Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.130002
Michael F. Brown
This commentary endorses Cheng’s message that situated cognition should be considered more broadly in the field of comparative cognition and that our understanding of situated cognition would profit from a comparative perspective. Additional phenomena that can be framed in terms of distributed cognition are identified. Hybrid machine–animal intelligence is offered as another possible case of situated cognition. The analogy of the extended phenotype is suggested as relevant to comparing conservative and liberal versions of situated cognition. Examination of the evolutionary history and function of situated cognition is identified as a contribution that comparative analysis can provide.
{"title":"Musings on Comparative Directions for Situated Cognition","authors":"Michael F. Brown","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2018.130002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.130002","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary endorses Cheng’s message that situated cognition should be considered more broadly in the field of comparative cognition and that our understanding of situated cognition would profit from a comparative perspective. Additional phenomena that can be framed in terms of distributed cognition are identified. Hybrid machine–animal intelligence is offered as another possible case of situated cognition. The analogy of the extended phenotype is suggested as relevant to comparing conservative and liberal versions of situated cognition. Examination of the evolutionary history and function of situated cognition is identified as a contribution that comparative analysis can provide.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2018.130006
Georg Theiner
In this commentary, I explore the space of “distributed cognition” across human and nonhuman animal cognition. First, I distinguish between three varieties in which cognition can be socially distributed and consider their respective implications for the conjectured relationship between group size (social complexity) and individual brain size (cognitive complexity). Second, I probe the relationship between distributed (collaborative) and extended (exploitative) cognition in contexts where our anthropomorphic understanding of this distinction begins to fade.
{"title":"Collaboration, Exploitation, and Distributed Animal Cognition","authors":"Georg Theiner","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2018.130006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2018.130006","url":null,"abstract":"In this commentary, I explore the space of “distributed cognition” across human and nonhuman animal cognition. First, I distinguish between three varieties in which cognition can be socially distributed and consider their respective implications for the conjectured relationship between group size (social complexity) and individual brain size (cognitive complexity). Second, I probe the relationship between distributed (collaborative) and extended (exploitative) cognition in contexts where our anthropomorphic understanding of this distinction begins to fade.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70235021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.3819/ccbr.2018.130009
S. Herculano‐Houzel
It is time that brain size stops serving as a black box–type property of brains, “somehow” related to variations in cognitive performance across species. We now know that hidden behind similar brain structure sizes are diverse numbers of neurons and fibers that can differ in function according to experience and environment and that species differences are not a continuation of individual differences. Moving forward in understanding how cognitive evolution is linked to brain evolution requires acknowledging that, just like evolving brains are tied to evolving bodies, changing cognition comes from changing brains—and at multiple levels and timescales, which extend from inherited biological variation to experience and environmental influences that shape each individual brain and turn biological capabilities into actual abilities.
{"title":"Embodied (Embrained?) Cognitive Evolution, at Last!","authors":"S. Herculano‐Houzel","doi":"10.3819/ccbr.2018.130009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/ccbr.2018.130009","url":null,"abstract":"It is time that brain size stops serving as a black box–type property of brains, “somehow” related to variations in cognitive performance across species. We now know that hidden behind similar brain structure sizes are diverse numbers of neurons and fibers that can differ in function according to experience and environment and that species differences are not a continuation of individual differences. Moving forward in understanding how cognitive evolution is linked to brain evolution requires acknowledging that, just like evolving brains are tied to evolving bodies, changing cognition comes from changing brains—and at multiple levels and timescales, which extend from inherited biological variation to experience and environmental influences that shape each individual brain and turn biological capabilities into actual abilities.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2017.120004
J. M. Toro, Paola Crespo-Bojorque
This research was funded by the ERC Starting Grant contract number 312519. We thank the contributions of three anonymous reviewers who greatly contributed to improve this article.
{"title":"Consonance Processing in the Absence of Relevant Experience: Evidence from Nonhuman Animals","authors":"J. M. Toro, Paola Crespo-Bojorque","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2017.120004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2017.120004","url":null,"abstract":"This research was funded by the ERC Starting Grant contract number 312519. We thank the contributions of three anonymous reviewers who greatly contributed to improve this article.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2017.120007
Neil McMillan, M. Spetch, C. Sturdy, W. Roberts
Many modern humans explicitly experience time through its cultural constructs: We check our watches to determine if we have to leave for a meeting, we give directions based on how many minutes one should walk down a particular street before turning, and we hit snooze on our alarm clocks and dread the 10-min countdown to when we must roll out of bed. However, these daily experiences represent a sliver of how much time affects our lives, and our reliance on language-based social constructs such as “seconds” and “hours” belies an impressive, evolutionarily inbuilt system of timers that constantly govern behavior and cognition. It is not until we observe the breadth and accuracy of timing in nonhuman animal species that we can truly grasp how important these systems are. Interval timing is the timing of stimulus durations of seconds to minutes to hours, and has been of great interest to researchers in a wide variety of behavioral and cognitive neuroscience disciplines (Buhusi & Meck, 2005). Whereas circadian timing is coordinated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and is concerned with regulating daily (24-hr) patterns such as the sleep cycle and feeding, and millisecond timing is a largely cerebellar process that assists mostly in motor coordination, Interval timing has been widely studied in humans and animals across a variety of different timescales. However, the majority of the literature in this topic has carried the implicit assumption that a mental or neural “clock” receives input and directs output separately from other learning processes. Here we present a review of interval timing as it relates to stimulus control and discuss the role of learning and attention in timing in the context of different experimental procedures. We show that time competes for control over behavior with other processes and suggest that when moving forward with theories of interval timing and general learning mechanisms, the two ought to be integrated.
