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IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-07-2021-117
Liya Palagashvili
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引用次数: 0
The net effect of the travel restriction policy on tourism demand: evidence from Greece 旅行限制政策对旅游需求的净影响:来自希腊的证据
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-06-2021-0064
Panagiotis E. Dimitropoulos, Lazaros Ntasis, K. Koronios
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to provide up-to-date evidence on the net effect of COVID-19 pandemic on international arrivals and occupancy rates in Greece. Analysis and forecasting point out the demand for 2020, and thus yielding more concrete evidence on the pure effect of the pandemic on the tourism industry.Design/methodology/approachMonthly observations from January 2000 to December 2020 were extracted from the Tourist Enterprises Association (SETE) for Athens, Thessaloniki, Kalamata, Rhodes, Mytilene, Santorini, Zante, Kefalonia and Crete. To model and forecast the volatility and the time trend effect of tourist arrivals individually, the study applies the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) (p,d,q) and the error, trend, seasonality (ETS) model.FindingsEmpirical results suggested that Athens, Thessaloniki and Crete were three destinations with the worst losses in international tourist arrivals. Specifically, Athens was expecting to have (without the existence of COVID-19) more than 330,000 tourist arrivals in December 2020 while instead only 73,000 international tourists visited Athens that period. Similarly, Thessaloniki and the island of Crete lost more than 150,000 international visitors during December 2020.Originality/valueThe author’s study adds to a growing number of studies regarding the impact of COVID-19 by incorporating monthly international arrival data and occupancy rate data for the whole 2020 reflecting differences in transportation or vacation choices. Also, the authors operationalized multiple time-series forecasting models (ETS and ARIMA) for reaching more concrete forecasts and estimates on the effect of COVID-19 on the Greek tourism sector.
目的本研究旨在提供新冠肺炎大流行对希腊国际入境人数和入住率净影响的最新证据。分析和预测指出了2020年的需求,从而为疫情对旅游业的纯粹影响提供了更具体的证据。设计/方法/方法2000年1月至2020年12月的月度观察结果摘自旅游企业协会(SETE)对雅典、塞萨洛尼基、卡拉马塔、罗德斯、米蒂莱内、圣托里尼、赞特、凯法洛尼亚和克里特岛的观察结果。为了对游客到达的波动性和时间趋势效应进行单独建模和预测,本研究应用了自回归综合移动平均(ARIMA)(p,d,q)和误差、趋势、季节性(ETS)模型。实证结果表明,雅典、塞萨洛尼基和克里特岛是国际游客流失最严重的三个目的地。具体而言,雅典预计(在没有新冠肺炎的情况下)2020年12月将有超过33万名游客抵达雅典,而同期只有7.3万名国际游客到访雅典。同样,塞萨洛尼基和克里特岛在2020年12月失去了超过150000名国际游客。起源/价值作者的研究结合了2020年全年的月度国际抵达数据和入住率数据,反映了交通或度假选择的差异,从而增加了越来越多关于新冠肺炎影响的研究。此外,作者运用了多个时间序列预测模型(ETS和ARIMA),以对新冠肺炎对希腊旅游业的影响进行更具体的预测和估计。
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引用次数: 3
Resilient companies in the time of Covid-19 pandemic: a case study approach 新冠肺炎大流行时期的弹性公司:案例研究方法
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-03-2021-0021
Chiara Acciarini, P. Boccardelli, Mario Vitale
PurposeThe Covid-19 pandemic represents an extraordinary and unpredictable event influencing the whole economy and society. Using a case study approach, the authors explored how big companies operating in Italy were able to respond to the crisis to ensure business continuity. Therefore, the authors discussed different business disruptions caused by Covid-19; in addition, they developed an integrated policy framework in which they proposed specific strategic responses for increasing the level of organizational resilience. The aim of the paper is to discuss and reflect on the ability of specific companies to increase their level of organizational resilience when unexpected events happen.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted semi-structured interviews with target CEOs of four major companies operating in Italy in different industries. Especially, the authors focused on multiutilities, media and communications, investment banking and mobile telecommunications. The interviews were based on questions dealing with Covid-19 implications and strategic responses to navigate this complex scenario.FindingsBased on the CEOs' contributions, the authors presented short-term actions and long-term strategies planned and implemented by each Italian company. In particular, the authors emphasized similarities and dissimilarities in terms of strategic responses and future business development.Originality/valueThe analysis of practical cases was helpful for increasing their knowledge on organizational resilience and for providing the managerial community with a policy framework to navigate unexpected events like the Covid-19 pandemic.
