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Private healthcare entrepreneurship in a free-access public health system: what was the impact of COVID-19 public policies in Greece? 免费公共卫生系统中的私营医疗创业:COVID-19公共政策对希腊的影响是什么?
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-03-2021-0029
N. Apostolopoulos, P. Liargovas, Pantelis Sklias, I. Makris, Sotiris Apostolopoulos
PurposeThis paper aims to examine whether private healthcare entrepreneurship can flourish and overcome obstacles in cases of a free-access public health system and periods of strict public policies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the paper aims to illuminate the wider social role of private healthcare entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts a qualitative methodological strategy through 12 in-depth semi-structured interviews with the owners of diagnostic centres located in small Greek towns.FindingsPrivate healthcare entrepreneurship flourished and played a significantly positive social role in the context of a degraded public health sector, which lacked investments for more than ten years and was further depleted by its recent focus on COVID-19 incidents. This paper reveals that although public policies that aimed to deal with COVID-19 produced serious consequences, business activity adapted to the new circumstances.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research can combine the findings of this paper with the views of stakeholders, policymakers and social actors.Originality/valueThis paper's value lies in its efforts to expand our current knowledge regarding the impact of COVID-19 public policies on entrepreneurship.
目的本文旨在研究在自由获取公共卫生系统和严格的公共政策时期(如新冠肺炎大流行),私人医疗创业是否能够蓬勃发展并克服障碍。此外,本文旨在阐明新冠肺炎大流行期间私营医疗创业的更广泛社会作用。设计/方法论/方法本文采用定性方法论策略,对希腊小镇诊断中心的所有者进行了12次深入的半结构化访谈。FindingsPrivate医疗保健创业蓬勃发展,并在公共卫生部门退化的背景下发挥了显著的积极社会作用。公共卫生部门十多年来一直缺乏投资,最近对新冠肺炎事件的关注使其进一步枯竭。本文揭示,尽管旨在应对新冠肺炎的公共政策产生了严重后果,但商业活动适应了新情况。研究局限性/含义未来的研究可以将本文的发现与利益相关者、政策制定者和社会行动者的观点相结合。原创/价值本文的价值在于努力扩大我们目前对新冠肺炎公共政策对创业的影响的认识。
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引用次数: 2
The impact of the institutional environment on entrepreneurial activity: an analysis of developing and developed countries 体制环境对创业活动的影响:对发展中国家和发达国家的分析
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-09 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-09-2021-0113
Lucas Pereira de Mello, G. Moraes, B. Fischer
PurposeEntrepreneurship can be understood as a systemic phenomenon, thus relying on sets of influential factors associated with socioeconomic contexts. Institutional conditions play a pivotal role in this regard, affecting the allocation of entrepreneurial efforts. The goal of this research is to verify to what extent do the pillars of Countries' Institutional Profiles – regulatory, cognitive and normative – affect both the prevalence and quality of entrepreneurship, assessing the differences between developing and developed countries both in total entrepreneurial activity and in the following qualitative frames: innovation rate, high job creation expectations and motivational index.Design/methodology/approachThe authors’ assessment uses data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) with a longitudinal approach for 112 countries over the period 2003–2019. Dynamic panel data regressions are applied.FindingsBy comparing developing and developed countries, findings highlight that institutional effects are heterogeneous among developing and developed countries, with informal institutions being more relevant for developing countries than formal ones. Also, using a broad range of institutional indicators, the authors’ assessment indicated that the association between institutional conditions and productive entrepreneurship seems to be far more intricate than argued by theoretical literature.Practical implicationsThe authors’ findings indicate the need for developing countries to address formal institutional voids in order to generate more effective conditions for productive entrepreneurship to emerge. Following prior literature, this can have systemic impacts on trajectories for economic growth and development.Originality/valueThe originality of this research consists in using a longitudinal and integrative approach to compare institutional effects on different types of entrepreneurship, as well as comparing these effects in countries at different stages of development.