{"title":"It's All a Matter of Time: Interval Timing and Competition for Stimulus Control","authors":"Neil McMillan, M. Spetch, C. Sturdy, W. Roberts","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2017.120007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2017.120007","url":null,"abstract":"Many modern humans explicitly experience time through its cultural constructs: We check our watches to determine if we have to leave for a meeting, we give directions based on how many minutes one should walk down a particular street before turning, and we hit snooze on our alarm clocks and dread the 10-min countdown to when we must roll out of bed. However, these daily experiences represent a sliver of how much time affects our lives, and our reliance on language-based social constructs such as “seconds” and “hours” belies an impressive, evolutionarily inbuilt system of timers that constantly govern behavior and cognition. It is not until we observe the breadth and accuracy of timing in nonhuman animal species that we can truly grasp how important these systems are. Interval timing is the timing of stimulus durations of seconds to minutes to hours, and has been of great interest to researchers in a wide variety of behavioral and cognitive neuroscience disciplines (Buhusi & Meck, 2005). Whereas circadian timing is coordinated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and is concerned with regulating daily (24-hr) patterns such as the sleep cycle and feeding, and millisecond timing is a largely cerebellar process that assists mostly in motor coordination, Interval timing has been widely studied in humans and animals across a variety of different timescales. However, the majority of the literature in this topic has carried the implicit assumption that a mental or neural “clock” receives input and directs output separately from other learning processes. Here we present a review of interval timing as it relates to stimulus control and discuss the role of learning and attention in timing in the context of different experimental procedures. We show that time competes for control over behavior with other processes and suggest that when moving forward with theories of interval timing and general learning mechanisms, the two ought to be integrated.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2017.120002
Marisa Hoeschele
Pitch is a percept of sound that is based in part on fundamental frequency. Although pitch can be defined in a way that is clearly separable from other aspects of musical sounds, such as timbre, the perception of pitch is not a simple topic. Despite this, studying pitch separately from other aspects of sound has led to some interesting conclusions about how humans and other animals process acoustic signals. It turns out that pitch perception in humans is based on an assessment of pitch height, pitch chroma, relative pitch, and grouping principles. How pitch is broken down depends largely on the context. Most, if not all, of these principles appear to also be used by other species, but when and how accurately they are used varies across species and context. Studying how other animals compare to humans in their pitch abilities is partially a reevaluation of what we know about humans by considering ourselves in a biological context.
{"title":"Animal Pitch Perception: Melodies and Harmonies.","authors":"Marisa Hoeschele","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2017.120002","DOIUrl":"10.3819/CCBR.2017.120002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pitch is a percept of sound that is based in part on fundamental frequency. Although pitch can be defined in a way that is clearly separable from other aspects of musical sounds, such as timbre, the perception of pitch is not a simple topic. Despite this, studying pitch separately from other aspects of sound has led to some interesting conclusions about how humans and other animals process acoustic signals. It turns out that pitch perception in humans is based on an assessment of pitch height, pitch chroma, relative pitch, and grouping principles. How pitch is broken down depends largely on the context. Most, if not all, of these principles appear to also be used by other species, but when and how accurately they are used varies across species and context. Studying how other animals compare to humans in their pitch abilities is partially a reevaluation of what we know about humans by considering ourselves in a biological context.</p>","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3819/CCBR.2017.120002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35118544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2017.120005
R. Cook
Evidence of human creativity and artistic expression goes back more than 40,000 years. Understanding the evolutionary precursors of these human cognitive capacities has increasingly focused on comparative investigations testing animals. Here we review new evidence about triadic chord perception in pigeons to evaluate their auditory and cognitive mechanisms for potentially experiencing musical-like sequences. Pigeons add an important perspective to comparative investigations because they are a nonsongbird with an unlearned vocal repertoire. Using observations collected using a relational same/different discrimination, pigeons showed a capacity to discriminate five chord types. The relative similarity perceived among the chords was similar to that previously found in humans. Further analyses of this discrimination suggest pigeons may possibly process the individual tones that compose the larger harmonic structure of the chords. The results reveal that pigeons can discriminate, remember, and compare sequential harmonic structures over several seconds. Despite these auditory capabilities, doubts are raised as to the ultimate “musicality” of these kinds of discriminations in this particular bird species.
