Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1521205
T. Mcgovern
ABSTRACT The first decade of the twenty-first century has seen a growing recognition that widespread impacts of climate change (erosion, sea level rise, wildfires, warming soil temperatures) are rapidly destroying archaeological sites and permanently wiping out millennia of cultural heritage and important scientific data on a global scale. This paper provides a brief overview of the efforts of the international archaeological community and its allies to organise a broad and coordinated response to this widespread and urgent threat to our basic record by mobilising at the local, national and international level. The work of the archaeological professional societies has supplemented a growing host of initiatives on multiple scales by national and local governmental agencies, regional research teams, local and Indigenous heritage groups and the international global change scientific community. This paper provides some reflections on the Society for American Archaeology’s Climate Change Strategies and the Archaeological Record team effort from 2015 to 2018, some links to more contacts and resources and some suggestions for future directions.
{"title":"Burning Libraries: A Community Response","authors":"T. Mcgovern","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1521205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1521205","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The first decade of the twenty-first century has seen a growing recognition that widespread impacts of climate change (erosion, sea level rise, wildfires, warming soil temperatures) are rapidly destroying archaeological sites and permanently wiping out millennia of cultural heritage and important scientific data on a global scale. This paper provides a brief overview of the efforts of the international archaeological community and its allies to organise a broad and coordinated response to this widespread and urgent threat to our basic record by mobilising at the local, national and international level. The work of the archaeological professional societies has supplemented a growing host of initiatives on multiple scales by national and local governmental agencies, regional research teams, local and Indigenous heritage groups and the international global change scientific community. This paper provides some reflections on the Society for American Archaeology’s Climate Change Strategies and the Archaeological Record team effort from 2015 to 2018, some links to more contacts and resources and some suggestions for future directions.","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"165 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1521205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45818287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1486125
C. Tóth, Attila Rákóczi, S. Tóth
ABSTRACT According to the Act of 1996 on nature protection, mounds (kurgans) are natural monuments protected nationally in Hungary. According to the law, all kurgans in Hungary were to be surveyed by 2002, and 1692 were included in the cadastre. Fewer than half of the kurgans remained intact due to numerous anthropogenic impacts. A high number of disturbing artificial buildings together with soil erosion, soil removal, and afforestation have significantly reduced the landscape value of kurgans. In 2002, 51.5% of the surveyed kurgans still represented some kind of a value and thus their protection became one of the most urgent tasks of nature conservation and archaeology. According to a Hungarian ministerial decree, established on the basis of an EU Council decree, the area of kurgans under cultivation must be removed from cultivation. By 2015, in the area of 90% of the kurgans under cultivation this land use, which caused significant erosion, was terminated.
{"title":"Protection of the State of Prehistoric Mounds in Hungary: Law as a Conservation Measure","authors":"C. Tóth, Attila Rákóczi, S. Tóth","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1486125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1486125","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT According to the Act of 1996 on nature protection, mounds (kurgans) are natural monuments protected nationally in Hungary. According to the law, all kurgans in Hungary were to be surveyed by 2002, and 1692 were included in the cadastre. Fewer than half of the kurgans remained intact due to numerous anthropogenic impacts. A high number of disturbing artificial buildings together with soil erosion, soil removal, and afforestation have significantly reduced the landscape value of kurgans. In 2002, 51.5% of the surveyed kurgans still represented some kind of a value and thus their protection became one of the most urgent tasks of nature conservation and archaeology. According to a Hungarian ministerial decree, established on the basis of an EU Council decree, the area of kurgans under cultivation must be removed from cultivation. By 2015, in the area of 90% of the kurgans under cultivation this land use, which caused significant erosion, was terminated.","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"113 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1486125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48385518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-04DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1513297
Jennifer E. Jones
ABSTRACT The archaeological remains of ships in the beach zone are part of a complex and dynamic system. Being periodically exposed and reburied, they vary between being both visible and frequently forgotten features of the physical and cultural coastal landscape. These limited and non-renewable resources are highly susceptible to instability within the landscape. Challenges to stability result in these resources being damaged, ignored, or forgotten, leading to a potential loss of pertinent social, economic, and physical information. Although little can be done to prevent certain physical actions, a better understanding of physical and cultural processes allows for their mitigation and better management practices for the beached shipwreck resource. This paper looks at how stability is defined in relation to beached shipwreck sites and how these definitions impact the management of the resource of two case study sites in Maine and North Carolina.
