to spatial fragments of these municipalities, where food systems spatially manifest themselves (modern irrigated and traditional rainfed agriculture). The results show that until 1980, public policies favoured the development and consolidation of modern irrigated agriculture in selected spatial fragments. This was due to public investments in irrigation, transport, communication and energy infrastructure, facilitated access to land, technical assistance and agronomic engineering services. From 1990 onwards, policies have become inclusive, aimed at the Family Farmers social group. Policies have entailed local solutions for access to water, contextualised technical assistance, alternative markets, income stabilisation for family farmers and improvement in food production and consumption. However, despite the inclusion of family farming in the agrarian structure, imbalances of power remain among the food systems, highlighting the great contradiction brought about by these public policies.
{"title":"The agrarian space of the Brazilian semi-arid region: the dichotomies between the space of irrigated agriculture and the space of traditional agriculture","authors":"Emily Aparecida Ferreira Brandão, S. Rist","doi":"10.7896/j.2082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.2082","url":null,"abstract":"to spatial fragments of these municipalities, where food systems spatially manifest themselves (modern irrigated and traditional rainfed agriculture). The results show that until 1980, public policies favoured the development and consolidation of modern irrigated agriculture in selected spatial fragments. This was due to public investments in irrigation, transport, communication and energy infrastructure, facilitated access to land, technical assistance and agronomic engineering services. From 1990 onwards, policies have become inclusive, aimed at the Family Farmers social group. Policies have entailed local solutions for access to water, contextualised technical assistance, alternative markets, income stabilisation for family farmers and improvement in food production and consumption. However, despite the inclusion of family farming in the agrarian structure, imbalances of power remain among the food systems, highlighting the great contradiction brought about by these public policies.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42715550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In its influential publication Save and Grow, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) proposed a new paradigm of intensive farm production, one that is both highly productive and environmentally sustainable (FAO, 2011). It stems from the recognition that, over the past half-century, agriculture based on the intensive use of inputs has increased global food production and average per capita food consumption. In the process, however, it has depleted the natural resources of many agro-ecosystems, jeopardising future productivity, and added to the greenhouse gases responsible for climate change. At the global level, it has not significantly reduced the number of chronically hungry, which FAO (2011) estimated to be 870 million people. The subtitle of Save and Grow is A policymaker’s guide to the sustainable intensification of smallholder crop production, and this reflects an emphasis on helping family farms to achieve higher productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency, while enhancing natural capital. ‘Sustainable intensification’ of agricultural production, or ‘producing more with less’, has been widely adopted as a policy approach by national governments and international agencies, with ‘sustainable’ including the economic (e.g. profitability of farming), environmental (e.g. minimising unfavourable environmental impacts) and social (e.g. maintaining farming communities) dimensions. In particular, sustainable intensification is consistent with the European Union’s (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which has for many years been built on the idea of a ‘European Model of Agriculture’, based on family farming and consisting of a competitive and diverse agricultural sector that is environmentally responsible and addresses issues of food quality and animal welfare (Lowe et al., 2002; Swain, 2013). Sustainable intensification will be facilitated through onfarm innovation, by combining traditional knowledge with modern technologies. The term ‘innovation’ can be used to refer to either a process or an outcome. Through the process of innovation, individuals or organisations master and implement the design and production of goods and services that are new to them, irrespective of whether they are new to their competitors, their country, or the world (World Bank, 2006). The resulting innovation can be a technologically new or remarkably improved product, service, process, a new marketing or management method in the business practice, organisation or external relationship (OECD, 2005). OECD/Eurostat (2018) uses the term ‘innovation activities’ to refer to the process, while the term ‘innovation’ is limited to outcomes. Change can involve farm products, production processes and/or farm organisation and management. In addition to facilitating sustainable intensification, innovation helps farmers to expand, change or diversify their marketable output, thereby increasing the profitability of their farms, to free up resources