目的新冠肺炎大流行是一个影响整个经济和社会的非同寻常和不可预测的事件。作者采用案例研究的方法,探讨了在意大利运营的大公司如何应对危机,以确保业务连续性。因此,作者讨论了新冠肺炎造成的不同业务中断;此外,他们制定了一个综合政策框架,其中提出了提高组织复原力水平的具体战略对策。本文的目的是讨论和反思特定公司在意外事件发生时提高组织弹性水平的能力。设计/方法论/方法作者对在意大利不同行业运营的四家主要公司的目标首席执行官进行了半结构化采访。特别是,作者专注于多公用事业、媒体和通信、投资银行和移动电信。采访的基础是关于新冠肺炎影响和应对这一复杂情况的战略对策的问题。根据首席执行官的贡献,作者介绍了每家意大利公司计划和实施的短期行动和长期战略。特别是,作者强调了战略应对和未来业务发展方面的异同。创意/价值对实际案例的分析有助于增加他们对组织韧性的了解,并为管理层提供应对新冠肺炎大流行等突发事件的政策框架。
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引用次数: 12
All for one? The Paycheck Protection Program distribution disparity 全为一?工资支票保护计划的分配差距
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-22 DOI: 10.1108/jepp-03-2021-0027
Jill R. Kickul, Mark D. Griffiths, Colleen C. Robb, L. Gundry
PurposeGiven the previous research on the disparities of lending rates and their relationship with lending institutions for women-owned and minority-owned businesses, the study poses the research question: How much Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) funding was distributed to women-owned and minority-owned businesses in comparison to other firms? Additionally, as the purpose of the PPP funding was to assist small businesses in retaining their workforce, the authors pose a second research question: Of those who received PPP funding, how many jobs on average were retained? And importantly related to our first research question, are there differences across gender and race in the average number of jobs retained?Design/methodology/approachThis is one of the first empirical studies with an initial sample size of 661,218 loans from July 2020 that examines whether the United States PPP had the intended impact to save jobs in small businesses and to examine any reported differences across gender and race in loans issued and jobs saved.FindingsThe authors find that significant differences exist between women- and men-owned businesses across all five loan categories, with male-owned firms receiving over 80% of PPP loans. However, women-owned firms saved more jobs on average across all but the largest loan category. Significant differences were also found between minority- and White-owned businesses with minority-owned businesses generally saving more jobs on average across most loan categories.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of this study pertains to certain missing data that were not reported by participants. While a participant may have included their gender, they may not have included their race. Therefore, the varying sets of data may not be a reflection of the same individuals. Additionally, the industries were not included in this analysis, which may shed light on the job creation differences across gender and race.Practical implicationsMany of the industries that have been significantly impacted have been the tourism, restaurant and hospitality sectors, and knowing “where the money was allocated” can assist policymakers in allocating additional funds to those businesses, especially those who did not receive funding in the initial first waves of PPP.Originality/valueThis is one of the first empirical studies that examine over 600,000 loans and found that women-owned firms saved more jobs across all loan categories except the largest loans. Significant differences were also found between minority- and White-owned businesses with minority-owned businesses generally saving more jobs on average across most loan categories.