{"title":"Managment of Beached Shipwreck Archaeological Sites: Defining Stability","authors":"Jennifer E. Jones","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1513297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1513297","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The archaeological remains of ships in the beach zone are part of a complex and dynamic system. Being periodically exposed and reburied, they vary between being both visible and frequently forgotten features of the physical and cultural coastal landscape. These limited and non-renewable resources are highly susceptible to instability within the landscape. Challenges to stability result in these resources being damaged, ignored, or forgotten, leading to a potential loss of pertinent social, economic, and physical information. Although little can be done to prevent certain physical actions, a better understanding of physical and cultural processes allows for their mitigation and better management practices for the beached shipwreck resource. This paper looks at how stability is defined in relation to beached shipwreck sites and how these definitions impact the management of the resource of two case study sites in Maine and North Carolina.","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"143 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1513297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42586428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-04DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1453725
A. Nhamo
Abstract Rock art is the most easily accessible of archaeological material. In Zimbabwe, there are thousands of sites, mostly in open-air environments which can be accessed and enjoyed by many people without any restrictions. Yet, rock art is also easily damaged and therefore requires conservation. Social, political and economic challenges in the last two decades have had profound effects on the conservation status of this particular cultural heritage. This paper examines the state of conservation of rock art, conservation approaches and challenges in Zimbabwe. It also discusses possible solutions especially as the country is making frantic efforts at international re-engagement. The story of rock art conservation in Zimbabwe is similar to what is happening in many neighbouring developing countries such as Kenya, Uganda and South Africa. Therefore, the discussion in this paper also informs on general issues in rock art management and conservation in Africa.
{"title":"Burning Images: A Critical Review of Rock Art Conservation in Zimbabwe","authors":"A. Nhamo","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1453725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1453725","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rock art is the most easily accessible of archaeological material. In Zimbabwe, there are thousands of sites, mostly in open-air environments which can be accessed and enjoyed by many people without any restrictions. Yet, rock art is also easily damaged and therefore requires conservation. Social, political and economic challenges in the last two decades have had profound effects on the conservation status of this particular cultural heritage. This paper examines the state of conservation of rock art, conservation approaches and challenges in Zimbabwe. It also discusses possible solutions especially as the country is making frantic efforts at international re-engagement. The story of rock art conservation in Zimbabwe is similar to what is happening in many neighbouring developing countries such as Kenya, Uganda and South Africa. Therefore, the discussion in this paper also informs on general issues in rock art management and conservation in Africa.","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"58 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1453725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45671708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-04DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1462649
M. Duval, S. Hœrlé, L. Bovet, Benjamin W. Smith
Abstract This paper is based on rock art sites of the Maloti-Drakensberg massif (South African part), where more than 600 decorated shelters have thus far been identified. Being both institutionalised heritage sites open to the public and living heritage sites associated with various social practices and utilizations, their preservation requires us to consider the complexity of the values attributed to them. Combining a multidisciplinary and empirical approach, our paper highlights the processes of hybridization between attributed values, which therefore do not adhere to a strict category approach. Being strongly linked to the contexts in which they are articulated, their identification is coupled with a consideration of the macrodynamics in which rock art sites are integrated, as well as an analysis of the links between these different contexts and the value systems identified. In conclusion, the operational dimensions of such a methodology is questioned and some initial possibilities for action are proposed.