创业可以被理解为一种系统现象,因此依赖于与社会经济背景相关的一系列影响因素。体制条件在这方面起着关键作用,影响着企业努力的分配。本研究的目的是验证国家制度概况的支柱- -管制、认知和规范- -在多大程度上影响企业家精神的流行和质量,评估发展中国家和发达国家在总的企业活动和以下定性框架方面的差异:创新率、高创造就业的期望和激励指数。设计/方法/方法作者的评估使用了全球创业监测(GEM) 2003-2019年期间112个国家的纵向方法数据。采用动态面板数据回归。通过比较发展中国家和发达国家,研究结果突出表明,制度效应在发展中国家和发达国家之间是异质的,非正式制度比正式制度对发展中国家更有意义。此外,使用广泛的制度指标,作者的评估表明,制度条件和生产性企业家精神之间的联系似乎比理论文献所争论的要复杂得多。实际意义:作者的发现表明,发展中国家需要解决正式的制度空白,以便为生产性企业家精神的出现创造更有效的条件。根据先前的文献,这可能对经济增长和发展的轨迹产生系统性影响。本研究的独创性在于使用纵向和综合的方法来比较制度对不同类型创业的影响,以及比较这些影响在不同发展阶段的国家。
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引用次数: 6
Give me your rested, your wealthy, your educated few? A critical discussion of the current literature on immigrant self-employment 把你们休息的,富有的,受过教育的少数人交给我?对当前有关移民自营职业的文献进行批判性讨论
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-08-2021-0105
Joshua K. Bedi, Shaomeng Jia
PurposeThe finding that immigrants are more likely to self-employ than natives has been consistently shown by different researchers. At the same time, many call for the prioritization of high-skilled immigration as they believe low-skilled entrepreneurs are not particularly innovative or high-growth-oriented. The purpose of this study is to critically review and synthesize the current literature on immigrant self-employment, paying particular attention to low-skilled immigrant entrepreneurship and the popular policy recommendation that high-skilled immigrants should be prioritized.Design/methodology/approachThe authors survey the existing literature on immigrant self-employment and discuss recurring data issues, how those issues have or have not been addressed, as well as how these data issues impact the validity of policy recommendations that favor high-skilled immigrants and disfavor low-skilled immigrants. In particular, the authors examine how length of stay in the host country and host country institutions impact immigrant self-employment, especially low-skilled immigrant self-employment. The authors also point out unintended consequences of low-skilled immigration.FindingsThe authors find data issues significantly impact the potential justifications behind calls to favor high-skilled immigrants. In particular, many researchers underestimate the positive impacts of low-skilled immigrant self-employment by not accounting for institutions and length of stay in the host country. The authors conclude with policy recommendations that prioritize high-skilled immigration should be re-examined in light of recurring omitted variable biases within previous studies and evidence of a number of positive unintended consequences associated with low-skilled migration.Originality/valueThe authors review current literature and discuss how important confounding variables, like the number of years an immigrant entrepreneur has lived in a host country and the institutions of a host country, make common policy recommendations suggesting prioritization of high-skilled immigration problematic. The authors also discuss potential solutions to these data issues, ways these issues have been solved already, and possible ways forward. Finally, after considering the literature, the authors offer our own set of policy recommendations.