目的鉴于之前对女性所有和少数民族所有企业的贷款利率差异及其与贷款机构的关系的研究,该研究提出了一个研究问题:与其他公司相比,有多少工资支票保护计划资金分配给了女性所有和少数民族所有的企业?此外,由于PPP资金的目的是帮助小企业留住劳动力,作者提出了第二个研究问题:在那些获得PPP资金的人中,平均保留了多少工作岗位?重要的是,与我们的第一个研究问题有关,保留的平均工作岗位数量是否存在性别和种族差异?设计/方法论/方法这是首批实证研究之一,从2020年7月开始,初始样本量为661218笔贷款,考察了美国购买力平价是否对挽救小企业就业产生了预期影响,并考察了所报告的发放贷款和挽救就业方面的性别和种族差异。研究结果作者发现,在所有五种贷款类别中,女性和男性拥有的企业之间存在显著差异,男性拥有的公司获得了超过80%的PPP贷款。然而,除了最大的贷款类别外,女性所有的公司平均节省了更多的工作岗位。少数族裔和白人拥有的企业之间也存在显著差异,少数族裔拥有的企业在大多数贷款类别中平均节省了更多的工作岗位。研究局限性/含义本研究的局限性与参与者未报告的某些缺失数据有关。虽然参与者可能包括了他们的性别,但他们可能没有包括他们的种族。因此,不同的数据集可能不是同一个人的反映。此外,这项分析中没有包括这些行业,这可能会揭示性别和种族之间创造就业的差异。实际影响许多受到重大影响的行业都是旅游业、餐饮业和酒店业,了解“资金分配到哪里”可以帮助决策者向这些企业分配额外资金,尤其是那些在最初的第一波PPP中没有获得资金的企业。独创性/价值这是最早对60多万笔贷款进行调查的实证研究之一,发现除了最大的贷款外,女性所有的公司在所有贷款类别中都保住了更多的工作。少数族裔和白人拥有的企业之间也存在显著差异,少数族裔拥有的企业在大多数贷款类别中平均节省了更多的工作岗位。
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引用次数: 2
Sustainability project partnerships in times of crisis: conceptual framework and implications for stakeholder integration 危机时期的可持续发展项目伙伴关系:利益相关者整合的概念框架和影响
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-15 DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-04-2021-0044
G. Grunwald, J. Schwill, Anne-Marie Sassenberg
PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the requirements for stakeholder integration in sustainability project partnerships in times of sustainability crisis. Referring to the COVID-19 pandemic as a sustainability crisis that has sensitized consumers and other stakeholders to corporate responsibility for social and sustainability issues, a conceptual framework for stakeholder integration is developed from which implications for designing the potential, process and result quality are derived.Design/methodology/approachIn this conceptual paper, design options for stakeholder integration are derived from open innovation and service management research. Specific crisis-related determinants of stakeholder integration are derived from current corporate social responsibility (CSR) and crisis research taking into account the opportunities and challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design options and crisis-related determinants are then combined to a conceptual framework for stakeholder integration in sustainability project partnerships in times of crisis. Based on this framework, research propositions are derived that provide insights into the design of the potential, process and result quality of stakeholder integration.FindingsThis paper shows that the COVID-19 pandemic can be viewed as a sustainability crisis, which places special entrepreneurial demands on stakeholder integration in sustainability project partnerships. The pandemic offers potential for integrating a large number of stakeholders and has emphasized the need for integrating a broad range of stakeholders. Higher skepticism of stakeholders toward companies' CSR engagement in the pandemic has raised stakeholder demands for early integration. Higher skepticism and CSR involvement have rendered active forms of integration even more relevant, which, however, should still be adapted to the respective stakeholder prerequisites. The pandemic has increased the need for constant and comprehensive exchange of data on project results between stakeholders and the project leading organization. Measurement of target achievement can be promoted by establishing stakeholder commitment with regard to the target measures on the collective and relationship levels of the partnership. Finally, the pandemic has reinforced the need for more dialogical forms of communicating sustainability project