{"title":"Contributions of a Heritage Values-based Approach to Rock Art Management. Lessons from the Maloti-Drakensberg World Heritage Site, South Africa","authors":"M. Duval, S. Hœrlé, L. Bovet, Benjamin W. Smith","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1462649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1462649","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is based on rock art sites of the Maloti-Drakensberg massif (South African part), where more than 600 decorated shelters have thus far been identified. Being both institutionalised heritage sites open to the public and living heritage sites associated with various social practices and utilizations, their preservation requires us to consider the complexity of the values attributed to them. Combining a multidisciplinary and empirical approach, our paper highlights the processes of hybridization between attributed values, which therefore do not adhere to a strict category approach. Being strongly linked to the contexts in which they are articulated, their identification is coupled with a consideration of the macrodynamics in which rock art sites are integrated, as well as an analysis of the links between these different contexts and the value systems identified. In conclusion, the operational dimensions of such a methodology is questioned and some initial possibilities for action are proposed.","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"111 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1462649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46180358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-04DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1462073
P. Hubbard
Abstract The Matobo Hills World Heritage Area in southern Zimbabwe is an acknowledged treasure trove of rock art sites. Despite a century of research and management, there remains much to be done to conserve these sites for future generations. Following a chronological approach, this paper reviews a century of research and conservation efforts, detailing various strategies and achievements by individuals, government agencies, and affiliated organisations. Zimbabwe’s recent economic collapse and ‘land reform’ programme had fundamental impacts on the appreciation and protection of the rock art sites by tourists, local communities, international organisations and government agencies, all of which are explored. The article ends with brief suggestions on how to potentially improve and expand the management of rock art in the Matobo Hills area.
{"title":"The Rock Art of the Matobo Hills World Heritage Area, Zimbabwe: Management and Use, c 1800 to 2016","authors":"P. Hubbard","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1462073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1462073","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Matobo Hills World Heritage Area in southern Zimbabwe is an acknowledged treasure trove of rock art sites. Despite a century of research and management, there remains much to be done to conserve these sites for future generations. Following a chronological approach, this paper reviews a century of research and conservation efforts, detailing various strategies and achievements by individuals, government agencies, and affiliated organisations. Zimbabwe’s recent economic collapse and ‘land reform’ programme had fundamental impacts on the appreciation and protection of the rock art sites by tourists, local communities, international organisations and government agencies, all of which are explored. The article ends with brief suggestions on how to potentially improve and expand the management of rock art in the Matobo Hills area.","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"76 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1462073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42745902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-04DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1462075
M. Duval, S. Hœrlé
Three papers in this CMAS issue focus on the management of southern African rock art sites. This is not by coincidence. They proceed from discussions held during a special ‘rock art heritage and management’ session (organised by Mélanie Duval and Stéphane Hœrlé) of the 23rd biennial meeting of the Society of the Africanist Archaeologist (Toulouse, France, 2016). The aim of this session was to examine to what extent and for which stakeholders rock art sites are a ‘cultural heritage’, beyond different challenges of preservation, promotion, and appropriation. Although presented papers covered the entire continent1 a large majority focused on Southern Africa where research on this subject seems encouraged by a conjunction of available means and acute issues related to the plurality of uses: domestic (pens), spiritual (ritual to ancestors), medicinal (use of pigments for medicines), tourist (development of open-air sites). This is exemplified by the papers gathered in this issue. Papers by Paul Hubbard and Mélanie Duval et al. were originally presented and discussed during the 2016 SAfA meeting. The paper by Ancila Nhamo is an original contribution submitted while this special issue was being put together. It was included because it offers another viewpoint on the situation in Zimbabwe and deepens our understanding of what is at stake for rock art site management. Although these papers base their discussion on Zimbabwean and South African experiences, many countries face similar challenges, albeit under different circumstances. These three papers, therefore, inform on general issues in rock art management and conservation for all countries with open-air rock art. Witness throughout all times, present all over the world, rock art sites are involved in complex heritage-making processes joining a large range of environmental (Darvill and Fernandes 2014) and human factors (Jopela 2011). In Africa rock art is mostly found in easily accessible open-air sites and these human factors are often linked with a variety of uses: domestic, spiritual, medicinal and/ or tourist. These factors are made more complex by polymorphic cultural and identity stakes (Duval 2012), as rock art sites are linked with the history of the peopling and the evolution of the activities and land uses (Pleurdeau et al. 2012), today mobilised by various stakeholders in post-colonial contexts (Hampson 2013; Ndlovu 2011). All in all, because they have permeated people’s natural, cultural and mental landscapes for such a long time, rock art sites not only raise the usual issues related to heritage-making process but also shed a revealing light on the relationships between stakeholders, space and time (Harvey 2001). The analysis of heritage-making process, i.e. the process through which a ‘spatial object’ becomes an ‘heritage object’ which social groups want to preserve through time, is directly connected to issues such as the interplay of participants at different levels (Ndoro and Pwiti 200
{"title":"Guest Editorial","authors":"M. Duval, S. Hœrlé","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1462075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1462075","url":null,"abstract":"Three papers in this CMAS issue focus on the management of southern African rock art sites. This is not by coincidence. They proceed from discussions held during a special ‘rock art heritage and management’ session (organised by Mélanie Duval and Stéphane Hœrlé) of the 23rd biennial meeting of the Society of the Africanist Archaeologist (Toulouse, France, 2016). The aim of this session was to examine to what extent and for which stakeholders rock art sites are a ‘cultural heritage’, beyond different challenges of preservation, promotion, and appropriation. Although presented papers covered the entire continent1 a large majority focused on Southern Africa where research on this subject seems encouraged by a conjunction of available means and acute issues related to the plurality of uses: domestic (pens), spiritual (ritual to ancestors), medicinal (use of pigments for medicines), tourist (development of open-air sites). This is exemplified by the papers gathered in this issue. Papers by Paul Hubbard and Mélanie Duval et al. were originally presented and discussed during the 2016 SAfA meeting. The paper by Ancila Nhamo is an original contribution submitted while this special issue was being put together. It was included because it offers another viewpoint on the situation in Zimbabwe and deepens our understanding of what is at stake for rock art site management. Although these papers base their discussion on Zimbabwean and South African experiences, many countries face similar challenges, albeit under different circumstances. These three papers, therefore, inform on general issues in rock art management and conservation for all countries with open-air rock art. Witness throughout all times, present all over the world, rock art sites are involved in complex heritage-making processes joining a large range of environmental (Darvill and Fernandes 2014) and human factors (Jopela 2011). In Africa rock art is mostly found in easily accessible open-air sites and these human factors are often linked with a variety of uses: domestic, spiritual, medicinal and/ or tourist. These factors are made more complex by polymorphic cultural and identity stakes (Duval 2012), as rock art sites are linked with the history of the peopling and the evolution of the activities and land uses (Pleurdeau et al. 2012), today mobilised by various stakeholders in post-colonial contexts (Hampson 2013; Ndlovu 2011). All in all, because they have permeated people’s natural, cultural and mental landscapes for such a long time, rock art sites not only raise the usual issues related to heritage-making process but also shed a revealing light on the relationships between stakeholders, space and time (Harvey 2001). The analysis of heritage-making process, i.e. the process through which a ‘spatial object’ becomes an ‘heritage object’ which social groups want to preserve through time, is directly connected to issues such as the interplay of participants at different levels (Ndoro and Pwiti 200","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"55 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1462075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41643142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1430444
Ashton Sinamai
{"title":"African Cultural Heritage Conservation and Management: Theory and Practice from Southern Africa","authors":"Ashton Sinamai","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1430444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1430444","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"52 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1430444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42175988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1433914
Elgidius B. Ichumbaki, E. Mjema
Abstract The governments in Africa implement various development projects to improve livelihoods. The projects are both large and small scale. Large-scale projects include construction of dams, railway lines, roads, industrial complexes, expanding cities and new mines. Small-scale ones include establishing new residential houses and maintenance of roads linking administrative divisions. Both large- and small-scale projects involve land disturbance and have the potential to destroy archaeological heritage particularly when not accompanied by salvage studies. Unfortunately, archaeological salvage studies largely focus on large-scale projects. Only a handful of studies may have investigated the impact of small-scale projects. This paper focuses on small-scale projects and investigates the seven-hectare archaeological site of Bweni in NE Tanzania. The project to build fishing ponds on an area of only 350 m2 destroyed archaeological heritage including human remains and ceramics of the early Swahili period, ceramics and beads of the Swahili ‘golden age’ period, and archaeological records of the post-Swahili period.
