Pub Date : 2021-03-25DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000254
S.M. Hesam Hoseiny Morasa, M. Haghighi, Sara Ataei, M. Rangchian
Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the level of adherence to the World Health Organization and American Society of Addiction Medicine guidelines regarding opioids addiction medications and to identify the causes of nonadherence, in Hamadan. Materials and Methods: The patients’ records were used to obtain data on the patients’ demographics and treatment process. The adherence to the mentioned guidelines was evaluated and reasons for nonadherence were asked from physicians. Results: At the time of the study, methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) were the only common opioid addiction treatments in Hamadan. The number of the cases in BMT and MMT group was 18 and 142, respectively. The rate of the treatment course accomplishment (passing 4 stages) was 4.2% for MMT and 0% for BMT. In the induction phase, the adherence rates regarding initial dosing and regular weekly visits were 66.7 and 27.8% for BMT, beside 27.5, and 60.6% for MMT. Concerning the stabilization stage, the dosage amount, dose modification, and regular visits, respectively, 41.5%, 24.6%, and 27.5% of MMT cases were performed in adherence to the guidelines, whereas adherence of dose selection for BMT was 11.1%. In the MMT elimination stage, 33.3% compliance was observed; no case of BMT had continued the treatment to this stage. No discrepancy was because of the physicians’ disbelief in clinical guidelines; they were either aimed to tailor the treatment with a patient’s condition or resulted from familial, sociocultural, and financial problems. Conclusions: Overall, enhancement of patients and their families’ awareness about medication process appears necessary.
{"title":"An Investigation on the Guideline Adherence in Opioid Addiction Treatment and the Causes of Nonadherences","authors":"S.M. Hesam Hoseiny Morasa, M. Haghighi, Sara Ataei, M. Rangchian","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000254","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the level of adherence to the World Health Organization and American Society of Addiction Medicine guidelines regarding opioids addiction medications and to identify the causes of nonadherence, in Hamadan. Materials and Methods: The patients’ records were used to obtain data on the patients’ demographics and treatment process. The adherence to the mentioned guidelines was evaluated and reasons for nonadherence were asked from physicians. Results: At the time of the study, methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) were the only common opioid addiction treatments in Hamadan. The number of the cases in BMT and MMT group was 18 and 142, respectively. The rate of the treatment course accomplishment (passing 4 stages) was 4.2% for MMT and 0% for BMT. In the induction phase, the adherence rates regarding initial dosing and regular weekly visits were 66.7 and 27.8% for BMT, beside 27.5, and 60.6% for MMT. Concerning the stabilization stage, the dosage amount, dose modification, and regular visits, respectively, 41.5%, 24.6%, and 27.5% of MMT cases were performed in adherence to the guidelines, whereas adherence of dose selection for BMT was 11.1%. In the MMT elimination stage, 33.3% compliance was observed; no case of BMT had continued the treatment to this stage. No discrepancy was because of the physicians’ disbelief in clinical guidelines; they were either aimed to tailor the treatment with a patient’s condition or resulted from familial, sociocultural, and financial problems. Conclusions: Overall, enhancement of patients and their families’ awareness about medication process appears necessary.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45404362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-24DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000256
K. Elbeh, Y. Elserogy, G. Seifeldein, S. Mostafa, H. Yousef, M. Fawzy
Objectives: Drug addiction has its effects on different behavioral and personality traits including impulsivity and pattern of decision-making. The frontal lobe was the focus of many of these studies regarding its important role in decision-making and other higher cognitive processes. We aimed to detect the pattern of decision-making styles and impulsivity among people with tramadol addiction, and also to find out if tramadol addiction has effects on the volume of different regions of the frontal lobe. Materials and Methods: Two groups were included: group A included 12 patients with tramadol addiction and group B included 23 healthy cross-matching controls. Both groups were subjected to urine drug screening, Iowa gambling task (IGT), UPPS scales (negative urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking), and structural magnetic resonance imaging brain study. Results: The patients’ group has shown a significantly lower volume of the brain white matter, gray matter, and cortical thickness (P<0.001). This group has also shown a significantly higher scores of IGT-A and IGT-B (P<0.001 and P=0.02, respectively) and has shown a higher score of all subscales of UPPS. Conclusions: Tramadol addiction is associated with a reduced volume of the brain white matter, gray matter, and cortical thickness. All regions of the frontal lobe have shown significant volume reduction in the tramadol group. Tramadol addiction and its duration are associated with risky decision-making style and with higher impulsivity than nonaddicts.
