavior consistent with market pressure. Second, banks do not distinguish between the different types of capital requirements for setting their targets, suggesting impeded usability of the prudential buffers. Third, the distance between actual CET1 ratio and the target is a valuable predictor of future balance-sheet adjustment, suggesting that banks actively drive their capital ratio toward their announced target, through capital accumulation and portfolio rebalancing. Fourth, this adjustment occurs both above and below targets, but banks below targets adjust faster, suggesting stronger pressure. Those results provide important lessons for policymakers regarding the design of the prudential framework and the effciency of countercyclical policies.
{"title":"What are banks' actual capital targets? Lessons for policymakers","authors":"C. Couaillier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3899288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3899288","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates capital ratio targets announced by large banks in the euro area. It provides the following key lessons. First, those targets are affected by capital requirements and procyclical behavior consistent with market pressure. Second, banks do not distinguish between the different types of capital requirements for setting their targets, suggesting impeded usability of the prudential buffers. Third, the distance between actual CET1 ratio and the target is a valuable predictor of future balance-sheet adjustment, suggesting that banks actively drive their capital ratio toward their announced target, through capital accumulation and portfolio rebalancing. Fourth, this adjustment occurs both above and below targets, but banks below targets adjust faster, suggesting stronger pressure. Those results provide important lessons for policymakers regarding the design of the prudential framework and the effciency of countercyclical policies.","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"12367 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116148906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As reporting GHG emissions becomes mandatory in the financial sector, the methods by which emissions are calculated will grow in importance for their impact on the resulting metric. Progress is underway in both the public and private financial sectors to embed emissions accounting standards, but there is still a long way to go to make them universal and harmonized. This report addresses key developments that both multilateral development banks (MDBs)—major actors in public climate finance—and private financial institutions have made toward adopting and harmonizing methodologies for calculating financed emissions.
{"title":"Carbon Accounting by Public and Private Financial Institutions: Can We Be Sure Climate Finance Is Leading to Emissions Reductions?","authors":"E. Spittle, Martin Dietrich Brauch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3914387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3914387","url":null,"abstract":"As reporting GHG emissions becomes mandatory in the financial sector, the methods by which emissions are calculated will grow in importance for their impact on the resulting metric. Progress is underway in both the public and private financial sectors to embed emissions accounting standards, but there is still a long way to go to make them universal and harmonized. This report addresses key developments that both multilateral development banks (MDBs)—major actors in public climate finance—and private financial institutions have made toward adopting and harmonizing methodologies for calculating financed emissions.","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126165787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.22394/1996-0522-2021-1-32-40
N. Korotina
Introduction. The article deals with the problem of institutionalism of economic federalism relations. The institutional approach to studying economic federalism makes it possible to study economic federalism as a complex structured institution based on describing the interaction of the existing institutions of federalism, its structures and mechanisms. The purpose of the article is to consider economic federalism from the standpoint of the institutional approach. Methods. In the article, the author uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction in the context of applying the institutional approach when studying the economic federalism relations. Scientific novelty. In the article, for the first time, the author highlights the elements of institutional regulation of the economic federalism system; has introduced the criterion for dividing the economic federalism institutions into formalized and non-formalized ones. Results. The author justifies the possibility of using the institutional approach when studying economic federalism, formulates the concept of “institution of federalism”, discloses the content of the institutional regulation of federal relations, presents for the first time the institutional design of the economic federalism system in terms of identifying subject areas and functions of economic federalism institutions, the spheres of institutionalization of economic federalism and economic consequences of institutional regulation. The author introduces the criterion of universality, which makes it possible to divide the institutions of economic federalism into formalized and non-formalized ones. Conclusions. The system of economic federalism presupposes the presence of institutions as stable norms, rules, procedures, organizational mechanisms governing the interaction of federalism participants, which gives the relations of economic federalism an institutional setting. Institutions of federalism both restrict and stimulate the dayto-day action of its participants. For the effective functioning of the economic federalism system, it is necessary to search for the optimal ratio of formalized (universal) and non-formalized (electoral) federalism institutions.