{"title":"The Impact of Small-Scale Development Projects on Archaeological Heritage in Africa: The Tanzanian Experience","authors":"Elgidius B. Ichumbaki, E. Mjema","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1433914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1433914","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The governments in Africa implement various development projects to improve livelihoods. The projects are both large and small scale. Large-scale projects include construction of dams, railway lines, roads, industrial complexes, expanding cities and new mines. Small-scale ones include establishing new residential houses and maintenance of roads linking administrative divisions. Both large- and small-scale projects involve land disturbance and have the potential to destroy archaeological heritage particularly when not accompanied by salvage studies. Unfortunately, archaeological salvage studies largely focus on large-scale projects. Only a handful of studies may have investigated the impact of small-scale projects. This paper focuses on small-scale projects and investigates the seven-hectare archaeological site of Bweni in NE Tanzania. The project to build fishing ponds on an area of only 350 m2 destroyed archaeological heritage including human remains and ceramics of the early Swahili period, ceramics and beads of the Swahili ‘golden age’ period, and archaeological records of the post-Swahili period.","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"18 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1433914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42685459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13505033.2018.1430437
C. Cabello Briones, H. Viles
Abstract Two sets of twelve Portland limestone tablets were attached to carousels outside and under the open, lightweight shelter at Bishop’s Palace (Witney, England) for 18 months to assess the influence of shelters on soiling and microbiological growth on stone. At the start, and at 6-month intervals, tablets were analysed using microscopy (optical and SEM), colour measurement (spectrophotometry), weight change measurement and salt content determination (ion chromatography). Concentrations of NO2 and SO2 were also monitored for a month using diffusion tubes. In addition, results were compared with those obtained by the UK National Materials Exposure Programme (NMEP) on chemical weathering rates. Differences in soiling and biological growth on sheltered and unsheltered samples, and their influence on limestone decay were established. The shelter is likely to reduce biological growth by modifying the micro-environmental conditions. However, it may also exacerbate dust deposition, which might increase decay rates in the long-term.
{"title":"An Assessment of the Role of an Open Shelter in Reducing Soiling and Microbial Growth on the Archaeological Site of the Bishop’s Palace, Witney, England","authors":"C. Cabello Briones, H. Viles","doi":"10.1080/13505033.2018.1430437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2018.1430437","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Two sets of twelve Portland limestone tablets were attached to carousels outside and under the open, lightweight shelter at Bishop’s Palace (Witney, England) for 18 months to assess the influence of shelters on soiling and microbiological growth on stone. At the start, and at 6-month intervals, tablets were analysed using microscopy (optical and SEM), colour measurement (spectrophotometry), weight change measurement and salt content determination (ion chromatography). Concentrations of NO2 and SO2 were also monitored for a month using diffusion tubes. In addition, results were compared with those obtained by the UK National Materials Exposure Programme (NMEP) on chemical weathering rates. Differences in soiling and biological growth on sheltered and unsheltered samples, and their influence on limestone decay were established. The shelter is likely to reduce biological growth by modifying the micro-environmental conditions. However, it may also exacerbate dust deposition, which might increase decay rates in the long-term.","PeriodicalId":44482,"journal":{"name":"Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites","volume":"20 1","pages":"17 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13505033.2018.1430437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46303654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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