Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.13109/kind.2022.25.2.116
Anja Teubert
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Anja Teubert","doi":"10.13109/kind.2022.25.2.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13109/kind.2022.25.2.116","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"171 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46263102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03085694.2022.2044209
Gerda Brunnlechner
More than twenty years ago, Brian Harley published his seminal argument that maps were means of understanding the human world spatially. Since then, communicative, medial and epistemic aspects of maps have received ample attention. Yet questions about the relationships that emerge through this process of communication still invite questions such as: At the time the map was drawn, was transmission conceivable not only among people but also between human reason and nature, and between humans and God? What kind of reference axes were used for transmission? Were there concepts of, for example, presence and absence, identity and difference, availability and unavailability, immanence and transcendence? My research tries to fill some of these gaps with respect to the GenoeseWorldMap of 1457 by asking what kind of content was transmitted in map form and what was the nature of its makers and recipients. I have adapted the sociological model of Martina Löw. Consequently, I regard a map as the result of the actions of various groups of makers, with some, like cartographers and other specialists, exerting direct influence, and others, like potential buyers, having only indirect influence. Their actions are in turn determined by the interplay of the structural limits and opportunities of the mapmaking context, the medium of the map and the conflicting objectives involved, which include the degree of accuracy needed in the placing of the different elements of the map’s content, the integration of new information, and the transmission of specific messages aiming to promote certain actions. The background to my deliberations is the manifold ambiguities of the mapmakers’ world in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. They considered their world as a divine creation, God’s veiled ‘second book’, which, if rightly read, could reveal to the reader the mind of God. As empirically derived knowledge increased and more classical knowledge was rediscovered, the prevailing image of the world, transmitted through the Bible and antique texts, was challenged. The medieval mappaemundi were understood in the four senses in which Scripture itself was interpreted: that is, not only in the literal sense (to glean information about the topographical layout of the world) but also in the moral, allegorical and eschatological senses (for guidance in personal matters such as what I should do, what I should believe and what I can hope for). Then, in about 1409, the translation of Ptolemy’s Geography into Latin provided methods to project a three-dimensional globe onto a two-dimensional surface that, together with the body of coordinates for specific places and features contained in the Geography, had the potential to change the mode of map making decisively. My research aims to show that readings in multi-layered senses may also be applied to maps influenced by nautical charts and Ptolemy’s Geography such as the Genoese World Map on which I am concentrating here. The map called the Ge
{"title":"The Genoese World Map of 1457: Image and Voice of an Ambiguous World","authors":"Gerda Brunnlechner","doi":"10.1080/03085694.2022.2044209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2022.2044209","url":null,"abstract":"More than twenty years ago, Brian Harley published his seminal argument that maps were means of understanding the human world spatially. Since then, communicative, medial and epistemic aspects of maps have received ample attention. Yet questions about the relationships that emerge through this process of communication still invite questions such as: At the time the map was drawn, was transmission conceivable not only among people but also between human reason and nature, and between humans and God? What kind of reference axes were used for transmission? Were there concepts of, for example, presence and absence, identity and difference, availability and unavailability, immanence and transcendence? My research tries to fill some of these gaps with respect to the GenoeseWorldMap of 1457 by asking what kind of content was transmitted in map form and what was the nature of its makers and recipients. I have adapted the sociological model of Martina Löw. Consequently, I regard a map as the result of the actions of various groups of makers, with some, like cartographers and other specialists, exerting direct influence, and others, like potential buyers, having only indirect influence. Their actions are in turn determined by the interplay of the structural limits and opportunities of the mapmaking context, the medium of the map and the conflicting objectives involved, which include the degree of accuracy needed in the placing of the different elements of the map’s content, the integration of new information, and the transmission of specific messages aiming to promote certain actions. The background to my deliberations is the manifold ambiguities of the mapmakers’ world in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. They considered their world as a divine creation, God’s veiled ‘second book’, which, if rightly read, could reveal to the reader the mind of God. As empirically derived knowledge increased and more classical knowledge was rediscovered, the prevailing image of the world, transmitted through the Bible and antique texts, was challenged. The medieval mappaemundi were understood in the four senses in which Scripture itself was interpreted: that is, not only in the literal sense (to glean information about the topographical layout of the world) but also in the moral, allegorical and eschatological senses (for guidance in personal matters such as what I should do, what I should believe and what I can hope for). Then, in about 1409, the translation of Ptolemy’s Geography into Latin provided methods to project a three-dimensional globe onto a two-dimensional surface that, together with the body of coordinates for specific places and features contained in the Geography, had the potential to change the mode of map making decisively. My research aims to show that readings in multi-layered senses may also be applied to maps influenced by nautical charts and Ptolemy’s Geography such as the Genoese World Map on which I am concentrating here. The map called the Ge","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"142 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47638137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03085694.2022.2042128
