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Muon radiography to visualise individual fuel rods in sealed casks Muon射线照相术,用于可视化密封容器中的单个燃料棒
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.1051/EPJN/2021010
T. Braunroth, N. Berner, F. Rowold, M. P'eridis, M. Stuke
Cosmic-ray muons can be used for the non-destructive imaging of spent nuclear fuel in sealed dry storage casks. The scattering data of the muons after traversing provides information on the thereby penetrated materials. Based on these properties, we investigate and discuss the theoretical feasibility of detecting single missing fuel rods in a sealed cask for the first time. We perform simulations of a vertically standing generic cask model loaded with fuel assemblies from a pressurized water reactor and muon detectors placed above and below the cask. By analysing the scattering angles and applying a significance ratio based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic we conclude that missing rods can be reliably identified in a reasonable measuring time period depending on their position in the assembly and cask, and on the angular acceptance criterion of the primary, incoming muons.
宇宙射线μ介子可用于密封干燥贮存容器中乏核燃料的无损成像。μ介子在穿过之后的散射数据提供了关于由此穿透的材料的信息。基于这些特性,我们首次研究并讨论了在密封容器中检测单个缺失燃料棒的理论可行性。我们对装有压水反应堆燃料组件和放置在容器上方和下方的μ介子探测器的垂直立式通用容器模型进行了模拟。通过分析散射角并应用基于Kolmogorov-Smirnov试验统计的显著性比,我们得出结论,根据缺失棒在组件和容器中的位置以及主要入射μ介子的角度验收标准,可以在合理的测量时间内可靠地识别缺失棒。
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引用次数: 1
Prediction of crack propagation kinetics through multipoint stochastic simulations of microscopic fields 基于多点随机模拟的裂纹扩展动力学预测
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/EPJN/2021001
Etienne Le Mire, E. Burger, B. Iooss, C. Mai
Prediction of crack propagation kinetics in the components of nuclear plant primary circuits undergoing Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) can be improved by a refinement of the SCC models. One of the steps in the estimation of the time to rupture is the crack propagation criterion. Current models make use of macroscopic measures (e.g. stress, strain) obtained for instance using the Finite Element Method. To go down to the microscopic scale and use local measures, a two-step approach is proposed. First, synthetic microstructures representing the material under specific loadings are simulated, and their quality is validated using statistical measures. Second, the shortest path to rupture in terms of propagation time is computed, and the distribution of those synthetic times to rupture is compared with the time to rupture estimated only from macroscopic values. The first step is realized with the cross-correlation-based simulation (CCSIM), a multipoint simulation algorithm that produces synthetic stochastic fields from a training field. The Earth Mover’s Distance is the metric which allows to assess the quality of the realizations. The computation of shortest paths is realized using Dijkstra’s algorithm. This approach allows to obtain a refinement in the prediction of the kinetics of crack propagation compared to the macroscopic approach. An influence of the loading conditions on the distribution of the computed synthetic times to rupture was observed, which could be reduced through a more robust use of the CCSIM.