{"title":"Music Perception in a Comparative Context: Relational Chord Perception by Pigeons","authors":"R. Cook","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2017.120005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2017.120005","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence of human creativity and artistic expression goes back more than 40,000 years. Understanding the evolutionary precursors of these human cognitive capacities has increasingly focused on comparative investigations testing animals. Here we review new evidence about triadic chord perception in pigeons to evaluate their auditory and cognitive mechanisms for potentially experiencing musical-like sequences. Pigeons add an important perspective to comparative investigations because they are a nonsongbird with an unlearned vocal repertoire. Using observations collected using a relational same/different discrimination, pigeons showed a capacity to discriminate five chord types. The relative similarity perceived among the chords was similar to that previously found in humans. Further analyses of this discrimination suggest pigeons may possibly process the individual tones that compose the larger harmonic structure of the chords. The results reveal that pigeons can discriminate, remember, and compare sequential harmonic structures over several seconds. Despite these auditory capabilities, doubts are raised as to the ultimate “musicality” of these kinds of discriminations in this particular bird species.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2017.120003
Aniruddh D. Patel
It has recently been shown that the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), a species of songbird, does not use pitch to recognize tone sequences. Instead, recognition relies on the pattern of spectral shapes created by successive tones. In this article I suggest that rather than being an unusual case, starlings may be representative of the way in which many animal species process tone sequences. Specifically, I suggest that recognition of tone sequences based on pitch patterns occurs only in certain species, namely, those that modulate the pitch and spectral shape of sounds independently in their own communication system to convey distinct types of information. This informational independence hypothesis makes testable predictions and suggests that a basic feature of human music perception relies on neural specializations, which are likely to be uncommon in cognitive evolution.
{"title":"Why Doesn’t a Songbird (the European Starling) Use Pitch to Recognize Tone Sequences? The Informational Independence Hypothesis","authors":"Aniruddh D. Patel","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2017.120003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2017.120003","url":null,"abstract":"It has recently been shown that the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), a species of songbird, does not use pitch to recognize tone sequences. Instead, recognition relies on the pattern of spectral shapes created by successive tones. In this article I suggest that rather than being an unusual case, starlings may be representative of the way in which many animal species process tone sequences. Specifically, I suggest that recognition of tone sequences based on pitch patterns occurs only in certain species, namely, those that modulate the pitch and spectral shape of sounds independently in their own communication system to convey distinct types of information. This informational independence hypothesis makes testable predictions and suggests that a basic feature of human music perception relies on neural specializations, which are likely to be uncommon in cognitive evolution.","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2017.120006
M. Beran
{"title":"To Err Is (Not Only) Human: Fallibility as a Window Into Primate Cognition","authors":"M. Beran","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2017.120006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2017.120006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3819/CCBR.2017.120001
Marisa Hoeschele
My aim within this workshop and special issue was to present the goals and challenges when using a comparative approach to study the biology of music (see Hoeschele, Merchant, Kikuchi, Hattori, & ten Cate, 2015). Comparative biomusicology is still a relatively new area of study, with only a handful of studies having occurred prior to the 2000s. In comparative biomusicology, we try to understand the evolution of music by considering the factors of our musical faculty that are relevant to other species. Because human musical systems have, of course, grown immensely because of cultural evolution, we focus on musicality rather than music itself. Musicality refers to the traits, or core abilities and behaviors, that constitute our natural ability to produce and perceive music. Are aspects of human musicality found in other species? Are they widespread? Or do they depend on specific phylogenetic or biological niche factors?
{"title":"Preface to the Special Issue on Animal Music Perception.","authors":"Marisa Hoeschele","doi":"10.3819/CCBR.2017.120001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3819/CCBR.2017.120001","url":null,"abstract":"My aim within this workshop and special issue was to present the goals and challenges when using a comparative approach to study the biology of music (see Hoeschele, Merchant, Kikuchi, Hattori, & ten Cate, 2015). Comparative biomusicology is still a relatively new area of study, with only a handful of studies having occurred prior to the 2000s. In comparative biomusicology, we try to understand the evolution of music by considering the factors of our musical faculty that are relevant to other species. Because human musical systems have, of course, grown immensely because of cultural evolution, we focus on musicality rather than music itself. Musicality refers to the traits, or core abilities and behaviors, that constitute our natural ability to produce and perceive music. Are aspects of human musicality found in other species? Are they widespread? Or do they depend on specific phylogenetic or biological niche factors?","PeriodicalId":44593,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479467/pdf/emss-73138.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35118543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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