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Designing and evaluating explainable AI for non-AI experts: challenges and opportunities 为非AI专家设计和评估可解释的AI:挑战和机遇
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3547427
Maxwell Szymanski, K. Verbert, V. Abeele
Artificial intelligence (AI) has seen a steady increase in use in the health and medical field, where it is used by lay users and health experts alike. However, these AI systems often lack transparency regarding the inputs and decision making process (often called black boxes), which in turn can be detrimental to the user’s satisfaction and trust towards these systems. Explainable AI (XAI) aims to overcome this problem by opening up certain aspects of the black box, and has proven to be a successful means of increasing trust, transparency and even system effectiveness. However, for certain groups (i.e. lay users in health), explanation methods and evaluation metrics still remain underexplored. In this paper, we will outline our research regarding designing and evaluating explanations for health recommendations for lay users and domain experts, as well as list a few takeaways we were already able to find in our initial studies.
人工智能(AI)在健康和医疗领域的应用稳步增长,非专业用户和健康专家都在使用它。然而,这些人工智能系统通常缺乏输入和决策过程的透明度(通常称为黑盒),这反过来可能会损害用户对这些系统的满意度和信任。可解释人工智能(XAI)旨在通过开放黑箱的某些方面来克服这一问题,并已被证明是增加信任、透明度甚至系统有效性的成功手段。然而,对于某些群体(即卫生领域的非专业用户),解释方法和评价指标仍未得到充分探索。在本文中,我们将概述我们关于为非专业用户和领域专家设计和评估健康建议解释的研究,并列出我们在初步研究中已经能够找到的一些结论。
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引用次数: 3
A GPU-specialized Inference Parameter Server for Large-Scale Deep Recommendation Models 面向大规模深度推荐模型的gpu专用推理参数服务器
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3546765
Yingcan Wei, Matthias Langer, F. Yu, Minseok Lee, Jie Liu, Ji Shi, Zehuan Wang
Recommendation systems are of crucial importance for a variety of modern apps and web services, such as news feeds, social networks, e-commerce, search, etc. To achieve peak prediction accuracy, modern recommendation models combine deep learning with terabyte-scale embedding tables to obtain a fine-grained representation of the underlying data. Traditional inference serving architectures require deploying the whole model to standalone servers, which is infeasible at such massive scale. In this paper, we provide insights into the intriguing and challenging inference domain of online recommendation systems. We propose the HugeCTR Hierarchical Parameter Server (HPS), an industry-leading distributed recommendation inference framework, that combines a high-performance GPU embedding cache with an hierarchical storage architecture, to realize low-latency retrieval of embeddings for online model inference tasks. Among other things, HPS features (1) a redundant hierarchical storage system, (2) a novel high-bandwidth cache to accelerate parallel embedding lookup on NVIDIA GPUs, (3) online training support and (4) light-weight APIs for easy integration into existing large-scale recommendation workflows. To demonstrate its capabilities, we conduct extensive studies using both synthetically engineered and public datasets. We show that our HPS can dramatically reduce end-to-end inference latency, achieving 5~62x speedup (depending on the batch size) over CPU baseline implementations for popular recommendation models. Through multi-GPU concurrent deployment, the HPS can also greatly increase the inference QPS.