通过对应力腐蚀裂纹模型的改进,可以改善核电站一次回路部件应力腐蚀裂纹扩展动力学的预测。估计断裂时间的步骤之一是裂纹扩展准则。目前的模型使用宏观测量(如应力、应变),例如使用有限元法获得。为了深入到微观尺度并使用局部措施,提出了两步方法。首先,模拟了在特定载荷下代表材料的合成微观结构,并用统计方法验证了它们的质量。其次,计算了从传播时间出发的最短破裂路径,并将这些合成的破裂时间与仅从宏观值估计的破裂时间的分布进行了比较。第一步采用基于交叉相关的仿真算法(CCSIM)实现,这是一种从训练场生成合成随机场的多点仿真算法。推动者的距离是一个度量,它允许评估实现的质量。最短路径的计算采用Dijkstra算法实现。与宏观方法相比,这种方法可以在裂纹扩展动力学的预测中得到改进。观察到加载条件对计算的合成断裂时间分布的影响,可以通过更稳健地使用CCSIM来减少这种影响。
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引用次数: 2
A multivariate representation of compressed pin-by-pin cross sections 压缩针接针截面的多元表示
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/EPJN/2021006
D. Tomatis
Since the 80’s, industrial core calculations employ the two-step scheme based on prior cross sections preparation with few energy groups and in homogenized reference geometries. Spatial homogenization in the fuel assembly quarters is the most frequent calculation option nowadays, relying on efficient nodal solvers using a coarse mesh. Pin-wise reaction rates are then reconstructed by dehomogenization techniques. The future trend of core calculations is moving however toward pin-by-pin explicit representations, where few-group cross sections are homogenized in the single pins at many physical conditions and many nuclides are selected for the simplified depletion chains. The resulting data model requires a considerable memory occupation on disk-files and the time needed to evaluate all data exceeds the limits for practical feasibility of multi-physics reactor calculations. In this work, we study the compression of pin-by-pin homogenized cross sections by the Hotelling transform in typical PWR fuel assemblies. The reconstruction of these quantities at different physical states of the assembly is then addressed by interpolation of only a few compressed coefficients, instead of interpolating separately each homogenized cross section. Savings in memory higher than 90% are observed, which result in important gains in runtime when interpolating the few-group data.
自20世纪80年代以来,工业堆芯计算采用两步方案,该方案基于较少能量群和均匀参考几何形状的先前截面准备。燃料组件区域的空间均匀化是目前最常用的计算选项,它依赖于使用粗网格的高效节点求解器。然后通过脱均质技术重建针方向的反应速率。然而,核心计算的未来趋势是向针接针的显式表示方向发展,在许多物理条件下,在单个针中均匀化少数基团截面,并选择许多核素用于简化耗尽链。所得到的数据模型需要占用磁盘文件的相当大的内存,并且评估所有数据所需的时间超过了多物理场反应堆计算的实际可行性的限制。在这项工作中,我们研究了典型的压水堆燃料组件的Hotelling变换对pin-by-pin均质截面的压缩。这些量在装配的不同物理状态下的重建,然后通过仅插值几个压缩系数来解决,而不是单独插值每个均匀截面。可以观察到内存节省超过90%,这在插入少量组数据时在运行时带来了重要的收益。
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引用次数: 3
VVUQ of a thermal-hydraulic multi-scale tool on unprotected loss of flow accident in SFR reactor SFR堆无保护失流事故的热液多尺度工具VVUQ
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/EPJN/2021002
N. Marie, Simon Li, A. Marrel, M. Marquès, S. Bajard, A. Tosello, Jorge Perez, Baptiste Grosjean, A. Gerschenfeld, M. Anderhuber, Chotaire Geffray, Y. Gorsse, G. Mauger, L. Matteo
Within the framework of the French 4th-generation Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor safety assessment, methodology on VVUQ (Verification, Validation, Uncertainty Quantification) is conducted to demonstrate that the CEA's thermal-hydraulic Scientific Computation Tools (SCTs) are effective and operational for design and safety studies purposes on this type of reactor. This VVUQ-based qualification is a regulatory requirement from the French Nuclear Safety Authority (NSA). In this paper, the current practice of VVUQ approach application for a SFR accidental transient is described with regard to the NSA requirements. It constitutes the first practical, progressively improvable approach. As the SCT is qualified for a given version on a given scenario, the transient related to a total unprotected station blackout has been selected. As it is a very complex multi-scale transient, the SCT MATHYS (which is a coupling of the CATHARE2 tool at system scale, TrioMC tool at component scale and TrioCFD tool at local scale) is used. This paper presents the preliminary VVUQ application to the qualification of this tool on this selected transient. In addition, this work underlines some feedback on design and R&D aspects that should be addressed in the future to improve the SCT.