{"title":"Impulsivity and Decision-making Style Among Tramadol Drug Addicts and its Relation to Frontal Lobe Volume","authors":"K. Elbeh, Y. Elserogy, G. Seifeldein, S. Mostafa, H. Yousef, M. Fawzy","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000256","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Drug addiction has its effects on different behavioral and personality traits including impulsivity and pattern of decision-making. The frontal lobe was the focus of many of these studies regarding its important role in decision-making and other higher cognitive processes. We aimed to detect the pattern of decision-making styles and impulsivity among people with tramadol addiction, and also to find out if tramadol addiction has effects on the volume of different regions of the frontal lobe. Materials and Methods: Two groups were included: group A included 12 patients with tramadol addiction and group B included 23 healthy cross-matching controls. Both groups were subjected to urine drug screening, Iowa gambling task (IGT), UPPS scales (negative urgency, lack of perseverance, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking), and structural magnetic resonance imaging brain study. Results: The patients’ group has shown a significantly lower volume of the brain white matter, gray matter, and cortical thickness (P<0.001). This group has also shown a significantly higher scores of IGT-A and IGT-B (P<0.001 and P=0.02, respectively) and has shown a higher score of all subscales of UPPS. Conclusions: Tramadol addiction is associated with a reduced volume of the brain white matter, gray matter, and cortical thickness. All regions of the frontal lobe have shown significant volume reduction in the tramadol group. Tramadol addiction and its duration are associated with risky decision-making style and with higher impulsivity than nonaddicts.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46360979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-24DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000257
Medhat M. Bassiony, Haidy K. Ammar, Yomna Khalil
Cannabis use by adolescents is a public health problem because it can cause cognitive impairment and educational deterioration. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment among male adolescents with cannabis use in comparison with a control group. This is a case-control study that included 1682 adolescents who just finished their secondary school. A drug screen was made for all participants. Cognitive assessment using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale was carried out for adolescents with positive urine screen for cannabis and a control group of adolescents with negative urine screen for drugs. The prevalence of cannabis use among adolescents was 2.14%. About one third of the cases started to use cannabis before the age of 15 years. Fifty-six percent used cannabis frequently (>4 times/wk). Adolescents with cannabis use were more likely to have cognitive impairment based on MoCA than controls (78% vs. 44%, P=0.004). Cases were more likely to have impairment in naming, abstraction, orientation, and total MoCA score than controls. Adolescents who started cannabis use early (below 15 y) had impairment in visuospatial/executive, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and total MoCA score compared with those who started late (above 15 y). In addition, adolescents who use cannabis frequently had impairment in all cognitive domains except naming compared with those who used it occasionally. To conclude, the current study found that adolescents with cannabis use were more likely to have cognitive impairment than controls and this impairment was associated with age of onset and frequency of cannabis use.
{"title":"Cannabis Use and Cognitive Impairment Among Male Adolescents: A Case-control Study","authors":"Medhat M. Bassiony, Haidy K. Ammar, Yomna Khalil","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000257","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabis use by adolescents is a public health problem because it can cause cognitive impairment and educational deterioration. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment among male adolescents with cannabis use in comparison with a control group. This is a case-control study that included 1682 adolescents who just finished their secondary school. A drug screen was made for all participants. Cognitive assessment using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale was carried out for adolescents with positive urine screen for cannabis and a control group of adolescents with negative urine screen for drugs. The prevalence of cannabis use among adolescents was 2.14%. About one third of the cases started to use cannabis before the age of 15 years. Fifty-six percent used cannabis frequently (>4 times/wk). Adolescents with cannabis use were more likely to have cognitive impairment based on MoCA than controls (78% vs. 44%, P=0.004). Cases were more likely to have impairment in naming, abstraction, orientation, and total MoCA score than controls. Adolescents who started cannabis use early (below 15 y) had impairment in visuospatial/executive, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and total MoCA score compared with those who started late (above 15 y). In addition, adolescents who use cannabis frequently had impairment in all cognitive domains except naming compared with those who used it occasionally. To conclude, the current study found that adolescents with cannabis use were more likely to have cognitive impairment than controls and this impairment was associated with age of onset and frequency of cannabis use.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44923774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000255
D. Situmorang
Through this article, the author also to encourage every person in the world will recognize music and dance as a good alternative through this article. People who are currently struggling to care for the psychological health of everyone in their respective countries are required to be able to provide support through collective music and dance activities, such as inviting everyone to dance together with TikTok App.
