Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220026
M. Elston
In Egypt today, turāth (often translated as “heritage”, “legacy”, or “tradition”) is a pivotal concept for the Muslim religious scholars (ʿulamāʾ) of al-Azhar, the preeminent institution of Sunni learning located in Cairo. Although scholarly interest in turāth has grown in recent years, this literature has focused primarily on articulations of the concept at the hands of the Arab intelligentsia without attention to the ʿulamāʾ. To address this lacuna, and in so doing, offer a more complete understanding of the politics and contours of turāth debates in the contemporary Arab Muslim world, this article analyzes turāth in the writings and statements of ʿAlī Jumʿa (b. 1952), one of its most prolific interpreters amongst the contemporary Egyptian ʿulamāʾ. Sections one and two explore the semantic evolution of turāth in the intellectual genealogy within which Jumʿa locates his understanding of the concept, which includes two students of al-Azhar: Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905) and Ṭāhā Ḥusayn (1889–1973). The third section analyzes Jumʿa’s conceptualization of turāth and compares it to those of ʿAbduh and Ḥusayn. The article argues that Jumʿa’s representation of turāth is central to his efforts to reassert the intellectual and religious primacy of the ʿulamāʾ in the contemporary Muslim world.
{"title":"Becoming Turāth: the Islamic Tradition in the Modern Period","authors":"M. Elston","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In Egypt today, turāth (often translated as “heritage”, “legacy”, or “tradition”) is a pivotal concept for the Muslim religious scholars (ʿulamāʾ) of al-Azhar, the preeminent institution of Sunni learning located in Cairo. Although scholarly interest in turāth has grown in recent years, this literature has focused primarily on articulations of the concept at the hands of the Arab intelligentsia without attention to the ʿulamāʾ. To address this lacuna, and in so doing, offer a more complete understanding of the politics and contours of turāth debates in the contemporary Arab Muslim world, this article analyzes turāth in the writings and statements of ʿAlī Jumʿa (b. 1952), one of its most prolific interpreters amongst the contemporary Egyptian ʿulamāʾ. Sections one and two explore the semantic evolution of turāth in the intellectual genealogy within which Jumʿa locates his understanding of the concept, which includes two students of al-Azhar: Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905) and Ṭāhā Ḥusayn (1889–1973). The third section analyzes Jumʿa’s conceptualization of turāth and compares it to those of ʿAbduh and Ḥusayn. The article argues that Jumʿa’s representation of turāth is central to his efforts to reassert the intellectual and religious primacy of the ʿulamāʾ in the contemporary Muslim world.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44186098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220025
A. Edwards
This article examines the business and economics of publishing in the early Beirut Nahḍa. First, the practice of patronage to bring original works to print shows how money facilitated cultural production in the 1850s. Next, a case study of Khalīl al-Khūrī’s (1836–1907) newspaper and press, Ḥadīqat al-Akhbār (“News Garden”, established 1858) and al-Maṭbaʿa al-Sūriyya (“the Syrian Press”, established 1857), reveals the operational challenges and financial difficulties of being a cultural entrepreneur and printing pioneer. Lastly, a comprehensive study of al-ʿUmda al-Adabiyya li-Ishhār al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya (“the Literary Committee for Publishing Arabic Books”, 1860–67), a partnership for which al-Khūrī was the project runner and printer, illustrates the role of crowdfunding and the importance of cooperation among the Beirut middle class. This article presents a realistic account of being “in the business” of publishing in the Arabic literary revival.
{"title":"The Business of Publishing in the Early Beirut Nahḍa: Khalīl al-Khūrī, Partnerships, and the Literary Committee","authors":"A. Edwards","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article examines the business and economics of publishing in the early Beirut Nahḍa. First, the practice of patronage to bring original works to print shows how money facilitated cultural production in the 1850s. Next, a case study of Khalīl al-Khūrī’s (1836–1907) newspaper and press, Ḥadīqat al-Akhbār (“News Garden”, established 1858) and al-Maṭbaʿa al-Sūriyya (“the Syrian Press”, established 1857), reveals the operational challenges and financial difficulties of being a cultural entrepreneur and printing pioneer. Lastly, a comprehensive study of al-ʿUmda al-Adabiyya li-Ishhār al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya (“the Literary Committee for Publishing Arabic Books”, 1860–67), a partnership for which al-Khūrī was the project runner and printer, illustrates the role of crowdfunding and the importance of cooperation among the Beirut middle class. This article presents a realistic account of being “in the business” of publishing in the Arabic literary revival.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43737465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-13DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220014
Şehnaz Şişmanoğlu Şimşek
Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas père is among the popular novels translated into many languages and scripts in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. The Karamanlidika (Turkish in Greek script) edition of 1882–83 has not hitherto been studied in a comparative reading with the source text. This article identifies the source text as the Turkish in Arabic script translation of Monte Kristo (1871) by Teodor Kasap, a prominent figure in Ottoman Turkish literature and press. This source text affected the ornate language in the Karamanlidika translation, in sharp contrast to the general tendency towards plainness in the Karamanlidika fiction of the time. Taking “translation” (terceme) as an umbrella term, the article analyses the practices of both Kasap and the unknown Karamanlidika translator in translating the novel. The paper also analyses the conventional paratexts of the Karamanlidika edition, such as the publication house, the dedication page and the subscriber’s list in the back of the book to understand the mechanisms of book production and circulation among the Turcophone Orthodox community. One volume published in an Armeno-Turkish publishing house indicates an intercommunal publishing activity between Christian communities in mid-19th century. The subscriber’s list from various cities of Asia Minor and the dedication to an Anatolian notable is typical in the sense it shows the dominance of the Anatolian readers in the style, language and vocabulary of the texts produced in Karamanlidika.
