A Carolingian coin has recently been acquired by the Centre Charlemagne in Aachen which represents an entirely unexpected and truly historic addition to our knowledge of the reign of Charlemagne, as it bears the name of his wife Fastrada. It is the first known example of a queen being named on a Carolingian coin, and because the coin type was only introduced in 793 and Fastrada died in August 794, it can be very precisely dated. Charles was almost certainly prompted to strike it by learning of pennies of Cynethryth minted by Offa in the late 780s. The coinage reflects both the affection in which Charlemagne held Fastrada and the power he was prepared to share with her.
{"title":"A coin of Queen Fastrada and Charlemagne","authors":"Simon Coupland","doi":"10.1111/emed.12640","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emed.12640","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A Carolingian coin has recently been acquired by the Centre Charlemagne in Aachen which represents an entirely unexpected and truly historic addition to our knowledge of the reign of Charlemagne, as it bears the name of his wife Fastrada. It is the first known example of a queen being named on a Carolingian coin, and because the coin type was only introduced in 793 and Fastrada died in August 794, it can be very precisely dated. Charles was almost certainly prompted to strike it by learning of pennies of Cynethryth minted by Offa in the late 780s. The coinage reflects both the affection in which Charlemagne held Fastrada and the power he was prepared to share with her.</p>","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 4","pages":"585-597"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47394594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores fourth‐ to seventh‐century narratives about oaths of collective secrecy, which our sources typically frame negatively. By examining the terminology used in reference to these promises, the dynamics inherent in the practice and its relationship to oath‐taking customs in other contexts, and the influence of Christianity on the discourses around such pledges, we can see that late antique authors routinely frame the swearing of these pacts as a transition to a liminal state of existence. Through this rhetoric, church and state authorities constructed conceptual boundaries between those who agreed and disagreed with their definitions of acceptable behaviours.
{"title":"Constructing clandestine communities: oaths of collective secrecy and conceptual boundaries in the late antique Mediterranean","authors":"Michael Wuk","doi":"10.1111/emed.12616","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emed.12616","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores fourth‐ to seventh‐century narratives about oaths of collective secrecy, which our sources typically frame negatively. By examining the terminology used in reference to these promises, the dynamics inherent in the practice and its relationship to oath‐taking customs in other contexts, and the influence of Christianity on the discourses around such pledges, we can see that late antique authors routinely frame the swearing of these pacts as a transition to a liminal state of existence. Through this rhetoric, church and state authorities constructed conceptual boundaries between those who agreed and disagreed with their definitions of acceptable behaviours.","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 2","pages":"171-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emed.12616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46811883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the evolution of documentary culture in early medieval Tuscia by quantitatively examining the Latin spelling of charter scribes in relation to the following factors: time, the distinction between the formulaic and non-formulaic parts of the document, the scribe’s domicile, the scribe’s professional status, and the document type. The paper asks what the spelling of charters tells us about administrative and socio-cultural changes in charter production and in scribal education. The research data is 997 charters from the Late Latin Charter Treebank, and the approach that of philological corpus linguistics.
{"title":"Spelling correctness as a witness of changing documentary culture in Tuscia (eighth–ninth centuries)","authors":"Timo Korkiakangas","doi":"10.1111/emed.12619","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emed.12619","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper discusses the evolution of documentary culture in early medieval Tuscia by quantitatively examining the Latin spelling of charter scribes in relation to the following factors: time, the distinction between the formulaic and non-formulaic parts of the document, the scribe’s domicile, the scribe’s professional status, and the document type. The paper asks what the spelling of charters tells us about administrative and socio-cultural changes in charter production and in scribal education. The research data is 997 charters from the Late Latin Charter Treebank, and the approach that of philological corpus linguistics.</p>","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 2","pages":"220-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emed.12619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41458289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article builds on recent work on the Carolingian economy by giving an overview of landholding patterns and associated economic activity in the Loire valley in the ninth and tenth centuries. It demonstrates that only individuals and institutions with access to patronage from the royal fisc possessed large, unified estates; the majority of land was held as small, fragmented farmsteads. Moreover, these small parcels of land changed hands on a regular basis through grants and leases, allowing investment, agricultural development, and social and material returns for their owners. The article suggests that these small-scale property transactions were the basis for growth and dynamism in the late Carolingian economy.