{"title":"Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems in European Union policy discourse: Quo vadis?","authors":"","doi":"10.7896/j.2055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.2055","url":null,"abstract":"In its influential publication Save and Grow, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) proposed a new paradigm of intensive farm production, one that is both highly productive and environmentally sustainable (FAO, 2011). It stems from the recognition that, over the past half-century, agriculture based on the intensive use of inputs has increased global food production and average per capita food consumption. In the process, however, it has depleted the natural resources of many agro-ecosystems, jeopardising future productivity, and added to the greenhouse gases responsible for climate change. At the global level, it has not significantly reduced the number of chronically hungry, which FAO (2011) estimated to be 870 million people. The subtitle of Save and Grow is A policymaker’s guide to the sustainable intensification of smallholder crop production, and this reflects an emphasis on helping family farms to achieve higher productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency, while enhancing natural capital. ‘Sustainable intensification’ of agricultural production, or ‘producing more with less’, has been widely adopted as a policy approach by national governments and international agencies, with ‘sustainable’ including the economic (e.g. profitability of farming), environmental (e.g. minimising unfavourable environmental impacts) and social (e.g. maintaining farming communities) dimensions. In particular, sustainable intensification is consistent with the European Union’s (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which has for many years been built on the idea of a ‘European Model of Agriculture’, based on family farming and consisting of a competitive and diverse agricultural sector that is environmentally responsible and addresses issues of food quality and animal welfare (Lowe et al., 2002; Swain, 2013). Sustainable intensification will be facilitated through onfarm innovation, by combining traditional knowledge with modern technologies. The term ‘innovation’ can be used to refer to either a process or an outcome. Through the process of innovation, individuals or organisations master and implement the design and production of goods and services that are new to them, irrespective of whether they are new to their competitors, their country, or the world (World Bank, 2006). The resulting innovation can be a technologically new or remarkably improved product, service, process, a new marketing or management method in the business practice, organisation or external relationship (OECD, 2005). OECD/Eurostat (2018) uses the term ‘innovation activities’ to refer to the process, while the term ‘innovation’ is limited to outcomes. Change can involve farm products, production processes and/or farm organisation and management. In addition to facilitating sustainable intensification, innovation helps farmers to expand, change or diversify their marketable output, thereby increasing the profitability of their farms, to free up resources","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49024594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. V. Asseldonk, David Muwonge, Immaculate Musuya, Moses Abuce
Micro-insurance can be an effective approach to smoothening income in adverse times and potentially a way to contribute to the financial inclusion of vulnerable populations. As such, adopting a climate insurance coverage aims to adapt in reducing the vulnerability associated with anticipated negative impacts of climate change. Moreover, giving smallholders access to micro-insurance enables them to invest in improved agricultural inputs to enhance farm production and ultimately household income (Karlan et al., 2014; Marr et al., 2016). Key to success with this is to streamline claim handling and marketing efforts in order to minimise transaction costs (i.e. delivering a solution to a low-cost and at a large-scale). Emerging index-based insurance across Africa has proven to enable efficient claim handling. However, direct sales to individual smallholders remains a challenging task without an easily scalable solution (Carter et al., 2014). Adoption studies in the field of crop (index-based) insurance often focus on one-off field experiments ignoring often the insurance delivery channel (see for example a systematic review by Marr et al., 2016). Yet those insurance programmes that are currently running are frequently marketed via aggregators. To reach the necessary scale it is essential to cooperate with aggregators in the agricultural value chain that have an extensive outreach and shared interests. Such organisations include the financial service industry (e.g. insurers, brokers, banks and micro-finance institutions), input providers (e.g. seeds and fertilisers), traders, the processing industry, and farmer-based organisations. The current research seeks to find the determinants of adoption of a stand-alone coffee index-based insurance product in Uganda marketed by a farmer cooperative, and to elicit preferences for improving the index-based design and delivery model. Uganda is proving a particularly interesting context in which to develop the agricultural insurance market since recently public policy has begun supporting crop insurance by providing a premium subsidy (Van Asseldonk et al., 2019). Moreover, droughts are the main cause of crop failure in rain-fed production in Uganda and climate change is exacerbating the impact of drought events (Platform for Agricultural Risk Management, 2015). The findings can be valuable to guide the scale up phase by enhancing the design and delivery model.
