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Impact Size and Determinants of Indirect Cost of Financial Distress: Role of Receivable and Inventory Management 财务困境间接成本的影响大小和决定因素:应收账款和库存管理的作用
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-12-23 DOI: 10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.2.8
U. Farooq, M. Qamar, K. Reddy
This research investigates the opportunity cost as an indirect cost of financial distress from two perspectives. First, indirect cost is estimated using multi-stage financial distress and non-linear proxy of debt. Second, receivable and inventory management are studied as determinants of indirect cost. The sample includes ongoing Pakistani firms that were healthy in the previous year and documenting positive gross profit. Results showed that firms bear opportunity loss primarily due to leverage rather than multistage financial distress. However, a non-linear relationship is found between leverage and indirect cost. Results further explored the impact of multistage financial distress on internal operations, i.e., working capital policies. It is found that firms manage receivable and inventory simultaneously during the multistage financial distress. Results revealed that increasing receivables and decreasing inventory is suitable during the transition of healthy firms to initial stage of financial distress, i.e., profit reduction. However, decreasing receivables, along with holding more inventory, is recommended for healthy firms that face liquidity problems subsequently. It is concluded that managers can reduce the indirect cost after deploying the optimal debt ratio and recommended receivable and inventory management policies.
本研究从两个角度探讨作为财务困境间接成本的机会成本。首先,利用多阶段财务困境和债务的非线性代理来估计间接成本。其次,研究了应收账款和库存管理作为间接成本的决定因素。样本包括上一年经营状况良好且毛利润为正的巴基斯坦公司。结果表明,企业承担的机会损失主要是由于杠杆而不是多阶段财务困境。然而,杠杆率与间接成本之间存在非线性关系。结果进一步探讨了多阶段财务困境对内部运营(即营运资金政策)的影响。研究发现,在多阶段财务困境中,企业同时管理应收账款和存货。结果表明,在健康企业向财务困境初始阶段(即利润减少)过渡的过程中,增加应收账款和减少库存是合适的。然而,对于随后面临流动性问题的健康公司,建议减少应收账款,同时持有更多库存。结果表明,在采用最优负债率和推荐的应收账款和库存管理政策后,管理者可以降低间接成本。
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引用次数: 0
Busy Boards, Firm Performance and Operating Risk 繁忙的董事会、公司绩效和经营风险
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-12-23 DOI: 10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.2.1
K. Lee, C. Lok
Using a sample of listed firms in Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, this article examines the association between busy board of directors and firm performance. We offer three results. First, we find that firm performance (measured by operating profitability and market-to-book equity) is negatively associated with busy boards. Second, we find that firms with busy boards have higher operating risk (measured by volatility of return on assets, volatility of stock returns and volatility of operating cash flow). Third, we find that the association between firm performance and busy boards is conditional on the firm’s life cycle stage. For firms in the growth stage, busy boards are beneficial to firm performance suggesting that the experience knowledge and reputation accumulated with multiple directorships help busy directors to more effectively advise these firms. In contrast, for firms in the maturity stage of their life cycle, busy boards are detrimental to firm performance suggesting the monitoring role of board is weakened by multiple directorships.
本文以马来西亚、菲律宾、新加坡和泰国的上市公司为样本,考察了董事会忙碌与公司绩效之间的关系。我们提供三种结果。首先,我们发现公司业绩(以营业盈利能力和市净率衡量)与董事会的繁忙程度呈负相关。其次,我们发现董事会忙碌的公司经营风险更高(以资产收益率波动率、股票收益率波动率和经营性现金流波动率衡量)。第三,我们发现公司绩效与董事会忙碌之间的关联取决于公司的生命周期阶段。对于处于成长期的公司来说,忙碌的董事会有利于公司绩效,这表明在多个董事职位上积累的经验、知识和声誉有助于忙碌的董事更有效地为公司提供建议。相反,对于处于生命周期成熟期的公司来说,忙碌的董事会不利于公司绩效,这表明董事会的监督作用被多个董事削弱了。
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引用次数: 4
The Capital Structure of Islamic-Compliant Firms: Is There a Financing Hierarchy? 伊斯兰合规企业的资本结构:是否存在融资层次?