在法国第四代钠冷快堆安全评估的框架内,对VVUQ(验证、确认、不确定性量化)进行了方法学研究,以证明CEA的热工水力科学计算工具(sct)在这类反应堆的设计和安全研究中是有效和可操作的。这种基于vvuq的资格是法国核安全局(NSA)的监管要求。本文从NSA的要求出发,介绍了VVUQ方法在SFR事故暂态中的应用现状。这是第一个实用的、可逐步改进的方法。由于SCT适用于给定场景下的给定版本,因此选择了与完全无保护的站点停电相关的瞬态。由于它是一个非常复杂的多尺度瞬变,因此使用SCT MATHYS(它是系统尺度上的CATHARE2工具,组件尺度上的TrioMC工具和局部尺度上的TrioCFD工具的耦合)。本文介绍了VVUQ的初步应用,以确定该工具对选定的瞬态。此外,这项工作强调了设计和研发方面的一些反馈,这些反馈应该在未来得到解决,以改进SCT。
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引用次数: 2
Estimation of the vitrified canister production for a PWR fleet with the CLASS code 具有CLASS代码的压水堆机队玻璃化罐生产的估计
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjn/2021020
Léa Tillard, X. Doligez, G. Senentz, M. Ernoult, Jiali Liang, N. Thiollière
This article presents an assessment of fuel cycle parameter impact on waste production through the prism of vitrified container and minor actinide masses, using a scenario simulated with the CLASS code. The number of canister introduces a new focus on waste production estimation for a nuclear fleet, as it helps to set the repository size for deep geological disposal of high level waste. To evaluate the number of canisters, dedicated developments to model a simplified waste vitrification unit in the CLASS package are presented. It relies on artificial neural network estimations of decay heat, α radiation and mass content, for different material flow coming from reprocessing and sent to vitrification. Then, the studied scenario considers a transition from a PWRs plutonium mono-recycling fleet to a plutonium multi-recycling fleet. Vitrified waste container production is calculated as a function of different material reprocessing options. Simulations shows that up to 19% variation may be observed (in 2060) in canisters’ total number depending on the different assumptions. Impact of vitrification parameters such as the size of buffer before vitrification is also analysed and the importance of mixing material coming from MOX and MIX spent fuels with material from UOX spent fuels is clearly established.
本文通过玻璃化容器和少量锕系元素质量的棱镜,使用CLASS代码模拟的场景,评估燃料循环参数对废物产生的影响。储罐的数量引入了对核废料产生估计的新关注,因为它有助于确定深地质处置高放射性废料的储存库大小。为了评估罐的数量,在CLASS包装中提出了简化废物玻璃化单元的专用开发模型。它依靠人工神经网络对来自后处理和玻璃化的不同物料流的衰变热、α辐射和质量含量进行估计。然后,所研究的情景考虑了从钚单循环机组到钚多循环机组的过渡。玻璃化废物容器的产量作为不同材料再处理方案的函数进行计算。模拟表明,根据不同的假设,到2060年,罐的总数可能会有19%的变化。还分析了玻璃化前缓冲液大小等玻璃化参数的影响,并明确了将来自MOX和MIX乏燃料的材料与来自UOX乏燃料的材料混合的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
A hybrid approach for neutronics calculations in the neutron shielding of sodium fast reactors 钠快堆中子屏蔽中子计算的混合方法
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjn/2021016
Amine Hajji, C. Coquelet-Pascal, P. Blaise
Neutron calculations in the neutron shielding of fast neutron reactors are a complex problem as deterministic schemes are usually not suited for such calculations while Monte-Carlo codes have poor computational performance due to the very low flux levels in neutron shields. In this article, both methods are studied, as well as a hybrid scheme on the neutron shielding of the ASTRID fast reactor benchmark. This hybrid scheme uses a fission source calculated by a deterministic code in order to precisely calculate neutron fluxes in the shielding with a Monte-Carlo code using variance reduction techniques. This provides reference results in order to validate deterministic calculations. Comparisons between deterministic codes and this hybrid reference show that large biases are obtained, up to 50%. Further studies are made to reduce the biases, showing that many physical phenomena should be treated, including anisotropy of the scattering law at high energies and spatial self-shielding inside the boron carbide shielding. These improvements reduce the biases to less than 10%. Finally, some applications to designing criteria for the neutron shielding are presented, such as gas production in the neutron shielding and activation of secondary sodium at the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX).