{"title":"ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛИЗМА (Institutionalism of Economic Federalism Relations)","authors":"N. Korotina","doi":"10.22394/1996-0522-2021-1-32-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2021-1-32-40","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article deals with the problem of institutionalism of economic federalism relations. The institutional approach to studying economic federalism makes it possible to study economic federalism as a complex structured institution based on describing the interaction of the existing institutions of federalism, its structures and mechanisms. The purpose of the article is to consider economic federalism from the standpoint of the institutional approach. Methods. In the article, the author uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction in the context of applying the institutional approach when studying the economic federalism relations. Scientific novelty. In the article, for the first time, the author highlights the elements of institutional regulation of the economic federalism system; has introduced the criterion for dividing the economic federalism institutions into formalized and non-formalized ones. Results. The author justifies the possibility of using the institutional approach when studying economic federalism, formulates the concept of “institution of federalism”, discloses the content of the institutional regulation of federal relations, presents for the first time the institutional design of the economic federalism system in terms of identifying subject areas and functions of economic federalism institutions, the spheres of institutionalization of economic federalism and economic consequences of institutional regulation. The author introduces the criterion of universality, which makes it possible to divide the institutions of economic federalism into formalized and non-formalized ones. Conclusions. The system of economic federalism presupposes the presence of institutions as stable norms, rules, procedures, organizational mechanisms governing the interaction of federalism participants, which gives the relations of economic federalism an institutional setting. Institutions of federalism both restrict and stimulate the dayto-day action of its participants. For the effective functioning of the economic federalism system, it is necessary to search for the optimal ratio of formalized (universal) and non-formalized (electoral) federalism institutions.","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121070097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The system of government in Saudi Arabia is distinguished from other nations as a monarchy, where the rule in one family is inherited, as is the case in some other monarchies in the world. However, to confront the regional and global challenges and developments, it was very important to let the people have some form of participation in political decision-making, so there were some reforms to this system of government. First, the basic law of governance was enacted in 1992 which is the constitution in Saudi Arabia, and it defines the main governmental bodies’ powers and their functions, such as the Council of Ministers and the Shura Council, and their main role in decision-making. Furthermore, one of the pillars of governance in Saudi Arabia is the Law of Provinces, which is considered as the main mainstay in organizing local governments in the regions away from the central and also giving the people in different regions the opportunity to participate in decision-making. Therefore, all of this has contributed to an increase in people's chances of participating in decision-making, at least to a certain extent on the local levels by establishing district councils which are responsible for following up and monitoring the implementation of the regions’ development, budget and coordination plans. Moreover, the district council’s role is to oversee and monitor the development programs and strategies based on the predetermined plans.
{"title":"The Structure of Government System in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Omar Alatawi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3929300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3929300","url":null,"abstract":"The system of government in Saudi Arabia is distinguished from other nations as a monarchy, where the rule in one family is inherited, as is the case in some other monarchies in the world. However, to confront the regional and global challenges and developments, it was very important to let the people have some form of participation in political decision-making, so there were some reforms to this system of government. First, the basic law of governance was enacted in 1992 which is the constitution in Saudi Arabia, and it defines the main governmental bodies’ powers and their functions, such as the Council of Ministers and the Shura Council, and their main role in decision-making. Furthermore, one of the pillars of governance in Saudi Arabia is the Law of Provinces, which is considered as the main mainstay in organizing local governments in the regions away from the central and also giving the people in different regions the opportunity to participate in decision-making. Therefore, all of this has contributed to an increase in people's chances of participating in decision-making, at least to a certain extent on the local levels by establishing district councils which are responsible for following up and monitoring the implementation of the regions’ development, budget and coordination plans. Moreover, the district council’s role is to oversee and monitor the development programs and strategies based on the predetermined plans.","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"1086 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127739088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the impact of foreign banks entry on financial development in Lebanon for the period between 1995 and 2014. We use the number of foreign banks to total banks as measure of foreign banks entry and liquid liabilities, private credit by deposit monetary institutions and domestic credit to private sector as measures of financial development. Liquid liabilities represent the size of the financial sector, while private credit by deposit monetary institutions and domestic credit to private sector represent the activity of the financial sector. We find positive real effect of the level of foreign banks entry on financial development. This result suggests that foreign banks entry play a crucial role in developing the financial sector in Lebanon for the period between 1995 and 2014 . By contrast, the results of the present study contradict with other studies that claim that foreign banks entry have negative effects on financial development in developing countries .
{"title":"The Impact of foreign banks entry on financial development in Lebanon for the period 1995-2014","authors":"Chadi Azmeh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3894974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3894974","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of foreign banks entry on financial development in Lebanon for the period between 1995 and 2014. We use the number of foreign banks to total banks as measure of foreign banks entry and liquid liabilities, private credit by deposit monetary institutions and domestic credit to private sector as measures of financial development. Liquid liabilities represent the size of the financial sector, while private credit by deposit monetary institutions and domestic credit to private sector represent the activity of the financial sector. We find positive real effect of the level of foreign banks entry on financial development. This result suggests that foreign banks entry play a crucial role in developing the financial sector in Lebanon for the period between 1995 and 2014 . By contrast, the results of the present study contradict with other studies that claim that foreign banks entry have negative effects on financial development in developing countries .","PeriodicalId":443031,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Political Institutions eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123964756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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