Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.1163/15700607-62030005
Augustin Jomier
Among the conceptual foundations on which scholars of modern Islam have built their narratives for decades, ideas such as “reform” and “reformism” have been singled out for charges of Eurocentricism and Orientalism. At the same time, research on early modern Islam leads us to question the specificities of these nineteenth and twentieth-century concepts. Building on this scholarship, this article examines the case of Algerian Ibadi reform (iṣlāḥ) in order to reassert the specificity of the early twentieth century as a moment when Islamic concepts acquired new meanings, but also as a moment of deep entanglements between Islamic and colonial knowledge production. It shows that a systematic understanding of iṣlāḥ as social and religious reform linked to the idea of progress developed only during the interwar period. It also demonstrates that the emic and etic uses of iṣlāḥ and “reform” developed together, a result of the confluence between modern Islamic scholarship and scholarship about Islam in the early twentieth-century Algerian colonial public sphere. Thus, the conceptual history of iṣlāḥ warns us against approaches that consider emic and etic categories bounded entities and invites us instead to unravel their complexities.
{"title":"The making of Islamic reform (iṣlāḥ) in Colonial Algeria (1882–1938): Ibadi scholars, French officials and the conceptual foundations of modern Islamic studies","authors":"Augustin Jomier","doi":"10.1163/15700607-62030005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-62030005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Among the conceptual foundations on which scholars of modern Islam have built their narratives for decades, ideas such as “reform” and “reformism” have been singled out for charges of Eurocentricism and Orientalism. At the same time, research on early modern Islam leads us to question the specificities of these nineteenth and twentieth-century concepts. Building on this scholarship, this article examines the case of Algerian Ibadi reform (iṣlāḥ) in order to reassert the specificity of the early twentieth century as a moment when Islamic concepts acquired new meanings, but also as a moment of deep entanglements between Islamic and colonial knowledge production. It shows that a systematic understanding of iṣlāḥ as social and religious reform linked to the idea of progress developed only during the interwar period. It also demonstrates that the emic and etic uses of iṣlāḥ and “reform” developed together, a result of the confluence between modern Islamic scholarship and scholarship about Islam in the early twentieth-century Algerian colonial public sphere. Thus, the conceptual history of iṣlāḥ warns us against approaches that consider emic and etic categories bounded entities and invites us instead to unravel their complexities.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47326504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.1163/15700607-62030001
Florian Zemmin, A. Topal
{"title":"Conceptualizing Near Eastern Modernity: Religion, Politics, and Civilization","authors":"Florian Zemmin, A. Topal","doi":"10.1163/15700607-62030001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-62030001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44267208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.1163/15700607-62030004
Wael Abu-ʿUksa
From the 1820s onwards, “progress” and “civilisation” gained extensive use in Arabic and evolved as comprehensive concepts. “Progress” conveyed the power of development and “civilisation” referred to the aspired-to future. The key use of “civilisation” was to establish a new form of legitimacy used to justify new institutional practices, values, and customs. Using Rifāʿa al-Ṭahṭāwī’s early theorisation of “civilisation” in the late 1820s as its starting point, this article tracks how medieval Arabic conceptions of the term influenced his theory, while also elaborating on the course and transformation of “civilisation” over time. The article traces the prehistory of the modern concept by mapping the semantics of words such as tamaddun, ʿumrān, taḥaḍḍur, and tamaṣṣur, all of which characterise different aspects of civilisation. It examines the sources al-Ṭahṭāwī drew on in constructing his conception of civilisation and problematises the idea that it is a notion wholly imported from France. The article’s diachronic analysis of “civilisation” uncovers its antecedents as represented in al-Ṭahṭāwī’s works, which intertwine the classical Greek, Hellenist, Arab, and modern European traditions.