推荐系统对于各种现代应用程序和网络服务至关重要,例如新闻推送、社交网络、电子商务、搜索等。为了达到峰值预测精度,现代推荐模型将深度学习与tb级嵌入表相结合,以获得底层数据的细粒度表示。传统的推理服务架构需要将整个模型部署到独立的服务器上,这在如此大规模的情况下是不可实现的。在本文中,我们对在线推荐系统的有趣和具有挑战性的推理领域提供了见解。我们提出了HugeCTR分层参数服务器(HPS),这是一个业界领先的分布式推荐推理框架,它结合了高性能GPU嵌入缓存和分层存储架构,实现了在线模型推理任务的低延迟嵌入检索。除此之外,HPS具有以下特点:(1)冗余分层存储系统;(2)新颖的高带宽缓存,可加速NVIDIA gpu上的并行嵌入查找;(3)在线培训支持;(4)轻量级api,可轻松集成到现有的大规模推荐工作流中。为了证明其能力,我们使用综合工程和公共数据集进行了广泛的研究。我们表明,我们的HPS可以显著减少端到端推理延迟,与流行推荐模型的CPU基线实现相比,实现了5~62倍的加速(取决于批处理大小)。通过多gpu并发部署,HPS还可以大大提高推理QPS。
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引用次数: 5
Countering Popularity Bias by Regularizing Score Differences 通过规范分数差异来对抗人气偏见
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3546757
Wondo Rhee, S. Cho, B. Suh
Recommendation system often suffers from popularity bias. Often the training data inherently exhibits long-tail distribution in item popularity (data bias). Moreover, the recommendation systems could give unfairly higher recommendation scores to popular items even among items a user equally liked, resulting in over-recommendation of popular items (model bias). In this study we propose a novel method to reduce the model bias while maintaining accuracy by directly regularizing the recommendation scores to be equal across items a user preferred. Akin to contrastive learning, we extend the widely used pairwise loss (BPR loss) which maximizes the score differences between preferred and unpreferred items, with a regularization term that minimizes the score differences within preferred and unpreferred items, respectively, thereby achieving both high debias and high accuracy performance with no additional training. To test the effectiveness of the proposed method, we design an experiment using a synthetic dataset which induces model bias with baseline training; we showed applying the proposed method resulted in drastic reduction of model bias while maintaining accuracy. Comprehensive comparison with earlier debias methods showed the proposed method had advantages in terms of computational validity and efficiency. Further empirical experiments utilizing four benchmark datasets and four recommendation models indicated the proposed method showed general improvements over performances of earlier debias methods. We hope that our method could help users enjoy diverse recommendations promoting serendipitous findings. Code available at https://github.com/stillpsy/popbias.
推荐系统往往存在人气偏差。通常训练数据在项目受欢迎程度上固有地表现出长尾分布(数据偏差)。此外,即使是在用户同样喜欢的商品中,推荐系统也可能对热门商品给出不公平的更高推荐分数,从而导致对热门商品的过度推荐(模型偏差)。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种新的方法来减少模型偏差,同时保持准确性,通过直接正则化推荐分数,使用户偏好的项目之间相等。与对比学习类似,我们扩展了广泛使用的两两损失(BPR损失),它最大化了首选项和非首选项之间的分数差异,并使用正则化项分别最小化首选项和非首选项之间的分数差异,从而在不需要额外训练的情况下实现高偏差和高精度的性能。为了验证所提方法的有效性,我们设计了一个实验,使用一个合成数据集,通过基线训练诱导模型偏差;我们表明,应用所提出的方法可以在保持准确性的同时大幅减少模型偏差。综合比较表明,该方法在计算有效性和效率方面具有优势。利用四个基准数据集和四个推荐模型进行的进一步实证实验表明,所提出的方法比早期的debias方法的性能有了总体的改进。我们希望我们的方法可以帮助用户享受各种各样的推荐,以促进偶然的发现。代码可从https://github.com/stillpsy/popbias获得。
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引用次数: 5
Neural Re-ranking for Multi-stage Recommender Systems 多阶段推荐系统的神经重排序
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3547369
Weiwen Liu, Jiarui Qin, Ruiming Tang, Bo Chen
Re-ranking is one of the most critical stages for multi-stage recommender systems (MRS), which re-orders the input ranking lists by modeling the cross-item interaction. Recent re-ranking methods have evolved into deep neural architectures due to the significant advances in deep learning. Neural re-ranking, therefore, has become a trending topic and many of the improved algorithms have demonstrated their use in industrial applications, enjoying great commercial success. The purpose of this tutorial is to explore some of the recent work on neural re-ranking, integrating them into a broader picture and paving ways for more comprehensive solutions for future research. In particular, we provide a taxonomy of current methods according to the objectives and training signals. We examine and compare these methods qualitatively and quantitatively, and identify some open challenges and future prospects.