快中子反应堆中子屏蔽中的中子计算是一个复杂的问题,确定性格式通常不适合此类计算,而由于中子屏蔽中的通量水平非常低,蒙特卡罗编码的计算性能很差。本文对这两种方法进行了研究,并对ASTRID快堆基准中子屏蔽的混合方案进行了研究。该混合方案采用确定性码计算的裂变源,利用方差约简技术用蒙特卡罗码精确计算屏蔽层中的中子通量。这为验证确定性计算提供了参考结果。在确定性代码和这种混合参考之间的比较表明,获得了很大的偏差,高达50%。进一步的研究表明,需要处理的物理现象包括高能散射规律的各向异性和碳化硼屏蔽层内部的空间自屏蔽。这些改进将偏差降低到10%以下。最后介绍了中子屏蔽设计准则的一些应用,如中子屏蔽的产气量和中间换热器二次钠的活化。
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引用次数: 0
NMB4.0: development of integrated nuclear fuel cycle simulator from the front to back-end NMB4.0:从前端到后端的一体化核燃料循环模拟器开发
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjn/2021019
T. Okamura, R. Katano, A. Oizumi, K. Nishihara, M. Nakase, H. Asano, K. Takeshita
Nuclear Material Balance code version 4.0 (NMB4.0) has been developed through collaborative R&D between TokyoTech&JAEA. Conventional nuclear fuel cycle simulation codes mainly analyze actinides and are specialized for front-end mass balance analysis. However, quantitative back-end simulation has recently become necessary for considering R&D strategies and sustainable nuclear energy utilization. Therefore, NMB4.0 was developed to realize the integrated nuclear fuel cycle simulation from front- to back-end. There are three technical features in NMB4.0: 179 nuclides are tracked, more than any other code, throughout the nuclear fuel cycle; the Okamura explicit method is implemented, which contributes to reducing the numerical cost while maintaining the accuracy of depletion calculations on nuclides with a shorter half-life; and flexibility of back-end simulation is achieved. The main objective of this paper is to show the newly developed functions, made for integrated back-end simulation, and verify NMB4.0 through a benchmark study to show the computational performance.
核物质平衡代码版本4.0 (NMB4.0)是通过东京科技和日本原子能公司的合作研发开发的。传统的核燃料循环模拟程序主要分析锕系元素,专门用于前端质量平衡分析。然而,定量后端模拟最近成为考虑研发战略和可持续核能利用的必要条件。为此,开发了NMB4.0,实现了从前端到后端的一体化核燃料循环仿真。NMB4.0有三个技术特点:在整个核燃料循环中跟踪179种核素,比任何其他代码都多;采用Okamura显式方法,降低了数值成本,同时保持了半衰期较短的核素耗散计算的准确性;实现了后端仿真的灵活性。本文的主要目的是展示新开发的功能,为集成后端仿真而制作,并通过基准测试研究验证NMB4.0的计算性能。
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引用次数: 3
The heuristically-based generalized perturbation theory 基于启发式的广义扰动理论
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/EPJN/2021003
A. Gandini
The generalized perturbation method is described relevant to ratios of bi-linear functionals of the real and adjoint neutron fluxes of critical multiplying systems. Simple linear analysis for optimization and sensitivity studies are then feasible relative to spectrum and space-dependent quantities, such as Doppler and coolant void reactivity effects in fast reactors.
描述了与临界倍增系统实中子通量和伴随中子通量的双线性泛函比值有关的广义摄动方法。简单的线性分析优化和灵敏度研究是可行的相对于频谱和空间依赖的数量,如多普勒和冷却剂空洞反应性效应在快堆。
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引用次数: 1
Massimo Salvatores: integral experiments and their use for the validation of nuclear data and the neutronic design of advanced nuclear systems 马西莫·塞尔瓦托:整体实验及其在核数据验证和先进核系统中子设计中的应用
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjn/2021007
G. Palmiotti, P. Blaise, F. Mellier
Among the many domains of reactor physics on which Massimo Salvatores gave his considerable contributions, he was particularly passionate about integral experiments. In this paper, we make a review of selected experimental campaigns among the numerous ones he has promoted, conceived, designed, directed, or analyzed. They have been regrouped in a temporal sequence corresponding to the different periods of Massimo's career, which exceeded 50 years. When possible, for each of the experiments we provide a brief description, the goal for which it was conceived and carried out, and the practical impact on validation and design improvement. Finally, the conclusions offer thoughts and suggestions for the future of the integral experiments and a possible way of honoring the invaluable legacy that Massimo Salvatores has left to us.