从19世纪20年代开始，“进步”和“文明”在阿拉伯语中得到广泛使用，并演变为综合概念。“进步”表达了发展的力量，“文明”指的是对未来的憧憬。“文明”一词的关键用途是建立一种新的合法性形式，用来为新的制度实践、价值观和习俗辩护。本文以19世纪20年代末rifha ā ā a al-Ṭahṭāwī关于“文明”的早期理论为起点，追溯中世纪阿拉伯语对“文明”一词的概念如何影响他的理论，同时也详细阐述了“文明”随着时间的推移的过程和转变。这篇文章通过绘制诸如tamaddun、umrān、taḥaḍḍur和tamaṣṣur等词的语义图，追溯了现代概念的史前历史，这些词都代表了文明的不同方面。它考察了al-Ṭahṭāwī在构建他的文明概念时所借鉴的来源，并对完全从法国进口的概念提出了质疑。本文对“文明”的历时性分析揭示了其在al-Ṭahṭāwī作品中所代表的祖先，这些作品交织着古典希腊、希腊化、阿拉伯和现代欧洲传统。
{"title":"The Premodern History of “Civilisation” in Arabic: Rifāʿa al-Ṭahṭāwī and his Medieval Sources","authors":"Wael Abu-ʿUksa","doi":"10.1163/15700607-62030004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-62030004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 From the 1820s onwards, “progress” and “civilisation” gained extensive use in Arabic and evolved as comprehensive concepts. “Progress” conveyed the power of development and “civilisation” referred to the aspired-to future. The key use of “civilisation” was to establish a new form of legitimacy used to justify new institutional practices, values, and customs. Using Rifāʿa al-Ṭahṭāwī’s early theorisation of “civilisation” in the late 1820s as its starting point, this article tracks how medieval Arabic conceptions of the term influenced his theory, while also elaborating on the course and transformation of “civilisation” over time. The article traces the prehistory of the modern concept by mapping the semantics of words such as tamaddun, ʿumrān, taḥaḍḍur, and tamaṣṣur, all of which characterise different aspects of civilisation. It examines the sources al-Ṭahṭāwī drew on in constructing his conception of civilisation and problematises the idea that it is a notion wholly imported from France. The article’s diachronic analysis of “civilisation” uncovers its antecedents as represented in al-Ṭahṭāwī’s works, which intertwine the classical Greek, Hellenist, Arab, and modern European traditions.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43718853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.1163/15700607-62030006
Markus Dressler
During its last century, the Ottoman Empire faced strong contestation of its political order, which had undergone radical changes that are generally discussed in relation to modernisation. Against this background, key social and political concepts in Ottoman Turkish shed old meanings and acquired new ones. This article examines the trajectory of the term millet in this period as a case study. Drawing on political and lexicographic texts from the Tanzimat era and afterwards, the article discusses the semantic shifts through which millet, traditionally closely related to din/religion, acquired connotations of a political community, not the least proto-national ones. This led to a polysemy that remained relatively stable until the end of the Ottoman era, when the political meaning of the term millet as “nation” gained dominance. This secularisation of the term reached its peak in the early Turkish republic, although the older, religious connotations of the term were never totally forgotten and are still evoked in conservative religious discourse.
{"title":"Tracing the Nationalisation of Millet in the Late Ottoman Period: A Conceptual History Approach","authors":"Markus Dressler","doi":"10.1163/15700607-62030006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-62030006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During its last century, the Ottoman Empire faced strong contestation of its political order, which had undergone radical changes that are generally discussed in relation to modernisation. Against this background, key social and political concepts in Ottoman Turkish shed old meanings and acquired new ones. This article examines the trajectory of the term millet in this period as a case study. Drawing on political and lexicographic texts from the Tanzimat era and afterwards, the article discusses the semantic shifts through which millet, traditionally closely related to din/religion, acquired connotations of a political community, not the least proto-national ones. This led to a polysemy that remained relatively stable until the end of the Ottoman era, when the political meaning of the term millet as “nation” gained dominance. This secularisation of the term reached its peak in the early Turkish republic, although the older, religious connotations of the term were never totally forgotten and are still evoked in conservative religious discourse.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44847925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-21DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220006
N. Cigar
This is a study of a legal treatise by ʿĀdil ʿAwaḍ, published by Umm al-Qurā University in Mecca, a scholarly attempt to deal with the legality and ethics of Weapons of Mass Destruction (wmd) from the perspective of the šarīʿa. Saudi Arabia offers a relevant real-world case study, given the continuing importance of Islam in its socio-political system and the indications that Riyadh is considering the acquisition of nuclear weapons. ʿAwaḍ addresses the moral and legal – and essentially religiously-based, although mingled with Realpolitik – considerations pertinent to acquiring and potentially using wmd, especially nuclear weapons, and he addresses issues such as deterrence, first-strike capability, the parameters of targeting, and proportionality. This study engages an actual player, rather than limiting the approach to a theoretical perspective and to positing how Muslims could or should think, and concludes that the findings in ʿAwaḍ’s treatise legitimize and contribute to the proliferation and use of wmd.
{"title":"Weapons of Mass Destruction and Islam: Applying the Šarīʿa in Saudi Arabia","authors":"N. Cigar","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This is a study of a legal treatise by ʿĀdil ʿAwaḍ, published by Umm al-Qurā University in Mecca, a scholarly attempt to deal with the legality and ethics of Weapons of Mass Destruction (wmd) from the perspective of the šarīʿa. Saudi Arabia offers a relevant real-world case study, given the continuing importance of Islam in its socio-political system and the indications that Riyadh is considering the acquisition of nuclear weapons. ʿAwaḍ addresses the moral and legal – and essentially religiously-based, although mingled with Realpolitik – considerations pertinent to acquiring and potentially using wmd, especially nuclear weapons, and he addresses issues such as deterrence, first-strike capability, the parameters of targeting, and proportionality. This study engages an actual player, rather than limiting the approach to a theoretical perspective and to positing how Muslims could or should think, and concludes that the findings in ʿAwaḍ’s treatise legitimize and contribute to the proliferation and use of wmd.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47678264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-21DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220009
Uğur Bayraktar
The present article investigates the kanun or Albanian “customary law”, with a particular focus on feuds in the town of Dibra. It explores a case of Ottoman legal pluralism in which the kanun and Ottoman law interacted, a major watershed in the development of Ottoman law. By shifting the perspective to the Albanian highlanders’ understanding of “law”, this paper sheds light on how a set of customary laws contributed to the making of the Tanzimat, which called for a standardised legal framework in the provinces. It examines the means the Ottoman government developed to eliminate feuds and demonstrates that the Tanzimat converged with the principles of Albanian customary law. Analysis of this interaction between the kanun and state law demonstrates how this process constituted one of the foundations of the modern Ottoman legal order in northern Albania.