results.Originality/valueSolving problems and exploiting opportunities in times of crisis require a high degree of entrepreneurship and creative leadership in order to gain new ideas and overcome resource deficits. Sustainability project partnerships in which various stakeholders contribute resources and knowledge to collaborate on idea development and finding solutions to sustainability issues are suitable for this. However, previous approaches to stakeholder integration in open innovation and service management research largely neglect the crisis context and only a few are related to sustainability. In CSR and crisis research
目的分析可持续危机时期可持续发展项目伙伴关系中利益相关者整合的需求。将2019冠状病毒病大流行视为一场可持续性危机,使消费者和其他利益相关者对企业在社会和可持续性问题上的责任更加敏感,为此制定了一个利益相关者整合的概念框架,从中得出了对设计潜力、过程和结果质量的影响。在这篇概念性论文中,利益相关者整合的设计选项来源于开放式创新和服务管理研究。利益相关者整合的具体危机相关决定因素来自当前的企业社会责任(CSR)和危机研究,同时考虑到COVID-19大流行的机遇和挑战。然后将设计选项和危机相关的决定因素结合到一个概念性框架中,以便在危机时期将利益相关者整合到可持续发展项目伙伴关系中。基于这一框架,本文提出了研究命题,为利益相关者整合的潜力、过程和结果质量的设计提供了见解。研究结果表明,2019冠状病毒病大流行可被视为一场可持续性危机,它对可持续发展项目伙伴关系中的利益相关者整合提出了特殊的创业要求。大流行病为众多利益攸关方的融合提供了可能,并强调需要融合广泛的利益攸关方。利益相关者对企业在大流行期间的企业社会责任参与持更高的怀疑态度,这提高了利益相关者对早期整合的要求。更高的怀疑和企业社会责任的参与使得积极形式的整合更加相关,然而,这仍然应该适应各自利益相关者的先决条件。大流行病增加了利益攸关方与项目领导组织之间不断和全面交流项目成果数据的必要性。通过在伙伴关系的集体和关系层面上建立利益相关者对目标度量的承诺,可以促进目标实现的度量。最后,大流行病加强了以更多对话形式交流可持续性项目成果的必要性。独创性/价值在危机时期解决问题和利用机会需要高度的企业家精神和创造性领导才能获得新的想法并克服资源短缺。在可持续发展项目伙伴关系中,不同的利益相关者贡献资源和知识,在想法发展和寻找可持续发展问题的解决方案方面进行合作,这是适合的。然而,以往在开放式创新和服务管理研究中对利益相关者整合的研究大多忽略了危机背景,只有少数与可持续性相关。在企业社会责任和危机研究中,与利益相关者相关的危机应对方法往往代表性不足,迄今为止,利益相关者整合的综合概念几乎没有被认为是一种危机管理方法。本文将2019冠状病毒病大流行视为一场可持续性危机,为危机时期利益攸关方融入可持续性项目伙伴关系提供了新的动力。对潜力、过程和结果质量的设计提出了建议,这些建议为项目领导者和涉众提供了见解。此外,还会对公共决策者产生影响,他们被赋予在这一大流行病中发挥日益积极的作用,他们可以通过设定适当的框架条件,为可持续性项目伙伴关系的成功作出贡献。发展的概念可以扩展到包括更多与公司相关的决定因素,并为以可持续为导向的关系营销和可持续危机的研究领域的实证分析提供了一个起点。
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引用次数: 2
Risk categorization in Portuguese organizations in times of the COVID-19 pandemic – an exploratory statistical analysis 2019冠状病毒病大流行期间葡萄牙组织的风险分类——探索性统计分析
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-03-2021-0033
F. Tavares, Eulália Santos, V. Tavares
PurposeThis work aims to characterize the risks companies deal with in the context of a pandemic, and to ascertain which risk type is most present in Portuguese organizations. It is also intended to verify whether there are differences in the various risk types between companies that had or did not have a plan or strategy to act in a pandemic, such as the one caused by COVID-19.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative methodology was used, based on the application of a questionnaire survey targeting the Portuguese companies. The sample is composed of 1,647 Portuguese companies, which were queried through a questionnaire survey that analyses different risk types. Then, the software R was used to treat the results.FindingsThe results show that companies are exposed and vulnerable to uncertain events, and five risk types were formed: legal, image, financial, strategic and operational. There is a bigger concern about the management of financial risks.Practical implicationsAcademics and companies can become more aware and master the concept of risk and its different branches, which consequently favours the adoption of strategies to better manage and plan risk.Originality/valueThe literature on international businesses and their risks assumes that all crises are the same. However, the COVID-19 pandemic, besides causing a recession, obliges people and companies to adapt to a new scenario. Risks become more important to companies, in a way that had not been academically studied.