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-12-23 DOI: 10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.2.6
Muncef Guizani
This article examines whether the basic premises according to the pecking order theory (POT) provide an explanation for the capital structure choice of firms operating under Islamic principles. Random effect regressions were performed to test the POT applying data from a sample of 93 Islamic-compliant firms listed on Saudi stock market over the period of 2006 to 2016. The results show that sale-based instruments (Murabahah, Ijara) track the financial deficit quite closely followed by equity financing and as a last alternative to finance deficit, Islamic-compliant firms’ issue Sukuk. In the crisis period, these firms seem more reliant on equity, then on sale-based instrument and on Sukuk as last option. The study findings also indicate that the cumulative financing deficit does not wipe out the effects of conventional variables, although it is empirically significant. This provides no support for the POT attempts by Saudi Islamic-compliant firms.
本文考察了根据等级理论(POT)的基本前提是否为在伊斯兰原则下经营的公司的资本结构选择提供了解释。采用2006年至2016年期间在沙特股市上市的93家伊斯兰合规公司的样本数据进行随机效应回归,以测试POT。结果表明,基于销售的工具(Murabahah,Ijara)跟踪财政赤字,紧随其后的是股权融资,作为财政赤字的最后替代方案,伊斯兰合规公司发行了Sukuk。在危机时期,这些公司似乎更依赖股权,然后是基于销售的工具,最后选择Sukuk。研究结果还表明,累积融资赤字并没有消除传统变量的影响,尽管它在经验上是显著的。这并不支持沙特伊斯兰合规公司的POT尝试。
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引用次数: 0
Managerial Efficiency and Corporate Leverage Policy in Pakistan 巴基斯坦的管理效率与企业杠杆政策
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-12-23 DOI: 10.21315/aamajaf2020/16.2.2
Q. Zaman, M. Hassan, Arshad Hafiz Muhammad, S. Sultan, A. Ashraf
This study aims to observe the relationship between managerial efficiency (ME) and corporate leverage policy. We use data from Pakistani listed firms from 1999 to 2018. In our stepwise methodology, initially, we used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to acquire firm total efficiency (FTE) scores and then Tobit regression to acquire residual values. These residual values are used as a proxy of ME. After employing various definitions of leverage and fixed effect regression technique, the study observes that ME has a positive and significant relationship with leverage. It indicates that efficient managers are more inclined towards debt financing. It also implies that restraining managerial discretion through debt financing may also make them efficient. Therefore, finding partially approves the agency perspective in the case of Pakistan. Overall, this study offers theoretical contributions to better understand the role of ME and leverage and the use of DEA approach. Further, this study is fundamental to observe the ME and leverage concerning agency theory in general, and specifically in the context of Pakistan.
本研究旨在观察管理效率与企业杠杆政策之间的关系。我们使用了1999年至2018年巴基斯坦上市公司的数据。在我们的逐步方法中,最初,我们使用数据包络分析(DEA)来获得企业总效率(FTE)得分,然后使用托比特回归来获得残差值。这些残差值被用作ME的代理。在采用各种杠杆定义和固定效应回归技术后,研究发现ME与杠杆有着积极而显著的关系。这表明有效率的管理者更倾向于债务融资。这也意味着,通过债务融资限制管理层的自由裁量权也可能使其更有效率。因此,调查结果在一定程度上赞同巴基斯坦的机构观点。总体而言,本研究为更好地理解ME和杠杆的作用以及DEA方法的使用提供了理论贡献。此外,本研究对于观察总体上,特别是在巴基斯坦背景下的代理理论的ME和杠杆作用是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 1
When Good Things Turn Bad: Evidence from G-7 Serial Acquirer Bidding 当好事变坏事:G-7系列收单机构投标的证据
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-12-23 DOI: 10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.2.7
I. Yousef
This study investigates the impact of acquirer bidding experience on acquiring abnormal returns based on empirical evidence from a large sample of 10,880 bidders making 23,852 deals from G-7 countries. Both event study and regressions analysis have been used to examine the impact of acquirer bidding experience on acquirer returns. The findings show that “single acquirers” achieve higher returns, with a cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) of 3.354%, but this number tends to decrease with increasing numbers of previous bids. In addition, the results of the bivariate analysis demonstrate that a single acquisition alone generates greater abnormal returns than those which are part of a series of acquisitions, with very robust results even after accounting for additional heterogeneity in payment method, target status and country/industry diversification. The findings of the multivariate analysis also confirm that serial acquirers are associated with significantly lower abnormal returns. This evidence conflicts with the notion that more experience with mergers and acquisitions (M&As) will correspond to improve target valuation and thus lead to more profitable agreements. In contrast, my findings imply that shareholder wealth is destroyed by serial acquirers, which suggests that the goal of maximising firm value is not always the sole motivation for engaging in M&A activities.