重新排序是多阶段推荐系统的关键环节之一,多阶段推荐系统通过建立跨项目交互模型,对输入排序列表进行重新排序。由于深度学习的重大进展,最近的重新排序方法已经演变成深度神经架构。因此,神经重新排序已经成为一个热门话题,许多改进的算法已经在工业应用中得到了应用,并取得了巨大的商业成功。本教程的目的是探索神经重新排序的一些最新工作,将它们整合到更广泛的图景中,并为未来的研究提供更全面的解决方案。特别是,我们根据目标和训练信号提供了当前方法的分类。我们对这些方法进行定性和定量的检查和比较,并确定一些开放的挑战和未来的前景。
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引用次数: 1
TorchRec: a PyTorch Domain Library for Recommendation Systems TorchRec:一个推荐系统的PyTorch领域库
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3547387
Dmytro Ivchenko, D. V. Staay, Colin Taylor, Xing Liu, Will Feng, Rahul Kindi, Anirudh Sudarshan, S. Sefati
Recommendation Systems (RecSys) comprise a large footprint of production-deployed AI today. The neural network-based recommender systems differ from deep learning models in other domains in using high-cardinality categorical sparse features that require large embedding tables to be trained. In this talk we introduce TorchRec, a PyTorch domain library for Recommendation Systems. This new library provides common sparsity and parallelism primitives, enabling researchers to build state-of-the-art personalization models and deploy them in production. In this talk we cover the building blocks of the TorchRec library including modeling primitives such as embedding bags and jagged tensors, optimized recommender system kernels powered by FBGEMM, a flexible sharder that supports a veriety of strategies for partitioning embedding tables, a planner that automatically generates optimized and performant sharding plans, support for GPU inference and common modeling modules for building recommender system models. TorchRec library is currently used to train large-scale recommender models at Meta. We will present how TorchRec helped Meta’s recommender system platform to transition from CPU asynchronous training to accelerator-based full-sync training.
如今,推荐系统(RecSys)包含了大量生产部署的人工智能。基于神经网络的推荐系统与其他领域的深度学习模型不同,它使用高基数分类稀疏特征,需要训练大型嵌入表。在这次演讲中,我们将介绍TorchRec,一个用于推荐系统的PyTorch域库。这个新库提供了通用的稀疏性和并行性原语,使研究人员能够构建最先进的个性化模型并将其部署到生产环境中。在这次演讲中,我们将介绍TorchRec库的构建模块,包括建模原语,如嵌入包和锯齿张量,由FBGEMM驱动的优化推荐系统内核,支持各种嵌入表分区策略的灵活切分器,自动生成优化和高性能切分计划的规划器,支持GPU推理和构建推荐系统模型的通用建模模块。TorchRec库目前用于在Meta上训练大规模推荐模型。我们将介绍TorchRec如何帮助Meta的推荐系统平台从CPU异步训练过渡到基于加速器的全同步训练。
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引用次数: 8
Fourth Knowledge-aware and Conversational Recommender Systems Workshop (KaRS) 第四届知识感知与会话推荐系统研讨会
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3547412
V. W. Anelli, Pierpaolo Basile, Gerard de Melo, F. Donini, Antonio Ferrara, C. Musto, F. Narducci, A. Ragone, M. Zanker
In the last few years, a renewed interest of the research community in conversational recommender systems (CRSs) has been emerging. This is likely due to the massive proliferation of Digital Assistants (DAs) such as Amazon Alexa, Siri, or Google Assistant that are revolutionizing the way users interact with machines. DAs allow users to execute a wide range of actions through an interaction mostly based on natural language utterances. However, although DAs are able to complete tasks such as sending texts, making phone calls, or playing songs, they still remain at an early stage in terms of their recommendation capabilities via a conversation. In addition, we have been witnessing the advent of increasingly precise and powerful recommendation algorithms and techniques able to effectively assess users’ tastes and predict information that may be of interest to them. Most of these approaches rely on the collaborative paradigm (often exploiting machine learning techniques) and neglect the huge amount of knowledge, both structured and unstructured, describing the domain of interest of a recommendation engine. Although very effective in predicting relevant items, collaborative approaches miss some very interesting features that go beyond the accuracy of results and move in the direction of providing novel and diverse results as well as generating explanations for recommended items. Knowledge-aware side information becomes crucial when a conversational interaction is implemented, in particular for preference elicitation, explanation, and critiquing steps.