目的:本工作旨在描述公司在大流行背景下面临的风险,并确定葡萄牙组织中最常见的风险类型。它还旨在验证在COVID-19引起的大流行中,有或没有制定行动计划或战略的公司之间的各种风险类型是否存在差异。设计/方法/方法采用定量方法,基于针对葡萄牙公司的问卷调查的应用。样本由1647家葡萄牙公司组成,通过分析不同风险类型的问卷调查对这些公司进行了询问。然后,使用R软件对结果进行处理。研究结果表明,企业易受不确定事件的影响,形成了法律、形象、财务、战略和运营五种风险类型。更大的担忧是对金融风险的管理。实际意义学者和公司可以更加了解和掌握风险及其不同分支的概念,从而有利于采取更好地管理和计划风险的策略。关于国际商业及其风险的文献假设所有危机都是相同的。然而,COVID-19大流行除了造成经济衰退外,还迫使个人和企业适应新的情况。风险对企业来说变得更加重要,而这在学术上还没有得到研究。
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引用次数: 5
Perceptions on effectiveness of public policies supporting entrepreneurship and internationalization 对支持企业家精神和国际化的公共政策有效性的看法
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-29 DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-09-2020-0062
João Campos, Vítor Braga, Aldina Correira, V. Ratten, C. Marques
PurposePublic policies provide a way for governments to influence the effectiveness of business strategies in the international marketplace. The main goal of this article is to show the importance of key aspects for policymaking at the national level and, secondly, to try to evaluate if public policies and programmes are effective in the entrepreneurship and internationalization of firms.Design/methodology/approachThe Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data set was used to perform a multivariate analysis through multiple linear regression.FindingsThe economic and financial crisis that has plagued the world recently has incentivized entrepreneurs to be more creative and encouraged policymakers to be more effective in the important role they can play in economic growth. Thus, the findings indicate that government support can help firms be more entrepreneurial and increase their level of internationalization in the marketplace. The findings indicate that entrepreneurship is an important growth factor, so it is important to understand government support can be effective in stimulating business activity.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focusses on perceptions of government policy based on the GEM database, which means it is limited to subjective assessments rather than objective measures.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study will help business managers focus on their country of origin as a way to stress the impact of government policies on reputation in the international marketplace.Social implicationsGovernments need to acknowledge how their entrepreneurial policies regarding innovation and internationalization affect business success rate. This means emphasizing the trustworthiness and credibility of their policies.Originality/valueThis article highlights the need for more entrepreneurial policymaking that emphasizes government reputational affects in the success rate of firms in the international marketplace. This provides a way for firms to gain better recognition from country-of-origin effects but also for policymakers to prioritize international strategic efforts. By comparing data from different countries, the article highlights the different ways government policy can be utilized strategically in order to increase entrepreneurship and internationalization rates.
目的公共政策为政府在国际市场上影响商业战略的有效性提供了一种途径。本文的主要目的是表明国家一级决策的关键方面的重要性,其次,试图评估公共政策和方案在企业创业和国际化方面是否有效。设计/方法/方法全球创业监测(GEM)数据集用于通过多元线性回归进行多变量分析。发现最近困扰世界的经济和金融危机激励企业家更有创造力,并鼓励政策制定者在经济增长中发挥更有效的重要作用。因此,研究结果表明,政府的支持可以帮助企业更具创业精神,并提高其在市场中的国际化水平。研究结果表明,创业是一个重要的增长因素,因此了解政府支持可以有效刺激商业活动是很重要的。研究局限性/含义本研究基于GEM数据库,重点关注对政府政策的看法,这意味着它仅限于主观评估,而非客观衡量。实际含义这项研究的结果将有助于企业经理关注他们的原籍国,以此强调政府政策对国际市场声誉的影响。社会影响政府需要认识到其关于创新和国际化的创业政策如何影响商业成功率。这意味着要强调他们政策的可信度和可信性。原创性/价值这篇文章强调了更多创业决策的必要性,强调政府声誉对企业在国际市场上成功率的影响。这为企业提供了一种更好地从原产国效应中获得认可的方式,也为决策者优先考虑国际战略努力提供了途径。通过比较不同国家的数据,文章强调了从战略上利用政府政策以提高创业率和国际化率的不同方式。
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引用次数: 4
Helping the people innovation leaves behind: the potential benefits of entrepreneurship 帮助创新落后的人:创业的潜在好处
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-06 DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-10-2020-0085
R. Baron
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the human costs of innovation – the personal difficulties, aside from economic ones, experienced by persons whose jobs are permanently eliminated by innovations.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual analysis of the negative personal effects (i.e. intra-individual) resulting from job loss due to innovation was used. These include reduced self-esteem, hope for the future, increased stress and increased and disturbing cognitive inconsistencies.FindingsProposals are developed concerning the harmful effects experienced by whose jobs are made unnecessary by innovation.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper, being conceptual, does not involve empirical research; rather it offers suggestions for future research.Practical implicationsAttention is called to the potential “downside” of innovation in terms of the persons whose jobs it renders superfluous. Reasons why entrepreneurship may be especially attractive to these persons are reviewed.Social implicationsInnovation generates many economic benefits but also makes many jobs unnecessary. As a resut, a growing number of persons lose jobs they can never hope to regain. These personal costs adversely affect both their psychological and physical well-being. Further, job loss due to innovation can add to income inequality and so be a source of conflict in society. Efforts to reduce these problems are essential for the continued well-being of both individuals and the societies in which they live.Originality/valuePast research concerning innovation has focused primarily on its economic effects. This paper extends this research by examining innovations' potentially harmful effects on persons it makes unemployed.