R. Grim
ABSTRACT Tension between pro- and anti-slavery factions during the delineation and mapping of Kansas Territory in the 1850s, as Euro-American settlement moved west of the Mississippi River, permeated local politics and commerce. Despite the standardized surveying system employed by the U. S. General Land Office, this tension was reflected in township or sectional state maps that were produced during this time period. Using government surveys and reports documenting the progress of township surveys, commercial map publishers and land agents produced maps with the purpose of promoting quick land sales and profits. Yet the profit motive is not the only one apparent in these maps, and the history of their production is rife with intriguing stories involving conflicts of interest for government employees and the pro- and anti-slavery politics that dominated this critical period in U. S. history.
{"title":"‘Compiled from Official Records’: Mapping Kansas Territory before the Civil War","authors":"R. Grim","doi":"10.1080/03085694.2022.2042128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2022.2042128","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tension between pro- and anti-slavery factions during the delineation and mapping of Kansas Territory in the 1850s, as Euro-American settlement moved west of the Mississippi River, permeated local politics and commerce. Despite the standardized surveying system employed by the U. S. General Land Office, this tension was reflected in township or sectional state maps that were produced during this time period. Using government surveys and reports documenting the progress of township surveys, commercial map publishers and land agents produced maps with the purpose of promoting quick land sales and profits. Yet the profit motive is not the only one apparent in these maps, and the history of their production is rife with intriguing stories involving conflicts of interest for government employees and the pro- and anti-slavery politics that dominated this critical period in U. S. history.","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"82 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47659010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03085694.2022.2044637
Bellingeri, G., and M. Milanesi The Reappearance of the Lost Map of Muscovy by Paolo Giovio (1525) 5 pp. Foliard, D., and N. Nasiri-Moghaddam Contested Cartographies: Empire and Sovereignty on a Map of Sistan̄, Iran (1883) 18 pp. Kramer, S., and H.K. Kramer Shimaya Ichizaemon and Japanese Cartography of the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands 9 pp. Nadal i Piqué, N., and A. Nobajas Cartography and Urban Planning: The City Plan of Barcelona by Miquel Garriga i Roca (1856–1862) 13 pp.
{"title":"Articles in Recent Issues","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/03085694.2022.2044637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2022.2044637","url":null,"abstract":"Bellingeri, G., and M. Milanesi The Reappearance of the Lost Map of Muscovy by Paolo Giovio (1525) 5 pp. Foliard, D., and N. Nasiri-Moghaddam Contested Cartographies: Empire and Sovereignty on a Map of Sistan̄, Iran (1883) 18 pp. Kramer, S., and H.K. Kramer Shimaya Ichizaemon and Japanese Cartography of the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands 9 pp. Nadal i Piqué, N., and A. Nobajas Cartography and Urban Planning: The City Plan of Barcelona by Miquel Garriga i Roca (1856–1862) 13 pp.","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"170 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48484830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03085694.2022.2044633
{"title":"Explokart Research Group, Maps in Context Project","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/03085694.2022.2044633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2022.2044633","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"30 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42843719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03085694.2022.2042121
Šima Krtalić
ABSTRACT The birth of the nautical chart in the late medieval period is seen as a watershed moment in the history of cartography. So far, however, the artisanal practices that permitted the proliferation of sea charts have remained poorly understood and little evidence has been recovered from extant charts on which to base the production history of the surviving charts. This article describes a systematic exploration of the techniques employed in the copying of coastlines on manuscript charts between the fourteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Attention is drawn to the ways different processes shaped contemporary late-medieval and early-modern understanding of the Mediterranean and what the techniques may reveal of that thinking. By reframing the charts in terms of their characteristics as drawings and placing map making in the broader context of two-dimensional graphic art, and by making use of the ever-growing corpus of high-resolution digital reproductions, we gain new insights into the chartmakers’ changing approaches to the transmission of geographical information. At the same time, a number of directions for further research are opened up.