{"title":"Adoption and preferences for coffee drought index-based insurance in Uganda","authors":"M. V. Asseldonk, David Muwonge, Immaculate Musuya, Moses Abuce","doi":"10.7896/j.2053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.2053","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-insurance can be an effective approach to smoothening income in adverse times and potentially a way to contribute to the financial inclusion of vulnerable populations. As such, adopting a climate insurance coverage aims to adapt in reducing the vulnerability associated with anticipated negative impacts of climate change. Moreover, giving smallholders access to micro-insurance enables them to invest in improved agricultural inputs to enhance farm production and ultimately household income (Karlan et al., 2014; Marr et al., 2016). Key to success with this is to streamline claim handling and marketing efforts in order to minimise transaction costs (i.e. delivering a solution to a low-cost and at a large-scale). Emerging index-based insurance across Africa has proven to enable efficient claim handling. However, direct sales to individual smallholders remains a challenging task without an easily scalable solution (Carter et al., 2014). Adoption studies in the field of crop (index-based) insurance often focus on one-off field experiments ignoring often the insurance delivery channel (see for example a systematic review by Marr et al., 2016). Yet those insurance programmes that are currently running are frequently marketed via aggregators. To reach the necessary scale it is essential to cooperate with aggregators in the agricultural value chain that have an extensive outreach and shared interests. Such organisations include the financial service industry (e.g. insurers, brokers, banks and micro-finance institutions), input providers (e.g. seeds and fertilisers), traders, the processing industry, and farmer-based organisations. The current research seeks to find the determinants of adoption of a stand-alone coffee index-based insurance product in Uganda marketed by a farmer cooperative, and to elicit preferences for improving the index-based design and delivery model. Uganda is proving a particularly interesting context in which to develop the agricultural insurance market since recently public policy has begun supporting crop insurance by providing a premium subsidy (Van Asseldonk et al., 2019). Moreover, droughts are the main cause of crop failure in rain-fed production in Uganda and climate change is exacerbating the impact of drought events (Platform for Agricultural Risk Management, 2015). The findings can be valuable to guide the scale up phase by enhancing the design and delivery model.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42324060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the composition and volatility of the total income and wealth of dairy farmers and the importance and volatility of the different components contributing to their total income and wealth based on Dutch FADN data. The results confirm some existing findings on the stabilising impact of CAP subsidies and off-farm income on farmers’ total income. The paper extends the existing analyses by exploring the impact of taxes on income volatility and the important role of savings in stabilising consumption of farm households. In this paper we show that a broader perspective (including off-farm income and wealth) provides a more realistic picture of the income and wealth effects as experienced by farmers.
{"title":"Impact of off-farm income and paid taxes on the composition and volatility of incomes and wealth of dairy farmers in the Netherlands","authors":"H. Vrolijk, K. Poppe","doi":"10.7896/J.2046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/J.2046","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the composition and volatility of the total income and wealth of dairy farmers and the importance and volatility of the different components contributing to their total income and wealth based on Dutch FADN data. The results confirm some existing findings on the stabilising impact of CAP subsidies and off-farm income on farmers’ total income. The paper extends the existing analyses by exploring the impact of taxes on income volatility and the important role of savings in stabilising consumption of farm households. In this paper we show that a broader perspective (including off-farm income and wealth) provides a more realistic picture of the income and wealth effects as experienced by farmers.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48852426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
considered to have a divine status for its properties, which are not only nutritional but also are perceived to offer health The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index composed of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators. Currently, wine consumption is increasingly becoming significant both for reducing several diseases and for improving well-being and quality of life. The aim of this paper is to investigate spatial and temporal characteristics of wine consumption in 45 countries belonging to the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region and its relationship with the HDI. We use a balanced panel data by WHO database (2005-2015). Random effects panel data model was selected over the fixed effects model based on the Hausman test in order to assess the effect of HDI, European Union (EU) membership and geographical areas on wine consumption. Results highlight that wine consumption decreases as HDI increases. We noted higher values of wine consumption in EU countries and a positive gradient from West to East in the area considered. These findings highlight the presence of a new consumer profile seeking quality and healthy consumption and whose awareness increases coinciding with a rise in the degree of country development. National and international policies can address issues of consumption style and persuade consumers to have a new eating cultural approach towards buying quality and healthy food.