{"title":"Le Comte de Monte-Cristo in Karamanlidika: In the Footsteps of Teodor Kasap","authors":"Şehnaz Şişmanoğlu Şimşek","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas père is among the popular novels translated into many languages and scripts in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. The Karamanlidika (Turkish in Greek script) edition of 1882–83 has not hitherto been studied in a comparative reading with the source text. This article identifies the source text as the Turkish in Arabic script translation of Monte Kristo (1871) by Teodor Kasap, a prominent figure in Ottoman Turkish literature and press. This source text affected the ornate language in the Karamanlidika translation, in sharp contrast to the general tendency towards plainness in the Karamanlidika fiction of the time. Taking “translation” (terceme) as an umbrella term, the article analyses the practices of both Kasap and the unknown Karamanlidika translator in translating the novel. The paper also analyses the conventional paratexts of the Karamanlidika edition, such as the publication house, the dedication page and the subscriber’s list in the back of the book to understand the mechanisms of book production and circulation among the Turcophone Orthodox community. One volume published in an Armeno-Turkish publishing house indicates an intercommunal publishing activity between Christian communities in mid-19th century. The subscriber’s list from various cities of Asia Minor and the dedication to an Anatolian notable is typical in the sense it shows the dominance of the Anatolian readers in the style, language and vocabulary of the texts produced in Karamanlidika.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42290321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220012
Klaus Kreiser
{"title":"Kursar, Vjeran, Kornelija Jurin Starčević, Nenad Moačanin (Hrsg.), Evliya Çelebī in the Borderlands: New Insights and Novel Approaches to the Seyhatname","authors":"Klaus Kreiser","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49283685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220010
U. Freitag
{"title":"Madawi Al-Rasheed, The Son King. Reform and Repression in Saudi Arabia","authors":"U. Freitag","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44776865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220011
F. Herkert
{"title":"Seyed Ali Sadr, Offenbarung, Exegese und Ratio. ʻAllāma Saiyid Muḥammad Ḥusain Ṭabāṭabāʼī und sein Korankommentar al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʼān","authors":"F. Herkert","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48918362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220013
Ulrich Rebstock
{"title":"Cyrille Aillet, L’ibadisme dans les sociétés de l’Islam médiéval. Modèles et interactions","authors":"Ulrich Rebstock","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48023212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.1163/15700607-62030002
A. Topal, Einar Wigen
This paper traces the transformation in how Ottoman scribes, statesmen, and bureaucrats imagined the body politic from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century by focusing on metaphors derived from medicine and the human body. As others have shown, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ottoman political writing demonstrates a clear influence of Galenic medicine and Aristotelian and Avicennan metaphysics in conceptualizing state and society. During the eighteenth century, however, we see the adoption of a Khaldunian conception of society as an organic unity with a determined lifespan, something that implies a shift in emphasis from spatiality to temporality of the polity. From the early Tanzimat onwards, we see sporadic use of modern medical, disease, and germ-related concepts to explain the problems of Ottoman politics and society. Our argument is that instead of a sudden shift from a Galenic to a modern medical vocabulary due to the impact of the West, Ottoman political imagery gradually changed over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in response to administrative challenges. In narrating this transformation, we also reflect on how examining metaphors can contribute to our understanding of conceptual transformation and, particularly in our case, the concept of “state”.