{"title":"Anchoring the Image of the Sea: Copying Coastlines on Manuscript Nautical Charts from the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period","authors":"Šima Krtalić","doi":"10.1080/03085694.2022.2042121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2022.2042121","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The birth of the nautical chart in the late medieval period is seen as a watershed moment in the history of cartography. So far, however, the artisanal practices that permitted the proliferation of sea charts have remained poorly understood and little evidence has been recovered from extant charts on which to base the production history of the surviving charts. This article describes a systematic exploration of the techniques employed in the copying of coastlines on manuscript charts between the fourteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Attention is drawn to the ways different processes shaped contemporary late-medieval and early-modern understanding of the Mediterranean and what the techniques may reveal of that thinking. By reframing the charts in terms of their characteristics as drawings and placing map making in the broader context of two-dimensional graphic art, and by making use of the ever-growing corpus of high-resolution digital reproductions, we gain new insights into the chartmakers’ changing approaches to the transmission of geographical information. At the same time, a number of directions for further research are opened up.","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"1 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42414233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03085694.2022.2042130
D. Lange
ABSTRACT Colour on maps is a key component in their use and meaning. Hitherto, however, the terms by which the different categories of the purpose of colour are usually described tend to be inconsistent. The aim in this brief note is to discuss these terminologies and suggest a working definition for each, with a view to establishing, in the longer term, an explicit methodology for the study of colour on maps. To illustrate the three key terms discussed here, particular reference is made to manuscript maps and hand-coloured woodblock prints produced in East Asia, especially in Korea and China before the twentieth century.
{"title":"Colour on Maps: Systems, Schemes, Codes","authors":"D. Lange","doi":"10.1080/03085694.2022.2042130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2022.2042130","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Colour on maps is a key component in their use and meaning. Hitherto, however, the terms by which the different categories of the purpose of colour are usually described tend to be inconsistent. The aim in this brief note is to discuss these terminologies and suggest a working definition for each, with a view to establishing, in the longer term, an explicit methodology for the study of colour on maps. To illustrate the three key terms discussed here, particular reference is made to manuscript maps and hand-coloured woodblock prints produced in East Asia, especially in Korea and China before the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"117 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43496203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03085694.2022.2044194
Jesús Burgueño
In the historiography about European empires, there is an increasing interest in processes of describing, measuring and mapping areas as well as considering the various political, economic and social features related to them. This applies in particular to the analysis of population statistics, land taxation and schemes for agricultural improvement. In 2020, Reinhard Johler and Josef Wolf edited a volume, which contributes to this historiographical field. Beschreiben und Vermessen is based on a conference held in Tübingen in 2009. It comprises twenty-one essays related to ‘knowledge about space’ (Raumwissen) in the eastern and southeastern parts of the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire. The essays are arranged in three sections: administrative communication and description of the country, surveying and mapping, and perspectives of the history of knowledge. A book review does not allow detailed discussion of every contribution, and, therefore, the following paragraphs focus on three aspects of particular interest to map historians. In some chapters, historical statistics as well as the instructions that were used during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to create these statistics play a major role. Peter Becker, for example, highlights the importance of the instructions in the process, when social and economic features were structured into standardized abstract categories (‘Standardisierung der Zuordnung von Lebensund Wirtschaftsformen zu abstrakten Kategorien’). Such instructions formed a framework in which the creators of statistical descriptions arranged the characteristic features of their areas, as Livia Ardelean shows for the Marmarosch (in Romania) and Rudolf Gräf for the Banat (now divided among Romania, Serbia and Hungary). In these chapters, the authors examine how local staff tried to adapt the instructions to conditions in their respective areas. With regard to surveying and mapping, the contributors to the volume illustrate how the map enabled the central administration literally to ‘see’ the country. Land surveyors received detailed guidelines regarding the representation of topographical features, allowing them to produce maps that worked as a sort of filter. Xénia Havadi-Nagy, for example, demonstrates the importance of the various mapping projects that had the aim of ‘optimizing and acceleratingmovements of troops’. In addition, two chapters, by Borbála Zsuzsanna Török and byReinhard Johler, illustrate how eighteenthand nineteenth-century experts discussed various methods of measuring ethnographic differences, and how cartographers in the twentieth century channelled these differences into ethnographic maps. Another aspect highlighted here is the understanding of descriptions, statistics and maps as instruments or tools for political and administrative aims. Robert Born, for example, shows how military mapping at the Austro-Ottoman border depicted fortresses and other details useful for future war scenarios. At the sam