本研究基于来自七国集团国家的10880名投标人的经验证据,调查了收购方投标经验对获得异常回报的影响。事件研究和回归分析都被用来检验收购方投标经验对收购方回报的影响。研究结果显示,“单一收购方”获得了更高的回报,累计平均异常回报率(CAAR)为3.354%,但这一数字往往会随着先前投标数量的增加而下降。此外,双变量分析的结果表明,单笔收购产生的异常回报比一系列收购的异常回报更大,即使考虑到支付方法、目标地位和国家/行业多元化方面的额外异质性,结果也非常稳健。多元分析的结果也证实了连续收购者与显著较低的异常回报率相关。这一证据与以下观点相冲突,即更多的并购经验将有助于提高目标估值,从而达成更有利可图的协议。相比之下,我的研究结果表明,股东财富被连续收购者摧毁,这表明公司价值最大化的目标并不总是参与并购活动的唯一动机。
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引用次数: 0
Does Foreign Ownership Restrict Earnings Management? The Case of China 外资所有权限制盈余管理吗?中国的案例
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-08-14 DOI: 10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.1.4
Sang Ho Kim, Y. An, Prabu Udawatte
This study examines the effects of foreign ownership on Chinese firms’ earnings management practices. Given that foreign shareholders are expected to increase the transparency of the firm’s management, this study anticipates that foreign ownership would restrict earnings management of both the accrual-based earnings management (AEM), and real activity-based earnings management (REM). Using the panel dataset of the B-share and H-share firms from 2003 to 2015, this study finds that the H-share firms which cross-listed on both the mainland China and Hong Kong Stock Exchanges are more likely to manage earnings through the discretionary accruals as well as the changes in the firms’ operations. In contrast the B-share firms are less likely to manage earnings by using the discretionary accruals. This study also finds that state control and large shareholdings of foreigners can restrict the B-share firms’ earnings management through the discretionary accruals. The findings noted in this study imply that foreign investors who want to invest in Chinese firms must be more cautious about market inefficiency and the information asymmetry problem in the Chinese stock markets.
这项研究考察了外国所有权对中国企业的影响™ 盈余管理实践。鉴于外国股东有望提高公司的透明度™本研究预计,外国所有权将限制基于权责发生制的盈余管理(AEM)和基于实际活动的盈余管理。利用2003年至2015年B股和H股公司的面板数据集,本研究发现,在中国大陆和香港证券交易所交叉上市的H股公司更有可能通过可自由支配应计项目以及公司利润的变化来管理收益™ 操作。相比之下,B股公司不太可能通过使用可自由支配的应计项目来管理收益。这项研究还发现,国家控制和外国人的大量持股会限制B股公司的™ 通过可自由支配的应计项目进行盈余管理。这项研究的结果表明,想要投资中国公司的外国投资者必须对中国股市的市场效率低下和信息不对称问题更加谨慎。
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引用次数: 0
Geographic Variation in Religiosity and Its Impact of Dividend Policies 宗教信仰的地理变异及其股利政策的影响
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-08-14 DOI: 10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.1.6
Omar Farooq, Mukhammadfoik Bakhadirov, Neveen Ahmed
The main aim of this research is to document the relationship between geographical variations in the religiosity levels and the dividend policies adopted by firms. Using the data provided by the Gallup International, we test our arguments on the firms headquartered in different states of the United States. Our results show that firms headquartered in states with high level of religiosity have higher payout ratios than firms headquartered in states with low level of religiosity. These are results are robust across various proxies of religiosity and dividend policies (decision to pay dividend, decision to increase dividend, and dividend yield). We also show that value of dividend payouts is higher in states with high level of religiosity. We extend prior literature by also documenting the moderating role of religiosity for the value of dividend policy
本研究的主要目的是记录宗教程度的地理差异与公司采取的股息政策之间的关系。利用盖洛普国际提供的数据,我们在总部设在美国不同州的公司身上验证了我们的论点。我们的研究结果表明,总部设在宗教虔诚度高的州的公司比总部设在宗教虔诚度低的州的公司有更高的派息率。这些结果在宗教信仰和股息政策(支付股息的决定、增加股息的决定和股息收益率)的各种代理中都是稳健的。我们还表明,在宗教信仰程度高的州,股息支付的价值更高。我们扩展了先前的文献,也记录了宗教信仰对股利政策价值的调节作用
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引用次数: 3
Impact of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Succession Policy on CEO Turnover Announcement in Malaysia 马来西亚首席执行官继任政策对首席执行官离职公告的影响
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-08-14 DOI: 10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.1.7
Shubasini Sivapregasam, A. Selamat, N. A. Rahim, J. Muhammad
This paper presents a fresh perspective on chief executive officer (CEO) turnover, where the impact of CEO turnover on firm value is analysed based on whether the removal is planned or unplanned. A total of 146 announcements for ten years in Malaysia is examined using an event study method. The results indicate that, in general, CEO turnover announcements cause a significant reaction due to changes in the firm’s investment decisions. Specifically, a significant positive impact exists when CEO turnover occurs as planned. In a planned turnover, the negative news of the removal of the CEO is immediately minimised with the positive news of a CEO appointment, indicating the positive impact of establishing a CEO succession plan on firm value. This finding adds new knowledge to the current literature and allows policymakers to examine the establishment of a CEO succession policy.
