Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2019.140008
Lucia Lazarowski, Paul Waggoner, J. Katz
Troisi et al.’s (2019) target article provides a thorough and timely review of the various cognitive and behavioral aspects of detection dog performance. With rising demands for explosives detection dogs, as well as recent innovations in the specialization of scent detection dogs for nontraditional applications like ecological conservation or disease detection, refining the practices of training and using scent detection dogs is imperative. The breadth of the review underscores the constellation of factors that affect the success of detection dogs and the importance of considering how they interact as a system rather than in isolation. One point raised by the authors cannot be emphasized enough: the importance of synergy between the scientific and professional working dog communities. Studying the underlying factors that influence performance from an empirical perspective, borrowing from theory and methodologies of comparative cognition and behavioral sciences, can offer an important objective approach. However, working dog professionals should be consulted in the development of research questions and experimental design to determine ecological validity and practical relevance. Bridging the gap between Troisi et al. thoroughly review the range of cognitive and behavioral factors that can influence detection dog performance. In this commentary, we focus on the industry goal of identifying dogs with the highest chance of a successful working career. We propose a bio-behavioral approach involving systematically identifying functional relations between variables related to success within working dog populations. We suggest developing an endophenotype for identifying the factors related to success and discuss related implications and challenges.
{"title":"The future of detector dog research","authors":"Lucia Lazarowski, Paul Waggoner, J. Katz","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2019.140008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2019.140008","url":null,"abstract":"Troisi et al.’s (2019) target article provides a thorough and timely review of the various cognitive and behavioral aspects of detection dog performance. With rising demands for explosives detection dogs, as well as recent innovations in the specialization of scent detection dogs for nontraditional applications like ecological conservation or disease detection, refining the practices of training and using scent detection dogs is imperative. The breadth of the review underscores the constellation of factors that affect the success of detection dogs and the importance of considering how they interact as a system rather than in isolation. One point raised by the authors cannot be emphasized enough: the importance of synergy between the scientific and professional working dog communities. Studying the underlying factors that influence performance from an empirical perspective, borrowing from theory and methodologies of comparative cognition and behavioral sciences, can offer an important objective approach. However, working dog professionals should be consulted in the development of research questions and experimental design to determine ecological validity and practical relevance. Bridging the gap between Troisi et al. thoroughly review the range of cognitive and behavioral factors that can influence detection dog performance. In this commentary, we focus on the industry goal of identifying dogs with the highest chance of a successful working career. We propose a bio-behavioral approach involving systematically identifying functional relations between variables related to success within working dog populations. We suggest developing an endophenotype for identifying the factors related to success and discuss related implications and challenges.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70235606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.130008
C. Logan, S. Avin, N. Boogert, Andrew Buskell, Fiona R. Cross, A. Currie, S. Jelbert, D. Lukas, Rafael Mares, Ana F. Navarrete, S. Shigeno, S. Montgomery
We thank our funders: the Isaac Newton Trust and Leverhulme Trust for a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship to CJL, which funded the workshop on which this article is based; NERC for an Independent Research Fellowship to SHM; the European Research Council (Grant No. 3399933; SAJ); the Royal Society for a Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship to NJB; the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (UOC1301; FRC); the National Science Foundation (NSF BCS 1440755; RM); the John Templeton Foundation (AB); and the Templeton World Charity Foundation (AC; Note: The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Templeton World Charity Foundation).