{"title":"Mapas das regiões de Portugal: mal se governa o país que se não conhece","authors":"Jesús Burgueño","doi":"10.1080/03085694.2022.2044194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2022.2044194","url":null,"abstract":"In the historiography about European empires, there is an increasing interest in processes of describing, measuring and mapping areas as well as considering the various political, economic and social features related to them. This applies in particular to the analysis of population statistics, land taxation and schemes for agricultural improvement. In 2020, Reinhard Johler and Josef Wolf edited a volume, which contributes to this historiographical field. Beschreiben und Vermessen is based on a conference held in Tübingen in 2009. It comprises twenty-one essays related to ‘knowledge about space’ (Raumwissen) in the eastern and southeastern parts of the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire. The essays are arranged in three sections: administrative communication and description of the country, surveying and mapping, and perspectives of the history of knowledge. A book review does not allow detailed discussion of every contribution, and, therefore, the following paragraphs focus on three aspects of particular interest to map historians. In some chapters, historical statistics as well as the instructions that were used during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to create these statistics play a major role. Peter Becker, for example, highlights the importance of the instructions in the process, when social and economic features were structured into standardized abstract categories (‘Standardisierung der Zuordnung von Lebensund Wirtschaftsformen zu abstrakten Kategorien’). Such instructions formed a framework in which the creators of statistical descriptions arranged the characteristic features of their areas, as Livia Ardelean shows for the Marmarosch (in Romania) and Rudolf Gräf for the Banat (now divided among Romania, Serbia and Hungary). In these chapters, the authors examine how local staff tried to adapt the instructions to conditions in their respective areas. With regard to surveying and mapping, the contributors to the volume illustrate how the map enabled the central administration literally to ‘see’ the country. Land surveyors received detailed guidelines regarding the representation of topographical features, allowing them to produce maps that worked as a sort of filter. Xénia Havadi-Nagy, for example, demonstrates the importance of the various mapping projects that had the aim of ‘optimizing and acceleratingmovements of troops’. In addition, two chapters, by Borbála Zsuzsanna Török and byReinhard Johler, illustrate how eighteenthand nineteenth-century experts discussed various methods of measuring ethnographic differences, and how cartographers in the twentieth century channelled these differences into ethnographic maps. Another aspect highlighted here is the understanding of descriptions, statistics and maps as instruments or tools for political and administrative aims. Robert Born, for example, shows how military mapping at the Austro-Ottoman border depicted fortresses and other details useful for future war scenarios. At the sam","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"132 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45988594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03085694.2022.2044627
{"title":"Imago Mundi Prize","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/03085694.2022.2044627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2022.2044627","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"101 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49145919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03085694.2022.2044189
Rudolf Simek
historiography, philology, epigraphy and archaeology build the content of the second and third parts of this book. Given the polymathic abilities of Lazius, the authors ’ interdisciplinary approach is the only way to do justice to his life ’ s work. On balance, Lazius is presented as an eclectic scholar, and the book is a substan-tial addition to any collection on Viennese humanism.
{"title":"The Mappae Mundi of Medieval Iceland","authors":"Rudolf Simek","doi":"10.1080/03085694.2022.2044189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2022.2044189","url":null,"abstract":"historiography, philology, epigraphy and archaeology build the content of the second and third parts of this book. Given the polymathic abilities of Lazius, the authors ’ interdisciplinary approach is the only way to do justice to his life ’ s work. On balance, Lazius is presented as an eclectic scholar, and the book is a substan-tial addition to any collection on Viennese humanism.","PeriodicalId":44589,"journal":{"name":"Imago Mundi-The International Journal for the History of Cartography","volume":"74 1","pages":"130 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41752256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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