{"title":"Landholding in the Loire valley and the late Carolingian economy (c.840–c.1000)","authors":"Niall Ó Súilleabháin","doi":"10.1111/emed.12634","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emed.12634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>This article builds on recent work on the Carolingian economy by giving an overview of landholding patterns and associated economic activity in the Loire valley in the ninth and tenth centuries. It demonstrates that only individuals and institutions with access to patronage from the royal fisc possessed large, unified estates; the majority of land was held as small, fragmented farmsteads. Moreover, these small parcels of land changed hands on a regular basis through grants and leases, allowing investment, agricultural development, and social and material returns for their owners. The article suggests that these small-scale property transactions were the basis for growth and dynamism in the late Carolingian economy</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 2","pages":"274-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emed.12634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45955938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes that the early monastery at Medeshamstede (later Peterborough) was the sponsor and supporter of the hermit saint, Guthlac, on the fenland island of Crowland. It locates that initiative in the early Benedictine practice in England. It is argued that Medeshamstede subsequently sustained the saint’s pre‐Viking cult, and is the best candidate for the location where Felix produced the saint’s Life. The potential impact of this proposition on received understandings of the relationships between the monasteries of Medeshamstede and Ely and the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia – played out through the local polity of the Gyrwe – is noted. Early stone sculpture at Fletton is interrogated as potential evidence for the cult of Guthlac at Medeshamstede but found wanting.
{"title":"Guthlac at Medeshamstede?","authors":"Paul Everson, David Stocker","doi":"10.1111/emed.12637","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emed.12637","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes that the early monastery at Medeshamstede (later Peterborough) was the sponsor and supporter of the hermit saint, Guthlac, on the fenland island of Crowland. It locates that initiative in the early Benedictine practice in England. It is argued that Medeshamstede subsequently sustained the saint’s pre‐Viking cult, and is the best candidate for the location where Felix produced the saint’s Life. The potential impact of this proposition on received understandings of the relationships between the monasteries of Medeshamstede and Ely and the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia – played out through the local polity of the Gyrwe – is noted. Early stone sculpture at Fletton is interrogated as potential evidence for the cult of Guthlac at Medeshamstede but found wanting.","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 2","pages":"194-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45443813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article offers a reanalysis of Hrabanus’ mid-ninth-century text De magicis artibus. Often read and studied as a complete work, the De magicis artibus is in fact one portion of a longer text that also discusses incest and marriage practices. Furthermore, the single surviving copy of the text is deliberately attached to another work by Hrabanus, his Poenitentiale ad Otgarium. This article argues that by examining the text in its entirety, as well as its manuscript context and edition history, Hrabanus’ whole work is better understood as one of pastoral care informed by the Old Testament.