{"title":"Using TikTok App for Therapy and Sharing Happiness in COVID-19 Outbreak","authors":"D. Situmorang","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000255","url":null,"abstract":"Through this article, the author also to encourage every person in the world will recognize music and dance as a good alternative through this article. People who are currently struggling to care for the psychological health of everyone in their respective countries are required to be able to provide support through collective music and dance activities, such as inviting everyone to dance together with TikTok App.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46405067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000252
Oliver Birch, D. Newcombe, C. Bullen
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: E-cigarette use is growing among New Zealand young people, yet their perceptions of the harms of e-cigarette use are unknown. This study aimed to determine domains and specific items for inquiry to inform the creation of a questionnaire assessing the perceptions of harms of e-cigarette use in this group. Materials and Methods: An integrative literature review generated a preliminary list of survey items and domains. A Delphi study involving 6 expert academics was undertaken to verify and refine this list. The consensus was facilitated through online, structured communication. Results: Previous data collection attempts included items assessing participants’ knowledge of e-cigarettes, their current e-cigarette and cigarette use, and how harmful they perceived e-cigarettes to be relative to cigarettes. The Delphi study refined the initial list of items while contributing additional considerations. A total of 54 items were organized into 7 domains: “E-cigarette Knowledge,” “Cigarette Use,” “E-cigarette Use,” “E-cigarette Relative Harm,” “E-cigarette Promotion,” “Acceptability (E-cigarettes and Cigarettes)”, and (“General Introduction”) items on participants’ identity characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity). Conclusions: Each of the items will inform the design of a questionnaire assessing New Zealand young people’s perceptions of the harms of e-cigarette use. Development of these items will involve further literature reviewing, focus groups with end-users, and a pilot study.
{"title":"Harm Perceptions of E-cigarette Use Among New Zealand Young People: Development of a Questionnaire","authors":"Oliver Birch, D. Newcombe, C. Bullen","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000252","url":null,"abstract":"Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: E-cigarette use is growing among New Zealand young people, yet their perceptions of the harms of e-cigarette use are unknown. This study aimed to determine domains and specific items for inquiry to inform the creation of a questionnaire assessing the perceptions of harms of e-cigarette use in this group. Materials and Methods: An integrative literature review generated a preliminary list of survey items and domains. A Delphi study involving 6 expert academics was undertaken to verify and refine this list. The consensus was facilitated through online, structured communication. Results: Previous data collection attempts included items assessing participants’ knowledge of e-cigarettes, their current e-cigarette and cigarette use, and how harmful they perceived e-cigarettes to be relative to cigarettes. The Delphi study refined the initial list of items while contributing additional considerations. A total of 54 items were organized into 7 domains: “E-cigarette Knowledge,” “Cigarette Use,” “E-cigarette Use,” “E-cigarette Relative Harm,” “E-cigarette Promotion,” “Acceptability (E-cigarettes and Cigarettes)”, and (“General Introduction”) items on participants’ identity characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity). Conclusions: Each of the items will inform the design of a questionnaire assessing New Zealand young people’s perceptions of the harms of e-cigarette use. Development of these items will involve further literature reviewing, focus groups with end-users, and a pilot study.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47814053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000251
Omnia A.E.A. Mesalhy, O. Ali, M. Elhabiby, Fatma Alzahraa M Hassan, O. Elgamel, Ola M. Aufa
Objectives: Opiates, particularly heroin, have been used for centuries for their positive reinforcing properties that lead to addiction. Naltrexone (NTX), an opioid antagonist, is capable of reducing these positive reinforcing effects. Heroin affects the immune system through its action on the interleukins (ILs). This study aimed to determine changes in the level of IL-2 and IL-4 in patients with heroin use disorder compared with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case-control study conducted on 25 patients with heroin use disorder and 20 cross-matched healthy controls. We compared the levels of IL-2 and IL-4 between patients and controls and determined the changes that occurred to IL-2 and IL-4 during 4 different stages (during active use, 1 mo after abstinence, 1 and 4 mo after NTX treatment). It also evaluated the effect of dose and duration of heroin use on the level of ILs before and after NTX treatment. Results: This study revealed that patients showed a significantly lower level of IL-2 and a higher level of IL-4 in the patients’ group compared with the control group during active use and 1 month after discontinuation while these significant differences disappeared after NTX treatment. Serum IL-4 level was affected by both heroin dose and duration of use. Conclusion: Heroin use negatively affects immunity by changing the level of IL-2 and IL-4 while NTX reversed this effect, so the study approved the beneficial use of NTX treatment on the immunity system in patients with heroin use disorder.