本文的目的是研究创新的人力成本——除了经济上的困难之外,那些因创新而永久失业的人所经历的个人困难。设计/方法/方法对由于创新而导致的失业所造成的负面个人影响(即个人内部)进行了概念性分析。这些症状包括自尊心下降、对未来的希望减少、压力增加、认知不一致性增加和令人不安。研究结果针对那些工作因创新而变得不必要的人所遭受的有害影响提出了建议。研究局限/启示:本文是概念性的,不涉及实证研究;相反,它为未来的研究提供了建议。实际意义需要注意的是,创新的潜在“负面影响”在于,它使人们的工作变得多余。本文回顾了创业对这些人特别有吸引力的原因。社会影响创新产生了许多经济效益,但也使许多工作变得不必要。其结果是,越来越多的人失去了他们永远也不可能重新获得的工作。这些个人成本对他们的心理和身体健康都产生了不利影响。此外,创新导致的失业可能会加剧收入不平等,从而成为社会冲突的根源。努力减少这些问题对于个人及其所处社会的持续福祉至关重要。独创性/价值过去关于创新的研究主要集中在其经济效应上。本文通过检验创新对失业人员的潜在有害影响来扩展这一研究。
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引用次数: 1
Institutional reforms, control of corruption, and diaspora entrepreneurship: insights and perspectives on America's poorest economy 制度改革、腐败控制和海外创业:对美国最贫穷经济的见解和看法
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-10 DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-12-2020-0097
Claudel Mombeuil, A. Fotiadis, Withz Aimable
PurposeWhile diaspora entrepreneurs remain important sources of capital and innovation, many developing countries are facing serious challenges to tap into these sources because of their weak institutional settings and the endemic and systemic corruption. To this end, this study explores how institutional reforms and control of corruption can influence diaspora entrepreneurship. This study also seeks to provide perspectives on how diaspora entrepreneurs can influence institutional reforms and market policies.Design/methodology/approachTo meet these objectives, qualitative and interpretive research approaches were employed.FindingsUsing responses collected from Haitian diaspora entrepreneurs living in the USA, this paper highlights different attributes of institutional reforms and control of corruption that can influence diaspora entrepreneurship.Practical implicationsBased on these insights, this paper argues that Haitian diaspora entrepreneurs need to play a proactive role as policy entrepreneurs by supporting competent and well-intention political leaders to gain office and by joining forces with local actors to advocate for institutional reforms, market reforms and control of corruption in order to be able to exploit market opportunities. In this respect, further perspectives for diaspora entrepreneurship, limitations and consideration for future research are highlighted.Originality/valueBy collecting insights on institutional reform and diaspora entrepreneurship from diaspora entrepreneurs, this paper makes important contribution to the entrepreneurship literature.