{"title":"Re-examining Hrabanus Maurus’ letter on incest and magic","authors":"Matthew B. Edholm","doi":"10.1111/emed.12624","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emed.12624","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article offers a reanalysis of Hrabanus’ mid-ninth-century text <i>De magicis artibus</i>. Often read and studied as a complete work, the <i>De magicis artibus</i> is in fact one portion of a longer text that also discusses incest and marriage practices. Furthermore, the single surviving copy of the text is deliberately attached to another work by Hrabanus, his <i>Poenitentiale ad Otgarium</i>. This article argues that by examining the text in its entirety, as well as its manuscript context and edition history, Hrabanus’ whole work is better understood as one of pastoral care informed by the Old Testament.</p>","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 2","pages":"252-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emed.12624","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41537468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p><b>Prognostication in the Medieval World. A Handbook</b>. Edited by Matthias Heiduk, Klaus Herbers and Hans-Christian Lehner. De Gruyter Reference. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. 2021. 2 volumes. 1027 pp. € 279.</p><p><b>Mittelalterliche Rechtstexte und mantische Praktiken</b>. Edited by Klaus Herbers and Hans-Christian Lehner. Beihefte zum Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 94. Vienna, Cologne and Weimar: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlage. 2021. 152 pp. €23.99.</p><p><b>Christian Divination in Late Antiquity</b>. By Robert Wiśniewski. Social Worlds of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 2020. 287 pp. €105.</p><p><b>My Lots are in Thy Hands: Sortilege and its Practitioners in Late Antiquity</b>. Edited by Anne-Marie Luijendijk and William E. Klingshirn. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 188. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 2019. 392 pp. €129.</p><p>Emperors did it. Church Fathers did it. Educated monks, nuns and priests did it. Throughout the late antique and medieval periods, innumerable lay people from all walks of life did it. Even today, many people do it: they use texts and techniques, sometimes with the help of experts, to reveal what their personal future may hold. The many cultures of Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages agreed that the gods, God, Allah or other higher entities shared signs about the future with mankind, and that valuable information could be gained from these signs, with or without the help of specialists who knew how to observe and interpret them. 1 Such signs could take many shapes and forms: dice thrown or lots drawn with divine assistance provided answers, as did the age of the moon (that is: the number of days counted from the new moon), the signs of the zodiac or the direction from which the thunder was heard. Dreams, too, could indicate what was to come, but like all other signs of the future it mattered that they were observed and interpreted in the right way.</p><p>These four recent works about prognostication, divination and sortilege show how interest in such personal futures has a long and extremely rich history, and that the prognostic texts found in Latin manuscripts of the early Middle Ages are part of a much wider, global, phenomenon. For instance, prognostic texts in early medieval Latin manuscripts were mostly translated from the Greek, and often had parallels in a series of other languages such as Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac or Coptic. 2 Some of these texts had roots going back to the cuneiform cultures of Ancient Mesopotamia of the first millennium <span>bce</span>, and were reused and re-invented time and again in new religious, political and cultural contexts. 3 Many Latin prognostic texts did not lose currency with the advent of the universities and had extremely long and uninterrupted lives. To mention just two remarkable examples: a brontology (thunder-prognostication) first attested in the Etruscan world was printed on candy wrappers in nineteenth-century Rus