在反应堆物理学的许多领域中,马西莫·塞尔瓦托斯做出了相当大的贡献,他对积分实验尤其感兴趣。在本文中,我们对他所推动、构思、设计、指导或分析的众多实验活动中的一些实验活动进行了回顾。马西莫的职业生涯超过50年,这些照片按照不同时期的时间顺序被重新组合。在可能的情况下,我们为每个实验提供了一个简短的描述,它被构思和执行的目标,以及对验证和设计改进的实际影响。最后,本文的结论为整体实验的未来提供了思考和建议,并提出了一种可能的方式来纪念Massimo Salvatores留给我们的宝贵遗产。
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引用次数: 1
Impact of disruption between options of plutonium multi-recycling in PWRs and in SFRs PWRs和SFRs中钚多重回收方案之间中断的影响
IF 0.5 Q3 NUCLEAR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjn/2021018
Jiali Liang, M. Ernoult, X. Doligez, S. David, N. Thiollière
During the recent ten years, the estimation of future uranium demands has changed greatly, and SFR competitiveness is called again into question. In this context, a planning of plutonium multi-recycling in PWRs for the near-term decades has been announced in France, which replaces the objective of future SFR deployment. However, the mid-term policy concerning the future reactor system is always uncertain, and the demand of SFR deployment may re-increase significantly. This study looks into this possibility and analyzes the consequences of such back and forth between different plutonium multi-recycling strategies. The newly developed methodology of robustness assessment is applied to the problem, considering the objective disruptions to take into account the deep uncertainties about nuclear future. Two prior trajectories of plutonium multi-recycling, one involving the use of MIX fuel in PWRs and the other considering the SFR deployment, are analyzed first. The disruption of the strategy using MIX is then supposed under the re-consideration of future SFR deployment. To quantify the impacts of using MIX on deployment timing, we investigate the earliest time for which the fleet substitution with SFRs can be completed. To supplement, the prior strategy of SFR deployment is also disrupted under the context of halting the start of new SFR. The plutonium multi-recycling in PWRs, regarded as adaptive strategy, aims to minimize the idle plutonium. In these robustness assessments, numerous outputs of interests are analyzed, in order to provide a comprehensive evaluation of consequences of prior strategies, regarding the uncertain disruptions and optimal readjustments.
近十年来,对未来铀需求的估计发生了很大变化,SFR的竞争力再次受到质疑。在这方面,法国宣布了最近几十年在压水堆中多次回收钚的计划,以取代未来部署SFR的目标。然而,关于未来反应堆系统的中期政策总是不确定的,SFR部署的需求可能会再次大幅增加。本研究探讨了这种可能性,并分析了不同钚多重回收策略之间来回的后果。将新开发的鲁棒性评估方法应用于该问题,考虑到客观干扰,考虑到核未来的深度不确定性。首先分析了两种钚多重循环的先前轨迹,一种涉及在压水堆中使用MIX燃料,另一种考虑SFR的部署。然后,在重新考虑未来SFR部署的情况下,假设使用MIX的战略中断。为了量化使用MIX对部署时间的影响,我们研究了用SFRs替代舰队可以完成的最早时间。作为补充,在停止新SFR启动的背景下,先前的SFR部署策略也被打乱。压水堆中钚的多次回收是一种自适应策略,其目的是尽量减少钚的闲置。在这些稳健性评估中,分析了许多利益输出,以便对先前策略的后果进行全面评估,考虑到不确定的中断和最优调整。
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引用次数: 0
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EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies
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