在过去的几年中,研究界对会话推荐系统(CRSs)重新产生了兴趣。这可能是由于亚马逊Alexa、Siri或谷歌助手等数字助理(DAs)的大规模普及,它们正在彻底改变用户与机器的交互方式。DAs允许用户通过主要基于自然语言话语的交互来执行广泛的操作。然而,尽管DAs能够完成发送文本、打电话或播放歌曲等任务,但就通过对话进行推荐的能力而言,它们仍然处于早期阶段。此外,我们已经见证了越来越精确和强大的推荐算法和技术的出现,这些算法和技术能够有效地评估用户的品味,并预测他们可能感兴趣的信息。这些方法大多依赖于协作范式(通常利用机器学习技术),而忽略了描述推荐引擎感兴趣领域的大量结构化和非结构化知识。尽管协作方法在预测相关项目方面非常有效,但它忽略了一些非常有趣的特征,这些特征超越了结果的准确性,而是朝着提供新颖多样的结果以及为推荐项目生成解释的方向发展。当实现会话交互时,知识感知侧信息变得至关重要,特别是对于偏好引出、解释和批评步骤。
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引用次数: 5
Two-Layer Bandit Optimization for Recommendations 推荐的双层强盗优化
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3547396
Siyong Ma, Puja Das, S. M. Nikolakaki, Qifeng Chen, Humeyra Topcu Altintas
Online commercial app marketplaces serve millions of apps to billions of users in an efficient manner. Bandit optimization algorithms are used to ensure that the recommendations are relevant, and converge to the best performing content over time. However, directly applying bandits to real-world systems, where the catalog of items is dynamic and continuously refreshed, is not straightforward. One of the challenges we face is the existence of several competing content surfacing components, a phenomenon not unusual in large-scale recommender systems. This often leads to challenging scenarios, where improving the recommendations in one component can lead to performance degradation of another, i.e., “cannibalization”. To address this problem we introduce an efficient two-layer bandit approach which is contextualized to user cohorts of similar taste. We mitigate cannibalization at runtime within a single multi-intent content surfacing platform by formalizing relevant offline evaluation metrics, and by involving the cross-component interactions in the bandit rewards. The user engagement in our proposed system has more than doubled as measured by online A/B testings.
在线商业应用程序市场以高效的方式为数十亿用户提供数百万个应用程序。使用Bandit优化算法来确保推荐是相关的,并随着时间的推移收敛到表现最好的内容。然而,直接将强盗应用到现实世界的系统中,其中的项目目录是动态的,并且不断刷新,这并不简单。我们面临的挑战之一是存在几个相互竞争的内容表面组件,这种现象在大规模推荐系统中并不罕见。这通常会导致具有挑战性的场景,其中改进一个组件中的建议可能会导致另一个组件的性能下降,即“同类相食”。为了解决这个问题,我们引入了一种有效的双层强盗方法,该方法被语境化为具有相似品味的用户群。我们通过形式化相关的离线评估指标,以及在强盗奖励中涉及跨组件交互,减轻了单个多意图内容呈现平台在运行时的同类相食。通过在线A/B测试,我们提议的系统的用户参与度增加了一倍多。
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引用次数: 0
A Multi-Stakeholder Recommender System for Rewards Recommendations 奖励推荐的多利益相关者推荐系统
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3547388
Naime Ranjbar Kermany, L. Pizzato, Thireindar Min, Callum Scott, A. Leontjeva
Australia’s largest bank, Commonwealth Bank (CBA) has a large data and analytics function that focuses on building a brighter future for all using data and decision science. In this work, we focus on creating better services for CBA customers by developing a next generation recommender system that brings the most relevant merchant reward offers that can help customers save money. Our recommender provides CBA cardholders with cashback offers from merchants, who have different objectives when they create offers. This work describes a multi-stakeholder, multi-objective problem in the context of CommBank Rewards (CBR) and describes how we developed a system that balances the objectives of the bank, its customers, and the many objectives from merchants into a single recommender system.