目的不同的研究人员一致表明,移民比本地人更有可能自谋职业。与此同时,许多人呼吁优先考虑高技能移民,因为他们认为低技能企业家并不是特别创新或以高增长为导向。本研究的目的是批判性地回顾和综合当前关于移民自营职业的文献,特别关注低技能移民创业和应优先考虑高技能移民的流行政策建议。设计/方法/方法作者调查了现有的关于移民自营职业的文献,并讨论了反复出现的数据问题,这些问题是如何得到解决或没有得到解决的,以及这些数据问题如何影响有利于高技能移民和不利于低技能移民的政策建议的有效性。特别是,作者研究了在东道国和东道国机构的停留时间如何影响移民自营职业,尤其是低技能移民自营职业。作者还指出了低技能移民的意外后果。研究结果作者发现,数据问题严重影响了支持高技能移民的呼声背后的潜在理由。特别是,许多研究人员低估了低技能移民自营职业的积极影响,因为他们没有考虑到在东道国的机构和停留时间。作者最后提出了优先考虑高技能移民的政策建议,应根据先前研究中反复出现的遗漏变量偏见以及与低技能移民相关的一些积极的意外后果的证据,重新审查这些建议。原创性/价值作者回顾了当前的文献,并讨论了重要的混杂变量,如移民企业家在东道国的生活年限和东道国的机构,是如何提出共同的政策建议的,这些建议表明高技能移民的优先顺序有问题。作者还讨论了这些数据问题的潜在解决方案、解决这些问题的方法以及可能的前进方向。最后,在考虑了文献之后,作者提出了我们自己的一套政策建议。
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引用次数: 2
Guest editorial: COVID-19, entrepreneurship and public policy 嘉宾评论:COVID-19、创业和公共政策
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-09-2021-121
V. Ratten
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引用次数: 0
Entrepreneurship in superdiverse societies and the end of one-size-fits-all policy prescriptions 超多样化社会中的创业精神和一刀切政策处方的终结
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-05-2021-0062
D. Andersson, Dieter Bögenhold, Marek Hudík
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the entrepreneurial and policy consequences of the structural changes associated with postindustrialization.Design/methodology/approachThe approach uses Schumpeterian and institutional theories to predict the consequences of postindustrialization on four types of innovative markets: global mass markets; global niche markets; local mass markets and local niche markets.FindingsThe paper makes two key predictions. First, global mass markets will account for most cost-cutting process innovations. Second, niche markets, whether global or local, will provide the bulk of product innovations. Opportunities for product innovations in niche markets multiply both as the result of a more complex economy and as the result of heterogeneous preferences of consumers with divergent learning trajectories.Social implicationsThe key implication of the theoretical pattern prediction of this paper is that there are increasing opportunities for entrepreneurs to introduce novelties that cater to niche demands, and this includes new lifestyle communities. The increasing diversity of values and preferences implies that one-size-fit-all policies are becoming increasingly inimical to the entrepreneurial discovery of higher-valued resource uses.Originality/valueThis paper takes a standard prediction of entrepreneurial theories – that innovations become more common with an increase in economy-wide product complexity – and extends this to increasing complexity on the consumption side. With increases in opportunities for learning, consumers diverge and develop disparate lifestyles. The resultant super-diversity, which multiplies consumption niches to a much greater extent than what ethnicity-based diversity indices would imply, makes it more difficult to achieve consensus about the desirability of public policies.
本文的目的是探讨与后工业化相关的结构变化的企业家和政策后果。该方法使用熊彼特理论和制度理论来预测后工业化对四种类型创新市场的影响:全球大众市场;全球利基市场;本地大众市场和本地利基市场。这篇论文做出了两个关键预测。首先,全球大众市场将占大多数成本削减工艺创新。其次,无论是全球还是本地的利基市场,都将提供大量的产品创新。在利基市场中,产品创新的机会倍增,一方面是因为经济更加复杂,另一方面是因为学习轨迹不同的消费者偏好不同。社会含义本文理论模式预测的关键含义是,企业家有越来越多的机会引入满足利基需求的新奇事物,这包括新的生活方式社区。价值观念和偏好的日益多样化意味着一刀切的政策越来越不利于企业发现价值更高的资源用途。原创性/价值本文采用了创业理论的标准预测——随着整个经济范围内产品复杂性的增加,创新变得更加普遍——并将其扩展到消费方面日益增加的复杂性。随着学习机会的增加,消费者分化并发展出不同的生活方式。由此产生的超级多样性使消费利基成倍增加,其程度远远超过基于种族的多样性指数所暗示的程度,这使得就公共政策的可取性达成共识变得更加困难。
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引用次数: 0
Unboxing organisational complexity: how does it affect business performance during the COVID-19 pandemic? 拆解组织复杂性:在COVID-19大流行期间,它如何影响业务绩效?