{"title":"Feud, Law, and Society in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Northern Albania","authors":"Uğur Bayraktar","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The present article investigates the kanun or Albanian “customary law”, with a particular focus on feuds in the town of Dibra. It explores a case of Ottoman legal pluralism in which the kanun and Ottoman law interacted, a major watershed in the development of Ottoman law. By shifting the perspective to the Albanian highlanders’ understanding of “law”, this paper sheds light on how a set of customary laws contributed to the making of the Tanzimat, which called for a standardised legal framework in the provinces. It examines the means the Ottoman government developed to eliminate feuds and demonstrates that the Tanzimat converged with the principles of Albanian customary law. Analysis of this interaction between the kanun and state law demonstrates how this process constituted one of the foundations of the modern Ottoman legal order in northern Albania.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44798072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-05DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220007
A. Knysh
Sufism in post-Soviet Russia is a complex phenomenon that resists common methodological assumptions current in the sociology of religion and cultural studies, especially the oft-cited notions of disenchantment or re-enchantment and cognitive paradigm shift. This article demonstrates that discontinuities and shifts in cultural and intellectual spheres do matter, but so do continuities and remembrances of the past. In other words, “nothing is ever lost”. The author examines several instances of the reimagining of Sufism in the Caucasus and the Volga-Ural region of Russia, including recent interpretations of its history and principles by a popular Sufi teacher and two high-ranking members of the Russian-Muslim officialdom. Provisionally classified as “traditionalist”, “interiorized-privatized”, and “perennialist”, these interpretations reflect not only the varying social positions and intellectual convictions of the interpreters but also their conscious efforts to adapt Sufism to their respective environments and audiences. In conclusion the author evaluates the epistemological utility of the aforementioned sociological concepts in explaining these [re-]interpretations of Sufism with special emphasis on the role of imagination and creative remembrance of the past.
{"title":"Sufism in Post-Soviet Russia: Searching for Enchantment and a Paradigm Shift","authors":"A. Knysh","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Sufism in post-Soviet Russia is a complex phenomenon that resists common methodological assumptions current in the sociology of religion and cultural studies, especially the oft-cited notions of disenchantment or re-enchantment and cognitive paradigm shift. This article demonstrates that discontinuities and shifts in cultural and intellectual spheres do matter, but so do continuities and remembrances of the past. In other words, “nothing is ever lost”. The author examines several instances of the reimagining of Sufism in the Caucasus and the Volga-Ural region of Russia, including recent interpretations of its history and principles by a popular Sufi teacher and two high-ranking members of the Russian-Muslim officialdom. Provisionally classified as “traditionalist”, “interiorized-privatized”, and “perennialist”, these interpretations reflect not only the varying social positions and intellectual convictions of the interpreters but also their conscious efforts to adapt Sufism to their respective environments and audiences. In conclusion the author evaluates the epistemological utility of the aforementioned sociological concepts in explaining these [re-]interpretations of Sufism with special emphasis on the role of imagination and creative remembrance of the past.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43103945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-05DOI: 10.1163/15700607-20220008
M. Sajid
The tradition of taṣliya texts and practices in Sufism constitute an important source of Muslim intellectual and religious history. Previous studies have argued that these texts were more than mere cultural expressions of devotion to Prophet Muḥammad. Following this line of thought, this article seeks to deepen our grasp of the significance of taṣliya formulae in Sufi contexts. Emphasis will be placed on their role in popularizing various mystical-philosophical teachings and prophetical doctrines that shaped Muslims’ imaginations of the Prophet throughout the centuries.
{"title":"Spiritual Legacy, Sufi Identity, and Mystical Knowledge in Taṣliya formulae","authors":"M. Sajid","doi":"10.1163/15700607-20220008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20220008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The tradition of taṣliya texts and practices in Sufism constitute an important source of Muslim intellectual and religious history. Previous studies have argued that these texts were more than mere cultural expressions of devotion to Prophet Muḥammad. Following this line of thought, this article seeks to deepen our grasp of the significance of taṣliya formulae in Sufi contexts. Emphasis will be placed on their role in popularizing various mystical-philosophical teachings and prophetical doctrines that shaped Muslims’ imaginations of the Prophet throughout the centuries.","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48620870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.1163/15700607-62020008
Hinrich Biesterfeldt
{"title":"Josef van Ess 1934–2021","authors":"Hinrich Biesterfeldt","doi":"10.1163/15700607-62020008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-62020008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44510,"journal":{"name":"Welt des Islams","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47742512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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