虽然散居海外的企业家仍然是资本和创新的重要来源,但许多发展中国家由于其薄弱的制度环境和普遍存在的系统性腐败,在利用这些来源方面面临着严峻的挑战。为此,本研究探讨了制度改革和腐败控制如何影响侨民创业。本研究还试图就散居海外的企业家如何影响体制改革和市场政策提供观点。设计/方法/方法为了达到这些目标,采用了定性和解释性研究方法。通过收集居住在美国的海地侨民企业家的反馈,本文强调了可能影响侨民创业的制度改革和腐败控制的不同属性。基于这些见解,本文认为,海地侨民企业家需要作为政策企业家发挥积极主动的作用,支持有能力和善意的政治领导人上台,并与当地行动者联合起来,倡导制度改革、市场改革和控制腐败,以便能够利用市场机会。在这方面,强调了对侨民创业的进一步看法,局限性和对未来研究的考虑。独创性/价值本文收集了散居企业家关于制度改革和散居创业的见解,对创业文献做出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 1
Liability rules for autonomous vehicles 自动驾驶汽车的责任规则
IF 1.9 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-04 DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-03-2019-0008
R. Epstein
PurposeThe coming use of autonomous vehicles has kindled an extensive debate over the choice of a desirable liability regime. This article contributes to that debate by explaining how rules for liability and damages ought to be constructed to deal first with stranger (including highway) cases and then with consensual cases (like medical malpractice). It concludes that an output regime based on events as they unfold is applicable in the former but not in the latter. It then argues that this legal regime carries over without a hitch to autonomous vehicles. It then further notes that in private disputes there are no fixed rules for deciding how to mix rules for injunctions and liabilities for threatened harms, and further notes that the regulatory regime for IoT will face those same difficulties, which are best solved by trying to minimize the sum of Type I and Type II errors, as in other cases.Design/methodology/approachLegal reasoning/analysis.FindingsOne salient point is that the rules of the road should change in response to technical innovation, but liability rules should not. The sound approach for dealing with damages for past incidents ought to be constructed to deal first with stranger (including highway) cases in which there is a dichotomous decision on compliance or not. That regime is based on events as they unfold, and carries over without a hitch to autonomous vehicles. For dealing with the prevention of future harms from violation of these rules, by contrast, there are no fixed rules for deciding how to mix damages with injunction, and the substitution of a system of direct state enforcement faces the same difficulties of implementation. In both settings, the rules of the road should be held constant, after which the ideal remedial mix follows the traditional approach of trying to minimize the sum of Type I and Type II errors, relating to over and underenforcement. The basic rules of tort liability stand in contrast to the different standards of liability that arise in consensual situations, and in all cases, they must necessarily be supplemented by rules of vicarious and product liability. Overall, the bottom line is this: autonomous vehicle innovations are relevant to designing regulations for future and uncertain harms, but irrelevant to liability for past harms.Originality/valueThis is an original legal analysis on the topic of Autonomous Vehicles.
目的自动驾驶汽车的使用引发了一场关于理想责任制度选择的广泛辩论。这篇文章解释了责任和损害赔偿规则应该如何构建,以首先处理陌生人(包括高速公路)案件,然后处理双方同意的案件(如医疗事故),从而为这场辩论做出了贡献。它得出的结论是,基于事件展开的产出制度适用于前者,但不适用于后者。然后,它辩称,这一法律制度对自动驾驶汽车没有任何阻碍。然后,它进一步指出,在私人纠纷中,没有固定的规则来决定如何将禁令规则和威胁伤害的责任混合在一起,并进一步指出,物联网的监管制度将面临同样的困难,最好通过尽量减少I类和II类错误的总和来解决,就像在其他情况下一样。设计/方法论/方法法律推理/分析。一个突出的观点是,道路规则应该随着技术创新而改变,但责任规则不应该。处理过去事件损害赔偿的合理方法应该首先处理陌生人(包括高速公路)案件,在这些案件中,对合规与否有着二分法的决定。这一制度是基于事件的发展,并顺利地延续到自动驾驶汽车上。相比之下,在处理防止违反这些规则造成未来伤害的问题时,没有固定的规则来决定如何将损害赔偿与禁令相结合,而国家直接执行制度的替代也面临着同样的执行困难。在这两种情况下,道路规则都应该保持不变,之后理想的补救组合遵循传统方法,即尽量减少与过度和不足执行有关的第一类和第二类错误的总和。侵权责任的基本规则与在双方同意的情况下产生的不同责任标准形成了鲜明对比,在所有情况下,它们都必须辅以替代责任和产品责任规则。总的来说,底线是:自动驾驶汽车的创新与设计未来和不确定危害的法规有关,但与过去危害的责任无关。原创/价值这是对自动驾驶汽车主题的原创法律分析。
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy
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