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-23 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-06-2021-0070
Jorgina Pereira, Vítor Braga, Aldina Correia, Aidin Salamzadeh
PurposeThis study aims to distinguish businesses by their degree of complexity and to analyse the influence of complexity on the performance of firms during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 468 businesses, and various multivariate statistical techniques were used. Initially a factor analysis was conducted, organising variables into five factors. A discriminant analysis, performed with the five factors, allowed discriminating firms based on whether they internationalise or not. A linear regression was performed in order to estimate the contribution of each factor in the business performance.FindingsThe results suggest the existence of additional variables for measuring the complexity. From the factorial analysis it is possible to conclude that business complexity can be explained by size, indebtedness and profitability, internationalisation, number of employees, and age and leverage. Total assets, indebtedness and age are the variables that contribute the most to business performance. On the other hand, indebtedness, internationalisation, age and leverage are the independent variables that most contribute to explain business performance.Originality/valueThis paper presents advances in two ways. First, it proposes measures of complexity (highly debatable in the literature). It also proposes internationalisation as an explanation of complexity. Second, this paper sheds light on businesses decisions to grow, taking into account how complexity may affect performance.
本研究旨在通过企业的复杂程度来区分企业,并分析复杂性对2019年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行期间企业绩效的影响。设计/方法/方法从468家企业收集数据,并使用了各种多元统计技术。最初进行了因子分析,将变量组织为五个因素。通过对这五个因素进行判别分析,可以根据公司是否国际化来对其进行判别。为了估计每个因素对企业绩效的贡献,进行了线性回归。结果表明,存在额外的变量来衡量复杂性。从析因分析可以得出结论,业务复杂性可以通过规模,负债和盈利能力,国际化,员工人数,年龄和杠杆来解释。总资产、负债和年龄是对经营业绩贡献最大的变量。另一方面,负债、国际化、年龄和杠杆是最能解释企业绩效的独立变量。原创性/价值本文从两个方面提出了进展。首先,它提出了复杂性的度量方法(在文献中存在很大争议)。它还提出将国际化作为复杂性的一种解释。其次,考虑到复杂性如何影响性能,本文阐明了企业增长决策。
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引用次数: 15
We versus me: Indirect conditional effects of collectivism on COVID-19 public policy hypocrisy 我们对我:集体主义对COVID-19公共政策虚伪的间接条件效应
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-26 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-05-2021-0060
S. Bok, J. Shum, Jason Harvie, Maria Lee
PurposeDuring the early SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated masks “may not protect the wearer, but it may keep the wearer from spreading the virus to others”. Health officials revised mask guidelines to include both the wearer and others, but contradiction became a focal point for online debate and credibility. While revised policies eventually became adopted by the public, there was loss time and lives during this critical stage. This study investigates collectivist messaging on public policy support.Design/methodology/approachCOVID-19 public policy hypocrisy was defined as the gap between supporting community policies while rejecting policies more likely to impact the individual. United States participants (N = 1,605) completed questionnaires. Moderated mediation analysis was conducted using SPSS PROCESS.FindingsThose high on collectivism and high on global personal impact associated with lower COVID-19 public policy hypocrisy. These individuals indicated consistent support for community and individual policies, likely requiring personal sacrifices. Indirect conditional effects of lower conscientiousness associated with higher hypocrisy among those collectivistic.Originality/valueParticipants evaluated preference to original public safety ads, representative of basic societal and individual benefits. Those higher on collectivism preferred societal “we” versus individual “me” public safety ads. Implications discuss benefits of personal and communal public health messaging in an individualistic society so businesses can reopen. Entrepreneurs experienced major economic setbacks that effective public health policies could have mitigated.
在SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)大流行爆发初期,美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)表示,口罩“可能不能保护佩戴者,但可以防止佩戴者将病毒传播给他人”。卫生官员修订了口罩指南,将佩戴者和其他人都包括在内,但矛盾成为了网上辩论和可信度的焦点。虽然修订后的政策最终被公众采纳,但在这一关键阶段,人们损失了时间和生命。本研究调查了公共政策支持中的集体主义信息。covid -19公共政策虚伪被定义为支持社区政策与拒绝更有可能影响个人的政策之间的差距。美国参与者(N = 1,605)完成了问卷调查。采用SPSS PROCESS进行有调节的中介分析。集体主义程度高和全球个人影响力高的国家与COVID-19公共政策虚伪程度较低相关。这些人表示对社区和个人政策的一贯支持,可能需要做出个人牺牲。集体主义者较低的责任心与较高的伪善相关的间接条件效应。独创性/价值:参与者评估了对原始公共安全广告的偏好,这些广告代表了基本的社会和个人利益。集体主义倾向较高的人更喜欢社会“我们”,而不是个人“我”的公共安全广告。影响讨论了个人和社区公共卫生信息在个人主义社会中的好处,这样企业就可以重新开业。企业家们经历了重大的经济挫折,有效的公共卫生政策本可以减轻这些挫折。
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引用次数: 8
COVID-19 and public policy and entrepreneurship: future research directions 新冠肺炎与公共政策与创业:未来研究方向
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-12-2020-0102
V. Ratten
PurposePublic policy has been an integral part of the response mechanisms used to manage the COVID-19 crisis. As a result, greater attention has been placed on policy planners in terms of how they can enact entrepreneurial ideas that help to alleviate the turmoil surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, the crisis management literature is utilised as a way of understanding future research directions regarding entrepreneurial behaviour in the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachA review of the existing research on crisis management is conducted with the aim of identifying future research trends. Thus, this article will enable a better understanding of potential future research tracks such as (1) the consequences of the crisis, (2) environmental context, (3) empirical advancement and methodological change, (4) entrepreneurial marketing and branding, (5) crisis management, (6) policy and governance and (7) stress and wellbeing.FindingsThere a numerous ways research on COVID-19 can make theoretical, empirical and policy advancement. Therefore, an interdisciplinary perspective is required in order to consider alternative points of view regarding the link between COVID-19, entrepreneurship and public policy.Originality/valueThe ways research on COVID-19, entrepreneurship and public policy can be advanced are discussed in relation to the identified research tracks but also potential theoretical implications for new research.
目的公共政策一直是应对COVID-19危机机制的一个组成部分。因此,政策规划者在如何实施有助于缓解COVID-19大流行引发的动荡的创业想法方面受到了更多的关注。在本文中,危机管理文献被用作理解COVID-19大流行中关于创业行为的未来研究方向的一种方式。设计/方法/方法对现有的危机管理研究进行了回顾,目的是确定未来的研究趋势。因此,本文将有助于更好地理解潜在的未来研究方向,如:(1)危机的后果,(2)环境背景,(3)实证进展和方法变化,(4)企业营销和品牌推广,(5)危机管理,(6)政策和治理,(7)压力和福祉。新冠肺炎研究在理论、实证和政策方面有多种途径。因此,需要从跨学科的角度来考虑关于COVID-19、创业精神和公共政策之间联系的其他观点。本文结合已确定的研究方向,以及对新研究的潜在理论影响,讨论了推进COVID-19、创业和公共政策研究的途径。
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引用次数: 8
Is the success of entrepreneurs dependent on the environment in a conflict zone: insights from Indian-administered Kashmir 企业家的成功取决于冲突地区的环境吗:来自印控克什米尔的见解
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-03-2021-0028
Mohd Shoib Shah, Mohammad Farooq Lala