{"title":"Beyond brain size: Uncovering the neural correlates of behavioral and cognitive specialization","authors":"C. Logan, S. Avin, N. Boogert, Andrew Buskell, Fiona R. Cross, A. Currie, S. Jelbert, D. Lukas, Rafael Mares, Ana F. Navarrete, S. Shigeno, S. Montgomery","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2018.130008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.130008","url":null,"abstract":"We thank our funders: the Isaac Newton Trust and Leverhulme Trust for a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship to CJL, which funded the workshop on which this article is based; NERC for an Independent Research Fellowship to SHM; the European Research Council (Grant No. 3399933; SAJ); the Royal Society for a Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship to NJB; the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (UOC1301; FRC); the National Science Foundation (NSF BCS 1440755; RM); the John Templeton Foundation (AB); and the Templeton World Charity Foundation (AC; Note: The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Templeton World Charity Foundation).","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.130001
K. Cheng
The notion that cognition comprises more than computations of a central nervous system operating on representations has gained a foothold in human cognitive science for a few decades now. Various brands of embodied, extended, enacted, and distributed cognition, some more conservative and some more liberal, have paraded in philosophy and cognitive science. I call the genus including all such species situated cognition and go on to depict selected cases in nonhuman comparative cognition. Distributed cognition is often used as another term for situated cognition. But behavioral biologists have used the term in another sense, to mean the reduction of cognitive capacities arising from team work in cooperative societies. Hymenopteran insects have been studied as cases. The octopus displays embodied cognition, with some of the computational work offloaded to the periphery. Web-building spiders showcase extended cognition, in which objects external to the animal—the web, in the case of spiders—play a crucial causal role in cognition. A criterion of mutual manipulability, in which causal influence flows both ways between organism and extended object, serves to delimit the scope of extended cognition. Play in dogs features intelligence on-the-run, arising out of action, a key characteristic of enactive cognition. I discuss other cases in which action entwines with central representational cognition to achieve goal-directed behavior. Considering situated cognition in diverse animals leads to myriad research questions that can enrich the field.
{"title":"Cognition Beyond Representation: Varieties of Situated Cognition in Animals","authors":"K. Cheng","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2018.130001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.130001","url":null,"abstract":"The notion that cognition comprises more than computations of a central nervous system operating on representations has gained a foothold in human cognitive science for a few decades now. Various brands of embodied, extended, enacted, and distributed cognition, some more conservative and some more liberal, have paraded in philosophy and cognitive science. I call the genus including all such species situated cognition and go on to depict selected cases in nonhuman comparative cognition. Distributed cognition is often used as another term for situated cognition. But behavioral biologists have used the term in another sense, to mean the reduction of cognitive capacities arising from team work in cooperative societies. Hymenopteran insects have been studied as cases. The octopus displays embodied cognition, with some of the computational work offloaded to the periphery. Web-building spiders showcase extended cognition, in which objects external to the animal—the web, in the case of spiders—play a crucial causal role in cognition. A criterion of mutual manipulability, in which causal influence flows both ways between organism and extended object, serves to delimit the scope of extended cognition. Play in dogs features intelligence on-the-run, arising out of action, a key characteristic of enactive cognition. I discuss other cases in which action entwines with central representational cognition to achieve goal-directed behavior. Considering situated cognition in diverse animals leads to myriad research questions that can enrich the field.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70235072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/ccbr.2018.130007
K. Cheng
The commentators added a number of strands of discussion that expanded on embodied, extended, enactive, and distributive cognition across the animal kingdom and indeed beyond. I thank all the authors and continue the discourse in this reply. Action routines in the form of movements might form a common part of information delivery in perceptual systems; this means that sensory organs do not have to be highly acute in their entirety. Sensory systems and matched filters, outside of the central brain, seem to carry on some computations, exemplifying embodied cognition including some morphological computation. In addition to ratbots, animals operating neuroprosthetic devices make another kind of cyborg exhibiting extended and distributed cognition. Further examples of distributed cognition in the form of collective intelligence are presented, in humans and other animals, including a looming brand of trans-kingdom distributed cognition revolving around the gut bacteria of animals, now known to affect cognition even though the cognitive mechanisms remain unclear. All in all, the topic of situated cognition in animals looks even richer, and further dialogue is welcome.
