Tropical Cyclone Research and Review最新文献

The trends in annual precipitation and wind induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) over Shanghai during the last 40 years are estimated. Results indicate that there is a significant increasing trend in the annual total precipitation induced by TCs, which is related to the significant positive trends in daily precipitation and annual torrential rain days. Meanwhile, a significant decreasing trend shows in maximum sustained wind, which seems to be related to the downward trend in the intensity of TCs when affecting Shanghai. The annual frequencies of affected TCs, TC translation speed and distance from Shanghai when affecting Shanghai have no obvious tendency. The different trends in precipitation and wind suggested that a more comprehensive metric for assessing TCs' influence on society is necessary.

Hurricane or Cyclone is an extreme environment and climate event that has both long-term and short-term impact, and produces environmental emergency displacement. This study has focused on two devastating cyclone disaster events in the 21st century: Hurricane Katrina in 2005 in the USA and Cyclone Sidr in 2007 in Bangladesh. By using secondary-based research and comparative case study technique, this study focuses on different considerations of governmental policy approaches and responses such as encouraging displacement through resettlement or relocation planning, providing resilience-oriented practices or in-situ adaptation practices; discouraging migration by providing soft policies such as rapid response and distribution plan, insurance, tax policies, incentives etc. in Hurricane Katrina and Cyclone Sidr. By highlighting the above considerations, this study found that developing policy at national level as well as strategic and operational measures at state/local level, integrating rights, resilience and relocation issues with existing relevant policies and programs and active community-based preparedness programs can reduce human displacement from hurricane or cyclone disaster.

With the impacts of rapid urbanization and climate change, the urban flood has increasingly become a major hazard risk faced by human being in recent decades. The catastrophic urban flood events appear every year in the world, especially in Asia and Pacific region due to its geographical composition, density population and un-even economic and social development. To reduce the urban flood risk and enhance the resilience of vulnerable communities, especially coastal communities, the Members of ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee (TC) have made their great efforts including engineering and non-engineering measures based on their different national conditions. As a key part of non-engineering measures, it is recognized that improving urban flood monitoring and forecasting is a measure with high benefit related to cost on urban flood risk reduction. In recent years, TC Members enhanced their capacity building on urban flood monitoring, forecasting and simulation, inundation mapping, etc. In order to enhance the technical cooperation and exchange on this aspect, Typhoon Committee Working Group on Hydrology (WGH) conducted two projects on “Urban Flood Risk Management in Typhoon Committee Area (UFRM)” and “Operation System for Urban Flood Forecasting and Inundation Mapping (OSUFFIM)” in the past years. This paper generally reviewed the situation and causes of urban flood in TC region; briefly summarized the progresses and shortages on urban flood monitoring and forecasting in TC Members; and initially discussed the areas to be enhanced in future for improvement of urban flood monitoring, forecasting and simulation, and inundation mapping with up-to-date development of weather radar and satellite monitoring, image-based monitoring, information technology (IT), Internet of Things (IoT), big data and artificial intelligence (AI).

Tropical cyclone (TC)-related rainfall mostly depends on the atmospheric moisture uptake from local and remote sources. In this study, the mean water vapour residence time (MWVRT) was computed for precipitation related to TCs in each basin and on a global scale by applying a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic method. According to our results, the highest MWVRT was found for the TCs over the South Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean basins (∼3.08 days), followed by the Western North Pacific Ocean, Central and East North Pacific Ocean, North Indian Ocean, and North Atlantic Ocean basins (which exhibited values of 2.98, 2.94, 2.85, and 2.72 days, respectively). We also found a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in MWVRT, at a rate of ∼2.4 h/decade in the North Indian Ocean and ∼1.0 h/decade in the remaining basins. On average, the MWVRT decreased during the 24 h before TCs made landfall, and the atmospheric parcels precipitated faster after evaporation when TCs moved over land than over the ocean. Further research should focus on the relationship between global warming and MWVRT of atmospheric parcels that precipitate over TC positions.

We examine a hierarchy of minimal conceptual models for tropical cyclone intensification. These models are framed mostly in terms of axisymmetric balance dynamics. In the first set of models, the heating rate is prescribed in such a way to mimic a deep overturning circulation with convergence in the lower troposphere and divergence in the upper troposphere, characteristic of a region of deep moist convection. In the second set, the heating rate is related explicitly to the latent heat release of ascending air parcels. The release of latent heat markedly reduces the local static stability of ascending air, raising two possibilities in the balance framework. The first possibility is that the effective static stability and the related discriminant in the Eliassen equation for the overturning circulation in saturated air, although small, remains positive so the Eliassen equation is globally elliptic. The second possibility, the more likely one during vortex intensification, is that the effective static stability in saturated air is negative and the Eliassen equation becomes locally hyperbolic. These models help to understand the differences between the early Ooyama models of 1968 and 1969, the Emanuel, 1989 model, and the later Emanuel models of 1995, 1997 and 2012. They provide insight also into the popular explanation of the WISHE feedback mechanism for tropical cyclone intensification. Some implications for recent work are discussed.