{"title":"Investigating the evocative link among wine consumption, Human Development Index and geographical region","authors":"A. Spada, R. Rana, M. Fiore","doi":"10.7896/j.2047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.2047","url":null,"abstract":"considered to have a divine status for its properties, which are not only nutritional but also are perceived to offer health The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index composed of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators. Currently, wine consumption is increasingly becoming significant both for reducing several diseases and for improving well-being and quality of life. The aim of this paper is to investigate spatial and temporal characteristics of wine consumption in 45 countries belonging to the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region and its relationship with the HDI. We use a balanced panel data by WHO database (2005-2015). Random effects panel data model was selected over the fixed effects model based on the Hausman test in order to assess the effect of HDI, European Union (EU) membership and geographical areas on wine consumption. Results highlight that wine consumption decreases as HDI increases. We noted higher values of wine consumption in EU countries and a positive gradient from West to East in the area considered. These findings highlight the presence of a new consumer profile seeking quality and healthy consumption and whose awareness increases coinciding with a rise in the degree of country development. National and international policies can address issues of consumption style and persuade consumers to have a new eating cultural approach towards buying quality and healthy food.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43998233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Pirkó, S. Koós, J. Szabó, L. Radimszky, P. Csathó, T. Árendás, N. Fodor, A. Szabó
based on an agronomic approach, Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and an economic approach. In terms of the agronomic evaluation, no clear differences were found between treatments: the highest yields were obtained in respect of different treatments at the three experimental sites, but the differences were not significant. From the point of view of NUE, the N max experiment on the Nagyhörcsök calcareous chernozem soil showed the highest values, which, according to the EU N Expert Panel (EUNEP), are already in the unfavourable soil depletion range. From the economic point of view, there was no significant difference in net profits between the Present and New planned N max values. The EUNEP approach also confirms the need to increase N max values in order to decrease the potential for soil depletion. However, with a view to establishing the final optimum range for the EUNEP, it seems necessary to take into account economic considerations as well, especially regarding the financial conditions of Central and Eastern European countries.
{"title":"Results of Hungarian field test trials set up for establishing new maximum permitted N dose values","authors":"B. Pirkó, S. Koós, J. Szabó, L. Radimszky, P. Csathó, T. Árendás, N. Fodor, A. Szabó","doi":"10.7896/j.2036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.2036","url":null,"abstract":"based on an agronomic approach, Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and an economic approach. In terms of the agronomic evaluation, no clear differences were found between treatments: the highest yields were obtained in respect of different treatments at the three experimental sites, but the differences were not significant. From the point of view of NUE, the N max experiment on the Nagyhörcsök calcareous chernozem soil showed the highest values, which, according to the EU N Expert Panel (EUNEP), are already in the unfavourable soil depletion range. From the economic point of view, there was no significant difference in net profits between the Present and New planned N max values. The EUNEP approach also confirms the need to increase N max values in order to decrease the potential for soil depletion. However, with a view to establishing the final optimum range for the EUNEP, it seems necessary to take into account economic considerations as well, especially regarding the financial conditions of Central and Eastern European countries.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48173612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compiling C/N and total-N dataset to support countrywide soil nutrient emission models for Hungary","authors":"","doi":"10.7896/j.2037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.2037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44964990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper assesses consumer preferences for margarine among Hungarian and foreign university students (studying in Hungary) by using the discrete choice experiment. The questionnaire-based survey was preceded by a focus group interview which, supplemented with knowledge gained from literature, established product attributes involved in the examination (such as price, fat, salt and sunflower oil content). Results suggest that the increase in fat and salt content result in reduced con sumer utility and willingness to pay for margarine products. Sunflower oil content, however, was not found to play a significant role in consumer choices. When comparing the two groups, we found that international students tended to be more health conscious than their Hungarian counterparts.
{"title":"A Review of Purchasing Preferences for Margarine among Hungarian and International Students","authors":"Péter Czine, Z. Szakály, P. Balogh","doi":"10.7896/j.2008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.2008","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses consumer preferences for margarine among Hungarian and foreign university students (studying in Hungary) by using the discrete choice experiment. The questionnaire-based survey was preceded by a focus group interview which, supplemented with knowledge gained from literature, established product attributes involved in the examination (such as price, fat, salt and sunflower oil content). Results suggest that the increase in fat and salt content result in reduced con sumer utility and willingness to pay for margarine products. Sunflower oil content, however, was not found to play a significant role in consumer choices. When comparing the two groups, we found that international students tended to be more health conscious than their Hungarian counterparts.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44158501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
analysed Data Envelopment 22.4% of (efficiency reserve). the farms operating in the Great Hungarian Plain, Central Hungary (34.8%) or in the Transdanubian Region (27.6%). All this suggests high reserves for potential efficiency growth.
{"title":"Exploring efficiency reserves in Hungarian milk production","authors":"K. Kovács, I. Szűcs","doi":"10.7896/j.1919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.1919","url":null,"abstract":"analysed Data Envelopment 22.4% of (efficiency reserve). the farms operating in the Great Hungarian Plain, Central Hungary (34.8%) or in the Transdanubian Region (27.6%). All this suggests high reserves for potential efficiency growth.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45028586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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