{"title":"More Situated Cognition in Animals: Reply to Commentators","authors":"K. Cheng","doi":"10.3819/ccbr.2018.130007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/ccbr.2018.130007","url":null,"abstract":"The commentators added a number of strands of discussion that expanded on embodied, extended, enactive, and distributive cognition across the animal kingdom and indeed beyond. I thank all the authors and continue the discourse in this reply. Action routines in the form of movements might form a common part of information delivery in perceptual systems; this means that sensory organs do not have to be highly acute in their entirety. Sensory systems and matched filters, outside of the central brain, seem to carry on some computations, exemplifying embodied cognition including some morphological computation. In addition to ratbots, animals operating neuroprosthetic devices make another kind of cyborg exhibiting extended and distributed cognition. Further examples of distributed cognition in the form of collective intelligence are presented, in humans and other animals, including a looming brand of trans-kingdom distributed cognition revolving around the gut bacteria of animals, now known to affect cognition even though the cognitive mechanisms remain unclear. All in all, the topic of situated cognition in animals looks even richer, and further dialogue is welcome.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.120005
David J. Pritchard
In his review of “situated cognition” Cheng reminds us that the properties of cognition can be influenced by much more than what is going on in the brain. In this commentary, I focus on the lessons that this situated approach can teach those of us using behavior as a tool for investigating animal cognition. Rather than just a measure telling us about hidden cognitive processes, the details of behavior can provide important clues about how animals are solving a task. By looking in more detail at the behavior of our animals, and the possible sensory consequences of these behaviors, we can not only learn more about how animals do what they need to do but also explore how situated cognition shapes the structure of behavior.
{"title":"Situated Cognition and the Function of Behavior","authors":"David J. Pritchard","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2018.120005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.120005","url":null,"abstract":"In his review of “situated cognition” Cheng reminds us that the properties of cognition can be influenced by much more than what is going on in the brain. In this commentary, I focus on the lessons that this situated approach can teach those of us using behavior as a tool for investigating animal cognition. Rather than just a measure telling us about hidden cognitive processes, the details of behavior can provide important clues about how animals are solving a task. By looking in more detail at the behavior of our animals, and the possible sensory consequences of these behaviors, we can not only learn more about how animals do what they need to do but also explore how situated cognition shapes the structure of behavior.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.130003
C. Hewitson, David M. Kaplan, J. Sutton
In this commentary, we highlight some relevant history of the situated cognition movement and then identify several issues with which we think further progress can be made. In particular, we address and clarify the relationship between situated cognition and antirepresentational approaches. We then highlight the heterogeneous nature of the concept of morphological computation by describing a less common way the term is used in robotics. Finally, we discuss some residual concerns about the mutual manipulability criterion and propose a potential solution.
{"title":"Yesterday the earwig, today man, tomorrow the earwig?","authors":"C. Hewitson, David M. Kaplan, J. Sutton","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2018.130003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.130003","url":null,"abstract":"In this commentary, we highlight some relevant history of the situated cognition movement and then identify several issues with which we think further progress can be made. In particular, we address and clarify the relationship between situated cognition and antirepresentational approaches. We then highlight the heterogeneous nature of the concept of morphological computation by describing a less common way the term is used in robotics. Finally, we discuss some residual concerns about the mutual manipulability criterion and propose a potential solution.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.130004
Ewen B. Lavoie, Jennifer K. Bertrand, Jeffrey Sawalha, Scott A. Stone, Nathan J. Wispinski, Craig S. Chapman
In the target article “Cognition Beyond Representation: Varieties of Situated Cognition in Animals,” Ken Cheng describes situated cognition as a “genus” of ideas and effects whereby cognition extends beyond the central nervous system of an organism to include its peripheral nervous system and/or the environment. Although Cheng’s article focuses specifically on nonhuman animals, here we apply his definitions of four “species” of situated cognition to find examples in humans. We highlight the ways in which each of distributed (e.g., a crew flying an airplane), embodied (e.g., computation in peripheral sense organs), extended (e.g., extensions of peripersonal space), and enactive (e.g., decision making reflected in movement) cognition are seen in humans. In doing so, we provide evidence for Cheng’s major hypothesis that cognition is not confined solely to the central nervous system and that this may be a fundamental principle of cognition across animal organisms.