Forecasting wind structure of tropical cyclone (TC) is vital in assessment of impact due to high winds using Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model. The usual verification technique on TC wind structure forecasts are based on grid-to-grid comparisons between forecast field and the actual field. However, precision of traditional verification measures is easily affected by small scale errors and thus cannot well discriminate the accuracy or effectiveness of NWP model forecast. In this study, the Method for Object-Based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE), which has been widely adopted in verifying precipitation fields, is utilized in TC's wind field verification for the first time. The TC wind field forecast of deterministic NWP model and Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) over the western North Pacific and the South China Sea in 2020 were evaluated. A MODE score of 0.5 is used as a threshold value to represent a skillful (or good) forecast. It is found that the R34 (radius of 34 knots) wind field structure forecasts within 72 h are good regardless of DET or EPS. The performance of R50 and R64 is slightly worse but the R50 forecasts within 48 h remain good, with MODE exceeded 0.5. The R64 forecast within 48 h are worth for reference as well with MODE of around 0.5. This study states that the TC wind field structure forecast by ECMWF is skillful for TCs over the western North Pacific and the South China Sea.

Present research is an endeavour to scrutinise the spatio-temporal climatic characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) bustle in the Bay of Bengal basin, found in RSMC-IMD data all through 1971–2020. A large number of TCs, i.e. 121 with a decadal average of 35.2 TCs has been examined for the last 50 years where depression (D) and deep depression (DD) have not been taken into account as these are less violent in nature. During the study periods, inter-annual and inter-decadal variation in cyclogenesis, landfall, length, speed, track shape and sinuosity, energy metrics and damage profile have been perceived. The study is clearly showing TCs took the northward track during the pre-monsoon season and made their landfall across the coasts of Bangladesh and Myanmar, while post-monsoon TCs made their landfall directly on the coasts of Orissa and West Bengal. In the post-monsoon phase, VF, ACE and PDI are significantly higher than in the monsoon season in the case of TCs and higher in the pre-monsoon season than in the monsoon season in the case of TCs comparing the energy metrics in different seasons. TC activity is comparatively pronounced during La Niña and El Niño regimes respectively and the genesis position in the BoB is moves to the east (west) of 87° E. During the cold regime, the number of extreme TC above the VSCS category, increased intensely. It is believed that the research findings will help stakeholders of the nation to take accurate strides to combat such violent events with persistent intensification.

The cyclone tracks from 1877 to 2020 were analyzed to detect the spatial and temporal intensity. The tracks were gathered from previously published works. The previous articles' tracks were digitized and converted to shape files for analysis in Arc-GIS. A total 126 cyclone tracks were used to detect monthly and seasonal cyclone intensity and spatial variations. The fluctuations were examined over a 30-year period, which is believed to be the climate of a particular location. Tropical cyclones hit the Bay of Bengal's coast starting in May and lasting until December. In May and October, the number of cyclones is at its peak (26 nos in each month). From June through September, the number of cyclones fell. In October and November, the number of cyclones increased dramatically. The number of cyclones substantially fell in December, and no cyclones were observed from January through March. From 1939 through 1969, the highest number of cyclones (36) was recorded. In the mid- and late-twentieth century, there were a higher number of cyclones. The coastal region of Bangladesh suffered the fewest cyclones in history over the recent era (2001–2020). The western shore was particularly vulnerable from 1877 to 1907, and the entire coastal region was dangerous from 1908 to 2000. In the Post-monsoon (October to December) season, the number of cyclones is lower than in the Monsoon period (May to September). In the pre-monsoon season, 71 cyclones strike, while in the Monsoon season, 53 cyclones strike.

Based on the typhoon track and intensity data and the precipitation data of typhoon in China during 1961–2020, the overall characteristics of the rainstorm in Fujian caused by typhoon passing though Taiwan Island were studied. More than 80 percent of typhoons passing though the Taiwan Island can bring heavy rain to Fujian. There are 1.5 events of typhoon rainstorm in Fujian every year, and the average annual impact days are 3.0. In terms of spatial distribution, the frequency and intensity of cross-island typhoon rainstorm decrease rapidly from the coastal areas of Fujian to the inland areas, and Zherong, Changle and Jiu xianshan stations in the coastal areas are the high value centers. The typhoon paths of cross-island typhoon rainstorm in Fujian are mainly divided into three categories: landing-Fujian type (including landing-Fujian northeast turning, landing-Fujian middle northbound and landing-Fujian south westbound), landing-Guangdong and Zhejiang type and offshore turning type, among which landing-Fujian type typhoon has the most significant influence(only the landing-Fujian type appears the rainstorm of ≥50 mm·(24 h)⁻¹), and the rainstorm intensity, influence range and asymmetrical structure of the rainstorm are the strongest, the most extensive and the most significant in the landing-Fujian middle northbound path. Based on the NCEP reanalysis data, the comparative analysis of the environmental fields causing the difference of precipitation intensity between the two typhoons landing-Fujian middle northbound and landing-Fujian south westbound shows that: To the landing-Fujian middle northbound track, strong wind speed area on the north side of the typhoon center leads to strong onshore winds, in the role of mountain terrain, piedmont has better convergence and very strong deep vertical upward movement, with better moisture conditions, it can send low high-energy water vapor to the middle, the precipitation dynamics and water vapor conditions are significantly stronger than the landing-Fujian south westbound track, resulting in more typhoon heavy rain.

This study summarized the procedure for the seasonal predictions of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP), which is currently operating at the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), Republic of Korea. The methodology was briefly described, and its prediction accuracy was verified. Seasonal predictions were produced by synthesizing spatiotemporal evolutions of various climate factors such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), monsoon activity, and Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), using four models: a statistical, a dynamical, and two statistical–dynamical models. The KMA forecaster predicted the number of TCs over the WNP based on the results of the four models and season to season climate variations. The seasonal prediction of TCs is announced through the press twice a year, for the summer on May and fall on August. The present results showed low accuracy during the period 2014–2020. To advance forecast skill, a set of recommendations are suggested.