澳大利亚最大的银行联邦银行(CBA)拥有大型数据和分析功能,致力于为所有使用数据和决策科学的人创造更光明的未来。在这项工作中,我们专注于为CBA客户提供更好的服务,通过开发下一代推荐系统,提供最相关的商家奖励优惠,帮助客户节省资金。我们的推荐为CBA持卡人提供来自商家的现金返还优惠,他们在创建优惠时有不同的目标。这项工作描述了CommBank Rewards (CBR)背景下的一个多利益相关者、多目标问题,并描述了我们如何开发一个系统,该系统平衡了银行、客户和来自商家的许多目标,并将其整合到一个单一的推荐系统中。
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引用次数: 1
Reusable Self-Attention Recommender Systems in Fashion Industry Applications 时尚行业应用中可重用的自我关注推荐系统
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3547377
Marjan Celikik, Ana Peleteiro-Ramallo, Jacek Wasilewski
A large number of empirical studies on applying self-attention models in the domain of recommender systems are based on offline evaluation and metrics computed on standardized datasets. Moreover, many of them do not consider side information such as item and customer metadata although deep-learning recommenders live up to their full potential only when numerous features of heterogeneous type are included. Also, normally the model is used only for a single use case. Due to these shortcomings, even if relevant, previous works are not always representative of their actual effectiveness in real-world industry applications. In this talk, we contribute to bridging this gap by presenting live experimental results demonstrating improvements in user retention of up to 30%. Moreover, we share our learnings and challenges from building a re-usable and configurable recommender system for various applications from the fashion industry. In particular, we focus on fashion inspiration use-cases, such as outfit ranking, outfit recommendation and real-time personalized outfit generation.
在推荐系统领域应用自关注模型的大量实证研究都是基于在标准化数据集上计算的离线评价和度量。此外,他们中的许多人没有考虑诸如商品和客户元数据之类的附加信息,尽管深度学习推荐只有在包含大量异构类型的特征时才能充分发挥其潜力。此外,通常该模型仅用于单个用例。由于这些缺点,即使相关,以前的工作并不总是代表他们在实际工业应用中的实际效果。在这次演讲中,我们将通过展示用户留存率提高30%的现场实验结果来弥合这一差距。此外,我们还分享了为时尚行业的各种应用程序构建可重用和可配置的推荐系统的经验和挑战。我们特别关注时尚灵感用例,如服装排名、服装推荐和实时个性化服装生成。
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引用次数: 2
An Interpretable Neural Network Model for Bundle Recommendations: Doctoral Symposium, Extended Abstract 束推荐的可解释神经网络模型:博士研讨会,扩展摘要
Pub Date : 2022-09-18 DOI: 10.1145/3523227.3547423
Xinyi Li, E. Malthouse
A users’ preference for a bundle – a set of items that can be purchased together – can be expressed by the utility of this bundle to the user. The multi-attribute utility theory motivate us to characterize the utility of a bundle using its attributes to improve the personalized bundle recommendation systems. This extended abstract for the Doctoral Symposium describes my PhD project for studying the utility of a bundle using its attributes. The steps taken and some preliminary results are presented, with an outline of the future plans.
用户对捆绑包(可以一起购买的一组物品)的偏好可以通过该捆绑包对用户的效用来表示。多属性效用理论激励我们利用捆绑包的属性来描述捆绑包的效用,从而改进个性化的捆绑包推荐系统。这个博士研讨会的扩展摘要描述了我的博士项目,研究使用其属性的bundle的效用。介绍了所采取的步骤和一些初步结果,并概述了未来的计划。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems
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