{"title":"Examining the \"Species\" of Situated Cognition in Humans","authors":"Ewen B. Lavoie, Jennifer K. Bertrand, Jeffrey Sawalha, Scott A. Stone, Nathan J. Wispinski, Craig S. Chapman","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2018.130004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.130004","url":null,"abstract":"In the target article “Cognition Beyond Representation: Varieties of Situated Cognition in Animals,” Ken Cheng describes situated cognition as a “genus” of ideas and effects whereby cognition extends beyond the central nervous system of an organism to include its peripheral nervous system and/or the environment. Although Cheng’s article focuses specifically on nonhuman animals, here we apply his definitions of four “species” of situated cognition to find examples in humans. We highlight the ways in which each of distributed (e.g., a crew flying an airplane), embodied (e.g., computation in peripheral sense organs), extended (e.g., extensions of peripersonal space), and enactive (e.g., decision making reflected in movement) cognition are seen in humans. In doing so, we provide evidence for Cheng’s major hypothesis that cognition is not confined solely to the central nervous system and that this may be a fundamental principle of cognition across animal organisms.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.130010
D. Serpico, E. Frasnelli
Although brain size and the concept of intelligence have been extensively used in comparative neuroscience to study cognition and its evolution, such coarse-grained traits may not be informative enough about important aspects of neurocognitive systems. By taking into account the different evolutionary trajectories and the selection pressures on neurophysiology across species, Logan and colleagues suggest that the cognitive abilities of an organism should be investigated by considering the fine-grained and species-specific phenotypic traits that characterize it. In such a way, we would avoid adopting human-oriented, coarse-grained traits, typical of the standard approach in cognitive neuroscience. We argue that this standard approach can fail in some cases, but can, however, work in others, by discussing two major topics in contemporary neuroscience as examples: general intelligence and brain asymmetries.
{"title":"Where the standard approach in comparative neuroscience fails and where it works: General intelligence and brain asymmetries","authors":"D. Serpico, E. Frasnelli","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2018.130010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.130010","url":null,"abstract":"Although brain size and the concept of intelligence have been extensively used in comparative neuroscience to study cognition and its evolution, such coarse-grained traits may not be informative enough about important aspects of neurocognitive systems. By taking into account the different evolutionary trajectories and the selection pressures on neurophysiology across species, Logan and colleagues suggest that the cognitive abilities of an organism should be investigated by considering the fine-grained and species-specific phenotypic traits that characterize it. In such a way, we would avoid adopting human-oriented, coarse-grained traits, typical of the standard approach in cognitive neuroscience. We argue that this standard approach can fail in some cases, but can, however, work in others, by discussing two major topics in contemporary neuroscience as examples: general intelligence and brain asymmetries.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70235363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.130011
S. Montgomery, A. Currie, D. Lukas, N. Boogert, Andrew Buskell, Fiona R. Cross, S. Jelbert, S. Avin, Rafael Mares, Ana F. Navarrete, S. Shigeno, C. Logan
This is the final version of the article. Available from The Comparative Cognition Society via the DOI in this record.
这是文章的最终版本。可通过本记录中的DOI从比较认知学会获得。
{"title":"Ingredients for understanding brain and behavioral evolution: Ecology, phylogeny, and mechanism","authors":"S. Montgomery, A. Currie, D. Lukas, N. Boogert, Andrew Buskell, Fiona R. Cross, S. Jelbert, S. Avin, Rafael Mares, Ana F. Navarrete, S. Shigeno, C. Logan","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2018.130011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.130011","url":null,"abstract":"This is the final version of the article. Available from The Comparative Cognition Society via the DOI in this record.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70235428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.130012
J. Crystal
People retrieve episodic memories about specific earlier events that happened to them. Accordingly, researchers have sought to evaluate the hypothesis that nonhumans retrieve episodic memories. The central hypothesis of an animal model of episodic memory is that, at the moment of a memory assessment, the animal retrieves a memory of the specific earlier event. Testing this hypothesis requires the elimination of nonepisodic memory hypotheses. A number of case studies focus on the development of animal models of episodic memory, including what-where-when memory, source memory, item-in-context memory, and unexpected questions. Compelling evidence for episodic memory comes from studies in which judgments of familiarity cannot produce accurate choices in memory assessments. These approaches may be used to explore the evolution of cognition.
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