对未来不那么令人生畏的因素的担忧，那些与个人命运有关而不是与整个人类的未来有关的因素，也使人们寻求专家指导，查阅文本并失眠:今年的收成会成功吗?一个生病的朋友会康复吗?什么时候是交易或旅行的最佳时机?这些问题和不确定性可以被称为“微小的未来”，是每个人生活的一部分，是古代晚期和中世纪早期文化的一部分，正如它们是其他时代、地点、宗教背景和社会群体的一部分一样。同样地，占卜和预言，这些帮助揭示这些微小未来的技术，通常在更高实体的隐性或显性协助下，在世界各地的文化中都得到了充分的证明。预测预测总是通过观察和解释(由专家，或通过文本，或两者兼而有之)特定的迹象(彩虹，鸟的飞行，动物肝脏的形状)或规律模式(例如，在夜空中可观察到的，如月亮的运行轨迹或黄道十二宫的标志)的结果。因此，寻找这样的预测，是人们试图积极地寻找关于他们未来的知识的一种方式，而不是只是坐在那里等待命运或上帝为他们准备的东西。我们甚至可能想知道，我们自己在不带伞出门散步前看天气预报应用的倾向，或者在投资前阅读股市预测的倾向，是否有那么大的不同。四部作品中最具野心的无疑是《中世纪世界的预言》。由Matthias Heiduk, Klaus Herbers和Hans-Christian Lehner编辑的一本手册，两卷，一千页，概述了从公元500年到1500年从斯堪的纳维亚半岛到北非和近东，从爱尔兰到巴尔干半岛的广阔领土上的传统，实践和文本。这是国际人文研究联合会(ICRH)一项长期研究项目“命运、自由与预测”的成果。《应对东亚和欧洲未来的战略》，于2009年至2021年在埃尔兰根举行。在89个章节中，《手册》涵盖了每一种可以想象的预言形式，其最广泛的定义是“预测未来”(第5页)，除了关于“小未来”的文本和实践外，这里还包括末世论、视觉文学和医学实践。第一部分提供了8个介绍，每个涵盖了一个地理语言领域(例如凯尔特世界，中世纪犹太文化，东方基督教世界)，之后的第二部分(32章)处理了9个预言类别(例如预言，日历计算，梦的解释)，在适当的地方，每个类别分别有东方和西方基督教世界，犹太传统和伊斯兰世界的单独章节。通过这些章节，我们可以清楚地看到，无论是富人还是穷人，预言都是日常生活的一部分，每天观察到的事情有多少具有预测潜力。通过解读树上鸟儿的歌唱，夜空中星星的位置，或者一个喷嚏，就可以知道一个人的未来。那些能接触到书籍的人可以查阅预言文本或日历，或参考特定的文本(如荷马的著作或约翰福音)，这些文本被认为可以为那些随机打开书籍的人提供这些知识。与此同时，预言的流行伴随着对所有试图通过定义来了解未来的尝试的怀疑:总是有人怀疑这种做法是否可以接受，或者应该被视为异教、迷信或无知而抛弃。另一方面，如果上帝创造了宇宙和其中的一切，为了了解他的旨意而试图理解他的部分创造怎么会是错误的呢?这种紧张关系似乎以一种或另一种形式存在于整个古代晚期和中世纪时期:虽然忏悔和布道，例如，阿尔勒的凯撒留斯和诺永的埃利吉乌斯谴责占卜毫不含糊，拜占庭皇帝君士坦丁七世Porphyrogenitus(†959)没有一本关于梦的意义的手册安全地藏在他的旅行图书馆里，就不会进行任何军事行动(第396页)。该作品的第三部分，这填补了整个第二卷，致力于广泛的书面来源和人工制品。这本书同时也是三本书中最丰富、最不拘一格的一本:它提供了(仅举几个例子)日历、说教诗和lotbooks的介绍(有时很短)，但也包括圣徒传记、进入另一个世界的旅程描述、法律来源和圣经注释。 读这一部分的历史学家们肯定会觉得自己置身于一家充满未知乐趣的糖果店:谁不想了解更多具有异国情调的习俗，如lekanomanteia(通过在装满液体的碗中折射光线进行占卜，第846页)、ornithomancy(通过解释鸟的声音进行占卜，第893页)或scapulomancy(通过解释羊肩胛骨上的图案进行占卜，第971页)?如此广泛的来源和对象与这一主题相关，令人印象深刻，令人信服地表明，在中世纪(早期)，对不久的将来的思考，以及某种狭义上的预言和占卜是如何无处不在的，这些信仰和实践值得我们关注。忠实于一本手册的本质，这两卷书不意味着从头到尾读。它们提供了令人眼花缭乱的文本和实践、怀疑和辩论、跨文化影响和悠久传统的全景。这些章节大多紧凑而切中要害，最后附有有用的参考书目和文献。中世纪的预言是研究的一个极好的起点。因此，一个完整的主题索引(有一个名称和地点索引)是非常缺失的。对于这样一部雄心勃勃的作品，遗憾的是，它的文字编辑和语言修改没有得到更多的关注。这让我们看到了《Mittelalterliche rechtstete und mantische Praktiken》的集合体，这是由制作该手册的同一个Erlangen项目于2018年举行的一次会议的记录。在《手册》中密集的预言文本、实践和人工制品之后，这本书最大的惊喜是，关于占卜和巫术艺术的晚期古代和中世纪规范材料的语料库是多么的小。这不禁让人好奇:《手册》中所描述的所有文本和实践是否都逃过了那些编写规范性文本的人的视线?这种现象是否比我们想象的更不相关或更有问题?还是有其他的解释?这本书由引言和七章组成，涵盖了从七世纪到十三世纪的规范文本，如leges, canones和penitables的集合，并对其中一些问题提供了初步的答案。本书的主要问题是:规范性文本中对预测未来的谴责如何以及在多大程度上与生活实践相关?禁令对日常生活有影响吗，或者我们应该把它们看作是话题，同样几条古老的禁令几乎无休止地重复意味着什么?克劳斯·赫伯斯和汉斯-克里斯蒂安·雷纳在本书的序言中指出，莱格斯总医院、康西利亚总医院和几个重要的教会法合集(如普莱姆的雷吉诺和沃尔姆斯的伯查德的合集)中的规范性材料语料库并没有产生统一的形象，也没有给出直截了当的答案(第18页)尽管规范性文本只包含有限的证据来证明他们谴责的做法的存在，但他们确实对思考浪漫艺术和占卜表现出持续的兴趣，并在宣传他们的负面形象。规范材料的核心是拒绝和谴责诸如抽签和占卜之类的做法，这些做法一直到中世纪都是圣徒们的灵感来源，大多是晚期的古董。本书中讨论的几乎所有规范文本或文集都有特色，例如，安奎拉会议(314)的佳能24，其中列出了被拒绝的实践，如观察梦和符号，以及更gentilium的占卜。七世纪Cornelia Scherer所讨论的《西班牙文集》(Collectio Hispana)中包含了它(第42页)，整整三个世纪后，Burchard of Worms’s Decretum也包含了它(由Birgit Kynast讨论，第107页)。然而，这样的复制绝不是没有反思的，一些细节是新的，当人们寻找更细微的地方时，就会出现。在他关于早期中世纪忏悔的章节中，Ludger Körntgen展示了古老的，经常重复的规范如何在不同的框架中出现:例如，在Excarpsus Cummeani中，观察鸟类，抽奖和占卜都被贴上了非基督教实践的标签(第68页)，后来的忏悔将相同的禁令纳入了新的类别。例如，伪埃格伯特的忏悔将浪漫的实践概念化为女性特有的东西，而天气魔法则被视为“贪婪”(cupiditas)。换句话说，通过调查忏悔中使用的范畴究竟意味着什么，就
{"title":"Review article: Small futures. sortilege, divination and prognostication in Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages","authors":"Carine van Rhijn","doi":"10.1111/emed.12620","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emed.12620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Prognostication in the Medieval World. A Handbook</b>. Edited by Matthias Heiduk, Klaus Herbers and Hans-Christian Lehner. De Gruyter Reference. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. 2021. 2 volumes. 1027 pp. € 279.</p><p><b>Mittelalterliche Rechtstexte und mantische Praktiken</b>. Edited by Klaus Herbers and Hans-Christian Lehner. Beihefte zum Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 94. Vienna, Cologne and Weimar: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlage. 2021. 152 pp. €23.99.</p><p><b>Christian Divination in Late Antiquity</b>. By Robert Wiśniewski. Social Worlds of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 2020. 287 pp. €105.</p><p><b>My Lots are in Thy Hands: Sortilege and its Practitioners in Late Antiquity</b>. Edited by Anne-Marie Luijendijk and William E. Klingshirn. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 188. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 2019. 392 pp. €129.</p><p>Emperors did it. Church Fathers did it. Educated monks, nuns and priests did it. Throughout the late antique and medieval periods, innumerable lay people from all walks of life did it. Even today, many people do it: they use texts and techniques, sometimes with the help of experts, to reveal what their personal future may hold. The many cultures of Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages agreed that the gods, God, Allah or other higher entities shared signs about the future with mankind, and that valuable information could be gained from these signs, with or without the help of specialists who knew how to observe and interpret them.\u00001 Such signs could take many shapes and forms: dice thrown or lots drawn with divine assistance provided answers, as did the age of the moon (that is: the number of days counted from the new moon), the signs of the zodiac or the direction from which the thunder was heard. Dreams, too, could indicate what was to come, but like all other signs of the future it mattered that they were observed and interpreted in the right way.</p><p>These four recent works about prognostication, divination and sortilege show how interest in such personal futures has a long and extremely rich history, and that the prognostic texts found in Latin manuscripts of the early Middle Ages are part of a much wider, global, phenomenon. For instance, prognostic texts in early medieval Latin manuscripts were mostly translated from the Greek, and often had parallels in a series of other languages such as Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac or Coptic.\u00002 Some of these texts had roots going back to the cuneiform cultures of Ancient Mesopotamia of the first millennium <span>bce</span>, and were reused and re-invented time and again in new religious, political and cultural contexts.\u00003 Many Latin prognostic texts did not lose currency with the advent of the universities and had extremely long and uninterrupted lives. To mention just two remarkable examples: a brontology (thunder-prognostication) first attested in the Etruscan world was printed on candy wrappers in nineteenth-century Rus","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 2","pages":"297-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emed.12620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47846554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Languages of Early Medieval Charters: Latin, Germanic Vernaculars, and the Written Word. Edited by Robert Gallagher, Edward Roberts and Francesca Tinti. Brill’s Series on the Early Middle Ages 27. Leiden: Brill. 2021. xvi + 548 pp. €134. ISBN 978 90 04 42811 9.","authors":"Warren C. Brown","doi":"10.1111/emed.12635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/emed.12635","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 2","pages":"318-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50135034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Last Great War of Antiquity. By James Howard-Johnston. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2021. xix + 446 pp. + 9 maps + 32 figures. £35. ISBN 978 0 19 883019 1.","authors":"Nadine Viermann","doi":"10.1111/emed.12636","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emed.12636","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 2","pages":"329-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46658179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Early Modern Invention of Late Antique Rome. By Nicola Denzey Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2020. xviii + 426 pp. ISBN 978 1 108 47189 3.","authors":"Rosamond McKitterick","doi":"10.1111/emed.12639","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emed.12639","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44508,"journal":{"name":"Early Medieval Europe","volume":"31 2","pages":"310-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47419761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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