{"title":"Diagnosing the State: Medical Metaphors in Ottoman Political Writing","authors":"A. Topal, Einar Wigen","doi":"10.1163/15700607-62030002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-62030002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper traces the transformation in how Ottoman scribes, statesmen, and bureaucrats imagined the body politic from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century by focusing on metaphors derived from medicine and the human body. As others have shown, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ottoman political writing demonstrates a clear influence of Galenic medicine and Aristotelian and Avicennan metaphysics in conceptualizing state and society. During the eighteenth century, however, we see the adoption of a Khaldunian conception of society as an organic unity with a determined lifespan, something that implies a shift in emphasis from spatiality to temporality of the polity. From the early Tanzimat onwards, we see sporadic use of modern medical, disease, and germ-related concepts to explain the problems of Ottoman politics and society. Our argument is that instead of a sudden shift from a Galenic to a modern medical vocabulary due to the impact of the West, Ottoman political imagery gradually changed over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in response to administrative challenges. In narrating this transformation, we also reflect on how examining metaphors can contribute to our understanding of conceptual transformation and, particularly in our case, the concept of “state”.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45333771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.1163/15700607-62030003
Nikos Sigalas
This article outlines the history of the polysemous word millet from early Ottoman times up to the reign of Mahmud ii (r. 1808–39), challenging the view that the Ottoman term millet had an exclusively religious meaning before the nineteenth century. In the early Ottoman era, millet had at least three different meanings: in theological discourse, it was used as an abstract concept related to dīn and sharīʿa; when pertaining to religious groups, it meant “a people shaped through belief”; and, in a more vernacular register, it was used in the sense of “a people”. The article examines how these meanings shifted over the longue durée of Ottoman history. In the process, it addresses major social, political, and cultural changes that affected the sociolinguistics of Ottoman Turkish: the development of an elaborate imperial language grounded on shariatic ethics from the mid-sixteenth century; the Ottoman Porte’s growing acquaintance with Westphalian diplomacy from the early eighteenth century; and the development of an Ottoman confessional policy from the mid-eighteenth century, notably under Mahmud ii. I conclude that the meaning of millet in two registers has shifted in modern times to the modern concepts of “nation” and “confession”, thereby combining two arguably antithetical aspects of Ottoman secularisation in one polysemous word.
{"title":"“And Every Language that Has Been Voiced Became a Millet”: A Genealogy of the late Ottoman Millet","authors":"Nikos Sigalas","doi":"10.1163/15700607-62030003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-62030003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article outlines the history of the polysemous word millet from early Ottoman times up to the reign of Mahmud ii (r. 1808–39), challenging the view that the Ottoman term millet had an exclusively religious meaning before the nineteenth century. In the early Ottoman era, millet had at least three different meanings: in theological discourse, it was used as an abstract concept related to dīn and sharīʿa; when pertaining to religious groups, it meant “a people shaped through belief”; and, in a more vernacular register, it was used in the sense of “a people”. The article examines how these meanings shifted over the longue durée of Ottoman history. In the process, it addresses major social, political, and cultural changes that affected the sociolinguistics of Ottoman Turkish: the development of an elaborate imperial language grounded on shariatic ethics from the mid-sixteenth century; the Ottoman Porte’s growing acquaintance with Westphalian diplomacy from the early eighteenth century; and the development of an Ottoman confessional policy from the mid-eighteenth century, notably under Mahmud ii. I conclude that the meaning of millet in two registers has shifted in modern times to the modern concepts of “nation” and “confession”, thereby combining two arguably antithetical aspects of Ottoman secularisation in one polysemous word.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48507901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.1163/15700607-62030007
S. Guth
In the introduction to what is often labelled “the first Arabic novel”, Khalīl al-Khūrī’s Way, idhan lastu bi-Ifranjī (1859), the author not only criticises contemporary Westernisation, but also outlines a new aesthetics that integrates authenticity, logical plausibility, and passion (hawas). This article explains how al-Khūrī’s advocacy of the “indigenous way of life”, literary authenticity, and an emotionalisation of writing belong together. They spring from the same source, just as does the temporalisation inherent in the nahḍa’s predilection for plot narratives: the modern subject beginning to sense its agency and seeking to assert itself.
{"title":"The Modern Subject Sensing its Agency: Khalīl al-Khūrī’s Aesthetics of “Truth Mingled with Passion”","authors":"S. Guth","doi":"10.1163/15700607-62030007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-62030007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the introduction to what is often labelled “the first Arabic novel”, Khalīl al-Khūrī’s Way, idhan lastu bi-Ifranjī (1859), the author not only criticises contemporary Westernisation, but also outlines a new aesthetics that integrates authenticity, logical plausibility, and passion (hawas). This article explains how al-Khūrī’s advocacy of the “indigenous way of life”, literary authenticity, and an emotionalisation of writing belong together. They spring from the same source, just as does the temporalisation inherent in the nahḍa’s predilection for plot narratives: the modern subject beginning to sense its agency and seeking to assert itself.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48299854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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