PurposeThe purpose of this research is to empirically examine the impact of selecting entrepreneurial framework conditions on the success of entrepreneurs in a conflict zone. The study was conducted in Kashmir, which is a fitting conflict context. The study undertaken responds to the call by multiple authors to substantiate the entrepreneurship literature with empirical evidence from conflict-affected areas. The authors argue that better entrepreneurial framework conditions will enhance entrepreneurial success in conflict zones. This research work is important because it will add to our understanding of the influences of the entrepreneurial ecosystem on entrepreneurs who pursue an entrepreneurial career in conflict zones. This research will add to the existing body of knowledge, which seemingly lacks evidence from conflict zones. Furthermore, this research is important in the Kashmir context because this research will provide insights to stakeholders such as entrepreneurs, government agencies, entrepreneurship development agencies and NGOs, etc.Design/methodology/approachThe authors surveyed 400 entrepreneurs in the manufacturing, services and retail sectors in Kashmir through a questionnaire. The self-reported responses were used for assessment of entrepreneurial framework conditions and financial and non-financial performance. The data were analysed through the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesised relationships. The results were considerable.FindingsThe authors found that most Kashmiri entrepreneurs do not find the entrepreneurial framework conditions supportive of their business. Upon testing the hypothesis, they found a significant and positive impact of entrepreneurial finance, government policies and cultural and social norms on entrepreneurial success. The common belief that ease in market dynamics would positively impact success was negated in this case. They found a significant and negative impact of market dynamics on success. Furthermore, the physical, commercial and professional infrastructure and services showed insignificant results.Research limitations/implicationsThis research provides insights about the requirements of entrepreneurial framework conditions in a conflict zone for achieving successful results. The current study acknowledges the call of researchers to carry out quantitative studies in conflict zones.Practical implicationsThe findings of this research might prove to be beneficial to the entrepreneurs, policymakers, government agencies and other stakeholders. If taken into consideration while formulating the policies in favour of entrepreneurs in a conflict zone, the findings of this research are an added resource. The current research might be valuable to the Government of Kashmir in recognising the perception of entrepreneurs towards the initiatives or the policies drafted in the past.Originality/valueAs per the knowledge of researchers, no such study has been conducte
目的本研究的目的是实证检验选择创业框架条件对冲突地区创业者成功的影响。这项研究是在克什米尔进行的,这是一个恰当的冲突背景。这项研究回应了多位作者的呼吁,即用受冲突影响地区的经验证据来证实创业文献。作者认为,更好的创业框架条件将提高冲突地区创业的成功率。这项研究工作很重要,因为它将增加我们对创业生态系统对在冲突地区从事创业生涯的企业家的影响的理解。这项研究将增加现有的知识体系,而这些知识体系似乎缺乏来自冲突地区的证据。此外,这项研究在克什米尔背景下很重要,因为这项研究将为企业家、政府机构、创业发展机构和非政府组织等利益相关者提供见解。设计/方法/方法作者通过问卷调查了克什米尔制造业、服务业和零售业的400名企业家。自我报告的答复用于评估创业框架条件以及财务和非财务业绩。通过偏最小二乘结构方程建模(PLS-SEM)对数据进行分析,以检验假设的关系。结果相当可观。作者发现,大多数克什米尔企业家并不认为创业框架条件支持他们的企业。在检验这一假设后,他们发现创业融资、政府政策以及文化和社会规范对创业成功有着重大而积极的影响。在这种情况下,人们普遍认为市场动态的缓和会对成功产生积极影响,但这种看法被否定了。他们发现市场动态对成功有着显著的负面影响。此外,有形、商业和专业基础设施和服务的成果微不足道。研究局限性/含义这项研究提供了关于冲突地区创业框架条件对取得成功结果的要求的见解。目前的研究承认了研究人员对在冲突地区进行定量研究的呼吁。实际意义这项研究的结果可能对企业家、决策者、政府机构和其他利益相关者有益。如果在制定有利于冲突地区企业家的政策时考虑到这一点,这项研究的结果将是一项额外的资源。目前的研究可能有助于克什米尔政府认识到企业家对过去起草的倡议或政策的看法。原创性/价值据研究人员所知,克什米尔尚未对所研究的变量进行此类研究。该研究在分析环境对克什米尔冲突地区企业家成功的影响方面具有独创性。
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引用次数: 2
Editorial 编辑
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-07-2021-118
E. Timmons
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy
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