本文提出了一个关于首席执行官(CEO)更替的新视角,其中CEO更替对公司价值的影响是基于撤换是计划的还是计划外的。本文采用事件研究方法,对马来西亚十年来的146份公告进行了研究。研究结果表明,总体而言,CEO离职公告会引起公司投资决策变化的显著反应。具体而言,当CEO离职按计划发生时,存在显著的正向影响。在有计划的更替中,CEO离职的负面消息立即被任命CEO的正面消息所最小化,这表明建立CEO继任计划对公司价值的积极影响。这一发现为现有文献增加了新的知识,并使政策制定者能够审视CEO继任政策的建立。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Practices and Performance in Shariah Firms: Agency or Stakeholder Theory? Shariah公司的环境、社会和治理(ESG)实践与绩效:代理理论还是利益相关者理论?
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-08-14 DOI: 10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.1.1
S. Lee, M. Isa
This study examines the impact of ESG (environmental, social and governance) practices on financial performance for a sample of MSCI World Islamic Index firms over the period 2010–2017. We also test whether ESG engagement should be considered an agency or stakeholder issue. Our sample consists of 461 Shariah-compliant firms from 20 countries that are included in the MSCI World Islamic Index. Firms’ involvement in ESG activities is taken from the Thomson Reuters ASSET4 database. The results reveal that ESG aggregate and its individual dimensions are positively related to firm performance, which is consistent with the stakeholder theory. We do not find evidence that ESG is associated with agency problems. The findings suggest that combined ESG and Shariah screenings can increase firm value, enhance more ethical, responsible and transparent practices and thus, create new markets for potential investors.
本研究以摩根士丹利资本国际世界伊斯兰指数公司为样本,考察了2010 - - 2017年期间ESG(环境、社会和治理)实践对财务绩效的影响。我们还测试了ESG参与是否应被视为机构或利益相关者的问题。我们的样本包括来自20个国家的461家符合伊斯兰教法的公司,这些公司被纳入MSCI世界伊斯兰指数。公司参与ESG活动的数据来自汤森路透资产数据库。结果表明,ESG总量及其个体维度与企业绩效呈正相关,这与利益相关者理论一致。我们没有发现证据表明ESG与代理问题有关。研究结果表明,ESG和伊斯兰教法相结合的审查可以增加公司价值,增强更道德、更负责任和更透明的做法,从而为潜在投资者创造新的市场。
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引用次数: 41
Asymmetric Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Import and Export Prices for Turkey: A Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) Approach 土耳其进出口价格的非对称汇率传导:非线性自回归分布滞后(NARDL)方法
IF 0.9 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-08-14 DOI: 10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.1.2
S. Simonyan
This paper re-examines the exchange rate pass-through into trade prices in Turkey to observe possible asymmetries. This exercise is done using a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. We provide empirical evidence that the impact of exchange rate into import and export prices are asymmetric, meaning that the export and import prices respond differently to a change in exchange rate depending on the direction. Moreover, we observe that the pass-through coefficients decline after Turkey adopts floating exchange rate regime. This result has important implications in terms of monetary policy.
本文重新考察了土耳其的汇率传递到贸易价格,以观察可能的不对称。这个练习是使用非线性自回归分布滞后(NARDL)模型完成的。我们提供的经验证据表明,汇率对进出口价格的影响是不对称的,这意味着出口和进口价格对汇率变化的反应取决于方向。此外,我们观察到土耳其采用浮动汇率制度后,传递系数下降。这一结果在货币政策方面具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance
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