{"title":"Effect of Naltrexone on Interleukins 2 and 4 in a Sample of Egyptian Patients With Heroin Use Disorder: A Prospective Case-control Study","authors":"Omnia A.E.A. Mesalhy, O. Ali, M. Elhabiby, Fatma Alzahraa M Hassan, O. Elgamel, Ola M. Aufa","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000251","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Opiates, particularly heroin, have been used for centuries for their positive reinforcing properties that lead to addiction. Naltrexone (NTX), an opioid antagonist, is capable of reducing these positive reinforcing effects. Heroin affects the immune system through its action on the interleukins (ILs). This study aimed to determine changes in the level of IL-2 and IL-4 in patients with heroin use disorder compared with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case-control study conducted on 25 patients with heroin use disorder and 20 cross-matched healthy controls. We compared the levels of IL-2 and IL-4 between patients and controls and determined the changes that occurred to IL-2 and IL-4 during 4 different stages (during active use, 1 mo after abstinence, 1 and 4 mo after NTX treatment). It also evaluated the effect of dose and duration of heroin use on the level of ILs before and after NTX treatment. Results: This study revealed that patients showed a significantly lower level of IL-2 and a higher level of IL-4 in the patients’ group compared with the control group during active use and 1 month after discontinuation while these significant differences disappeared after NTX treatment. Serum IL-4 level was affected by both heroin dose and duration of use. Conclusion: Heroin use negatively affects immunity by changing the level of IL-2 and IL-4 while NTX reversed this effect, so the study approved the beneficial use of NTX treatment on the immunity system in patients with heroin use disorder.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46461507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.1097/adt.0000000000000247
{"title":"Gender Differences in Clinical and Sociodemographic Patterns of Substance Use Disorder: Erratum","authors":"","doi":"10.1097/adt.0000000000000247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/adt.0000000000000247","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41656345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000248
E. Shorub, H. Elshahawi, Menan Abdel Maksooud, M. Wagdy, Maissa Eid
Background: Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have a higher prevalence of tobacco smoking than the general population. In Egypt, the accurate data about the pattern of tobacco smoking and prevalence of nicotine dependence among BD patients are still scarce. Objective: The objective of this study was to detect the pattern of tobacco smoking and to assess the occurrence of nicotine dependence syndrome among Egyptian cigarette and waterpipe smoker patients suffering from BD. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a semistructured interview to assess 100 patients with BD at the inpatient department and the outpatient mood clinic of The Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. The assessment tools included the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Sixth Edition (M.I.N.I.), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11). Results: Of the 100 recruited bipolar patients (43% women and 57% men), it was found that 45% of bipolar cases were cigarette smokers, 18% were waterpipe smokers, and 17% smoked both cigarette and waterpipe with a statistically significant difference. Bipolar I in the acute phase showed the most prevalent type of BDs with moderate (31%) and high (13.8%) nicotine dependence. Bipolar II cases have never smoked neither cigarette nor waterpipe; 5% of patients with bipolar I smoked waterpipe during disease activity. Conclusion: Patients with BD have a relatively high frequency of nicotine (cigarettes and waterpipe) dependence (17%) in relation to the general population (1.0%), especially bipolar I type.
{"title":"Pattern of Tobacco Smoking Among Egyptian Patients With Bipolar Disorder","authors":"E. Shorub, H. Elshahawi, Menan Abdel Maksooud, M. Wagdy, Maissa Eid","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000248","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have a higher prevalence of tobacco smoking than the general population. In Egypt, the accurate data about the pattern of tobacco smoking and prevalence of nicotine dependence among BD patients are still scarce. Objective: The objective of this study was to detect the pattern of tobacco smoking and to assess the occurrence of nicotine dependence syndrome among Egyptian cigarette and waterpipe smoker patients suffering from BD. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a semistructured interview to assess 100 patients with BD at the inpatient department and the outpatient mood clinic of The Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. The assessment tools included the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Sixth Edition (M.I.N.I.), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11). Results: Of the 100 recruited bipolar patients (43% women and 57% men), it was found that 45% of bipolar cases were cigarette smokers, 18% were waterpipe smokers, and 17% smoked both cigarette and waterpipe with a statistically significant difference. Bipolar I in the acute phase showed the most prevalent type of BDs with moderate (31%) and high (13.8%) nicotine dependence. Bipolar II cases have never smoked neither cigarette nor waterpipe; 5% of patients with bipolar I smoked waterpipe during disease activity. Conclusion: Patients with BD have a relatively high frequency of nicotine (cigarettes and waterpipe) dependence (17%) in relation to the general population (1.0%), especially bipolar I type.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45987133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000250
M. Naeim, A. Rezaeisharif
{"title":"Increased Consumption of Crystal (Methamphetamine) During the COVID-19 Outbreak","authors":"M. Naeim, A. Rezaeisharif","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000250","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49579217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000249
S. Bashirian, M. Barati, Y. Mohammadi, Hadi Ghazanfari Zarnagh, S. Bagheri
Objectives: Substance abuse prevalence has risen over the past decade among women, and accordingly, sex-specific barriers impede women’s access and participation in treatment programs, while the chief issue in providing treatment programs for women with substance abuse is the high relapse rate seen in the subjects. With all these in mind, the present study was conducted with the objective of recognizing the sociocognitive factors that concern the relapse of substance abuse in women. Methods: Two hundred women subjects under treatment in outpatient addiction treatment and rehabilitation centers in Kurdistan province in 2019 participated in this descriptive study. Data were obtained by means of a questionnaire that included demographic questions, history of substance use, and structures of social cognitive theory. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21 that further used logistic regression, χ2, and independent t tests. Results: The average age of the respondents was estimated 37.75±10.49. The relapse rate amounted to 80% among the participants. Logistic regression test analysis designated that the structures of situational perception, social support, and self-efficacy act as the factors that predict substance abuse relapses in women (R=0.42; P<0.05). Conclusions: Social cognitive theory is considered a valid theoretical method for deciphering the relation observed between substance abuse relapse predictors in women. Therapists’ consciousness on gaining social support and strengthening self-efficacy in the subjects may serve to improve the aftermaths of substance abuse treatment programs in women.
{"title":"Predictors of Drug Abuse Relapse for Iranian Addicted Women: An Application of Social Cognitive Theory","authors":"S. Bashirian, M. Barati, Y. Mohammadi, Hadi Ghazanfari Zarnagh, S. Bagheri","doi":"10.1097/ADT.0000000000000249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000249","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Substance abuse prevalence has risen over the past decade among women, and accordingly, sex-specific barriers impede women’s access and participation in treatment programs, while the chief issue in providing treatment programs for women with substance abuse is the high relapse rate seen in the subjects. With all these in mind, the present study was conducted with the objective of recognizing the sociocognitive factors that concern the relapse of substance abuse in women. Methods: Two hundred women subjects under treatment in outpatient addiction treatment and rehabilitation centers in Kurdistan province in 2019 participated in this descriptive study. Data were obtained by means of a questionnaire that included demographic questions, history of substance use, and structures of social cognitive theory. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21 that further used logistic regression, χ2, and independent t tests. Results: The average age of the respondents was estimated 37.75±10.49. The relapse rate amounted to 80% among the participants. Logistic regression test analysis designated that the structures of situational perception, social support, and self-efficacy act as the factors that predict substance abuse relapses in women (R=0.42; P<0.05). Conclusions: Social cognitive theory is considered a valid theoretical method for deciphering the relation observed between substance abuse relapse predictors in women. Therapists’ consciousness on gaining social support and strengthening self-efficacy in the subjects may serve to improve the aftermaths of substance abuse treatment programs in women.","PeriodicalId":44600,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46059215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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